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TRANSCRIPT
1600-1700
First: prayers; hymns; diaries
Soon after the Independence: adventures; puritan tales
Benjamin Franklin (1705 – 1790): Poor Richard Almanac
Irving Washington (1783 – 1859): The Mystery of Sleepy
Hollow
Fennymore Cooper (1789 – 1851): The Last of Mohicans
Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlat Letter
Mary Shelley (1797 – 1851) Science fiction: Power of science: manipulation of
nature 1818: Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus
Creation of man; the “different”; th e double.
DRAMA
Oliviero Goldsmith (1728 – 1774 ) and Brinsley
Sheridan (1715-1816), comedy of manners, French
theater
POETRY
Thomas Gray (1716- 1771): Elegy Written in a
country churchyard
William Blake (1757 – 1827): Contemporary world
and spiritual world, art as a creative vision,
freedom and love for justice; Poet and prophet ;
sources: Divina Commedia by Dante;
Works: Song of Innocence and Songs of
Experience.
1760: Enlightens in Europe: Voltaire, Diderot,
Hume
1770s: Thomas Gainsborough: landscape
paintings
1781: Kant writes the Critique of Pure Reason
1790: orchestral music: Hayden, Mozart,
Beethoven
1797-99: Novalis’s Hymnen an die Nacht
New sources: Nordic and Celtic cultures; Middle Ages,
ancient national folk poetry (T. Percy); The Works of Ossian (J. Macpherson) New features: originality and creativity; spontaneity;
emphasis on individual genius; unknown and supernatural;
free imagination; sensations; nature; exotic times and
places.
GOTHIC NOVEL
…in America…
America…
…in Europe…
Poetry:
First generation
Poetry:
Second generation
Novel:
Jane Austen
Sir Walter Scott
R-eactions against the Enlightenment
O-rganic growth of a poem
M-iddle Ages: a romantic interest in
A-gony: suffering and death
N-ature
T- echnical experiments
I-magination
C-hildhood
I-ndividual, revolutionary i-deals
S-upernatural
M-an, language and simple life
Re-evaluation of the individual
Influence of revolutionary ideals
William Turner
John Constable
The Lyrical Ballads (1798)
Romantic manifesto
imagination and emotion
subjectivity and particular
individuality
freedom
medieval and modern subjects
ordinary language
different poetic forms.
exoticism; - orientalism
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(1772 – 1834) William Wordsworth
(1770 – 1850)
From nature to supernatural;
emotion recollected in
tranquility
from supernatural to nature
Imagination: reconciliation of
the opposites.
Caspar David Friedrich
Politically committed
Struggle on the continent
Classical, medieval, oriental inspiration
Variety of forms
POETS:
Lord Gordon Byron (1788- 1824)
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 – 1822)
John Keats (1795- 1821)
America
Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849): double, fear of man in
himself; isolation; father of detective stories
Works: Tales of Mystery and Ratiocination
Works: Tales of Mystery and Ratiocination
Jane Austen (1775 – 1817): domestic novels,
society in the countryside (country gentry)
Works: Pride and Prejudice; Sense and Sensibility; Emma; Mansfield Park;
Northanger Abbey; Persuasion
Sir Walter Scott (1771 – 1832):
Historical novels; Middle Ages,
social and racial clashes. A. Manzoni
Works: Ivanhoe; Rob Roy; Waverley
Ugo Foscolo
(1778 – 1827)
Romantic poets
G. Leopardi
(1798 – 1837)
A. Manzoni
(1785 – 1873)
I Promessi Sposi patriotic, historical and didactic novel
(W. Scott)
- Poet, essayst
Pessimistic view - Natura matrigna
I Canti
Poet and novelist Patriotism I Sepolcri
Le ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis
historical background urbanization communication
new printing machinery
new way to confute ideas
Literary background
Early Victorians Writers who identify themselves with their own age↓
increased numeber of the readers
episodic structure of the plot; serial instalments after 1820
very long works mass literat.
Realistic books & domestic
books - psycological; experience
J. Ruskin (1919-1901): gothic architecture →moral qualities, beauty of hand made products against machines↓ Charles Darwin: The Origin of the Species and The Evolution of man
Late Victorian Dissatisfaction and rebellion
Anti victorian reaction due to new scientiphic and
philosophical theaories
Work
Emily Brontë (1818 – 1848)
Charlotte Brontë (1816 – 1855)
Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870)
Social novel
Jane Eyre gothic, mystery introspection, education. women condition
Work
Work
Wuthering heights
(1847) -plot without chronology, -modern shifts of time
-Romantic (love) and gothic (ghosts, life in death) elements + -natural approach to love and feelings and modern structure (various narrators) -Indirect narrative tecnique -Nelly (world that disappears) and Lockwood (age of changes): 2 narratives, 2 points of view
sense of humour episodes (pathos)
world seen though children’s eyes caricatures/figures
painter of English life
characters with human qualities denounce of social evils
fluent style and use of symbolism. powerful imagines.
education, evil of utilitarianisms (towns)
Hard Times
Oliver Twist
Poetry started as a revival of Romanticism
but soon it reflected the sense of uneasiness
Brotherhood: New taste for Beauty in a world dominated by materialism and compromise. Return to semplicity and spirituality Paintongs before Raphael
Poetry Themes: religion, middle ages, nature, deatils., idealisation of beauty; use of symbols, against machines that kill creativity, bible Art as a message
Pre-Raphaelite
(foundation: 1848)
Robert Browning (1812 – 1889)
Tennyson (1809 – 1892)
“act of divine love” (search for God) themes: greatness of his period , soul study (conscious and unconscious, instint and ratinallity) dramatic monologue →Shakespeare; soliloquies character reveal his soul to others unconsciously (silent listener) dramatic→ drama, crisis of man seen ironically. Pre Raphaelites
Poet as a missionary in aworld without art
Work
DRAMA Crisis:
-audience demanded amusement -Star system
-Show business -Great expensive three dimensional sceneries
-Distorted spirit of classics Rebirth→new influences
France(Scribe) Denmark (Ibsen):
Sweden (Strindberg) Russia (Checkhov):psychol introspection;
women independence; social problems;retrospective method
↓ naturalism and realism
Realism: clash between man and environment, illusion and reality
(E. Zola)→naturalism (Darwin). Man no longer responsible for his actions that are
determined by forces beyond his control Writer’s task: to record events, impersonal
like a scientist, without comments)
Mid Aestheticism: European movement
1835: Theophile Gautier: frustartion and uncertainty; break of conventions, free
imagination. Art:
- Impressionism France:
- decadentism, 1890: symbolism, escape not in nature but in the self, Baudelaire
G. Eliot (1819 – 1880)
T. Hardy (1840 – 1928)
R. L. Stevenson (1850 – 1894)
R. Kipling (1865 – 1936)
O. Wilde (1854 – 1900)
G. B. Shaw (1856 – 1950)
Works
Works
Works Works Works Works
Revitalizer of the drama influence of economists
and philosophers with the spirit of comedy
Style: Confict between thoughts
and ideas, debate, dialogues various viewpoints dramatic force of
characters
Works Pygmalion
Major Barbara Arms and the Man
-Cult of art and beauty Social life -Different from French poets: morality, lack of realism Works - Picture of Dorian Gray: (Double, gothic elemts) - The Importance of Being Earnest (absurd situations) satire to literature
Double personality of man; Darwin; Primitive nature; escape to further
lands.
Works: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde Kidnapped
The Black Arrow The Master of
Ballantrae Treasure Island
Escape; colonialism
Works:
The Jungle Books Kim
Short stories
Novelist and poet he was highly critical of Victorian society, and focused more on a declining rural society. Works -Far from the Madding Crowd -The Mayor of Casterbridge -Tess of the d'Urbervilles -Jude the Obscure
She used a male pen name, she said, to
ensure that her works were taken seriously.
Female authors published freely under their own names, but Eliot
wanted to ensure that she was not seen as merely a writer of
romances.
Works The mill on the Floss
Middlemarch
Authors
Scapigliatura Verismo
Renewal in Italian culture (1860-1880) - realistic (verismo)
- foreign influences (Germany).
Verismo (Italian vero, "truth") :Italian literary movement (1875 - 1895). Verga and Capuana: main exponents, writers of a verismo manifesto
- pessimistic
- impersonality
Work
Work
Verga (1840 – 1922) : I Malavoglia
Mastro Don Gesualdo
Emilio Praga (1839 – 1875) :Preludio Arrigo Boito (1842 – 1918) :Lezione d’anatomia
(poesia)
-Faith in man -Supporter of colonialism, (White Man’s Burden),at first, then seen it as a Nightmare (short stories) -Education Works: Jungle Books; Kim
journey into the self Sinister backgroundinner world of man European civilization confronts itself with alien environment: it can redeem or lose self-respect
Rudyard Kipling (1865- 1936)
Joseph Conrad (1857 – 1924)
Work: different points of view; narrator with common values; manipulation of time sequence Double character Style: rhetorical; long sentences(obscurity) use of images.
Heart of Darkness
Sea
- story in the story - metaphors - montage - monologue : instrument to transform
the phenomena into words
Experiences on new forms focus on mental ↓
stream of consciousness Techniques
Characteristics
Influences Henry Bergson (1859 – 1941) : inner time eludes the chronological time Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) : Psychological analysis of man’s uneasiness, free associations stream of consciousness theory of William James Karl Marx( 1818 – 1883)decay of Capitalism and dominant social classes
time
Authors
H. James (1842 – 1910)
T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965)
J. Joyce ( 1882 – 1941)
V. Woolf (1882 – 1941)
Poet,
interior monologue, objective correlative
E. Montale problem of communication
fragmentary world between the two World
Wars: uneasiness, solitude; quotations from different cultures
and languages Works:
The Waste Land. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Hollow
Men; Four Quartets
-direct interior monologue -total objectivity (artists
disappears). -Irish paralysis; exile -realism + symbolism Works:
Dubliners: naturalistic
linear tecnique (15 stories, Dublin life in
various period of life; use of epiphanies = sudden revelation of inner
thoughts →Portrait of an Artist
Ulysses: sperimentation; alter ego, interior monologue; Odyssey
Entire area of mental
attraction Consciousness flows
like a river; area beyond communication
Works:
Portrait of a Lady The Bostonians The Turn of the Screw
-indirect interior
monologue -fictional and
chronological time Works:
Mr Dalloway (time;
suicide; IW.W. as nervous breakdown)
Orlando (time and sexes) The Waves (flowing of life)
To the Lighthouse (inner and chronological shifts
of time; desire and aims)
W. B. Yeats (1865 – 1939)
Born in Dublin (Irish Revival)
Fascinated by Irish legends and by occult.
Theory of the second coming (a new era following Gian Battista
Vico) Works (poems):
The Second Coming The Gyre A Vision
-T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound and W.B. Yeats -Politically motivated, - interested in mind and symbols
• alienation • incommunicability • tradition and past • objective correlative • myth
• Metaphysical poets • Dante (journey) • before the conversion: The Love Song of J. Alfred
Prufrock and The Waste Land • conversion: The Journey of the Magi; Four
Quartets: faith religious solution (faith, religious solution)
• Drama: Greek tragedy (Murder in the Cathedral)
T.S. Eliot
1920-1930
Poems: The Love song of Alfred J. Prufrock; Hollow Men
The Waste Land Aridity, sterility Fragmentation, incommunicability, quotations; images, various levels; past; spiritual decay emptiness
Animal Farm (allegory; political
fairy tale);
1984 - Politically connected,
language to communicate ideas. Danger of propaganda
→manipulation
Oversimplification→ Control of
language
Essays : about colonialism (Shooting and elephant)
Brave New World reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation, and conditioning .
George Orwell (born Eric Arthur Blaire – 1903- 1950)
Aldous Huxley (1894 – 1963)
Lord of the Flies: young people on a desert island: far from modern civilization,
regress to a primitive state -conflicting human impulses toward civilization a -will to power
Sir William Gerald Golding (1911 –1993)
Anthony Burgess (1917 - 1993)
A Clockwork orange: an exploration of human violence and human free will to choose between good and evil; experiment with the language
E.Pound
-New experiences, Celtic and Oriental
languages. -He “cut” the Waste
Land Blast Vortex: beauty of the
machine -with and then in
contrast with Amy Lowell (Imagism)
1914.
• hard, dry images • exact words from
common speech • new rhythm
• freedom in subject
matters
Poems:
precise images
concentration
no descriptions Amy Lowell: inner
introspection
Amy Lowell (1874 – 1925)
-Irish revival: Yeats, O’Casey -T. S. Eliot:Greek Drama
-Commercial theatre -Non realism (Brecht ) - Expressionism
Between the two wars
1950s
Theatre of
Cruelty
Theatre of
Anger
Theatre of
the Absurd
Violence on the stage violence
of war, of man
Theatre of Cruelty
Aldous Huxley: The Devils of Loudon about inquisition; John Whiting - play: The Devils (1960)
Violence on the stage violence of war , of men
John Arden: Serjeant Musgrave's Dance, an Un-historical Parable (1959)
John Osborne
Angry Young Men
Play:
Look Back in Anger
(1956) dissatisfaction
disillusion verbal violence slang
and colloquial language;
Politically involved in the period
Theatre of
Anger
John James Osborne (1929 –1994)
life is meaningless characters : stylized; complementary;
Works: Waiting for Godot (1953) Language: essential; short sentences; nonsense; violent
Psychological violence (cruelty, anger) Structure: circular
Themes: sterility, deterioration, incommunicability; mental dependence; monotony; actions without; progression;
entertainment; inability to act; fixed time
Samuel Becket
Sources: Kafka; Becket Menaces:
Physical violence (cruelty);
loss of security;
room/outside world (protection; womb; refuge; property; prison);
memories ; racial intolerance; cosmic disaster
intruder (false identity; blindness; impossibility to recollect the past; solitude; reality vs unreality.
Language: contradictions uneasiness; incommunicability; repetitions; pauses and silences; common speech
Works: one act plays (for radio);
The Dumb Waiter; The Caretaker; The Room
Harold Pinter
First American playwright Realistic plays; American vernacular; characters on the fringes of society: hopes and aspirations disillusionment and despair; myth Works: Mourning Becomes Electra (1931) Long journey into the night (1941) Charlie Chaplin’s father in law
Southern Gothic mysterious, supernatural, or unusual; demons' in the mind: addiction, madness and sexuality. Works: A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) The Rose Tattoo (1951) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) (then made into films)
Eugene O’Neill
(1888 – 1953)
He combined social awareness with a
searching concern for his characters’ inner
lives Works:
Death of a salesman (1949)
Marylyn Monroe’s husband
lives
Arthur Miller (1915 – 2005) Tennessee Williams
(born Thomas Lanier Williams 1911 –1983)