u04 reproduction
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ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 4
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Reproduction
ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 4
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CONTENTS
Reproduction
Types
Advantages and disadvantages
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative Spore formationArtificial
Fertilisation
ExternalInternal
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproductionMixed reproduction
Reproduction in animals
Reproduction in plants
Embryonic development
ViviparousOviparousOvoviparous
Post-embryonic development
DirectIndirect
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Stages
PollinationFertilisationSeed germination
Hands on
Make a detailed drawing
Life cycle
Life cycle of a plant
Life cycle
Life cycle of a bird
Asexual reproduction
GemmationFragmentation
REPRODUCTION
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Types of reproduction
Advantages and disadvantages
FragmentationGemmation Sexual reproductionin animals
Mixed reproduction
External fertilisation
Internal fertilisation
Oviparous development
Viviparous development
Post-embryonic development: direct
The life cycle of a bird
Ovoviparous development
Post-embryonic development: indirect
Spore formation
The life cycle of plants
Artificial asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
Sexual reproductionin plants
Pollination
Seed germinationFertilisation Make a detailed drawing
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Animal reproduction
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Unicellular oganismsASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Only one parent
• New genetically identical living beings are produced.
Some animals
Some plants
Types of reproduction
ProtozoaFungi
AlgaeNEXT
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Types of reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Two parents: a male and a female
• Descendants have genetic material from both parents.
Multicellular oganisms
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Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages• requires only one parent
• faster and easier
• rapid population growth
• no travel is necessary
Disadvantages
• no genetic diversity
• difficulty in adapting to environmental changes
clone
Asexual reproductionNEXT
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Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
• genetic diversity in species
• ability to adapt to environmental changes
Disadvantages• requires two parents
• requires time and energy to find a mate and reproduce
• requires travel
Sexual reproduction
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Gemmation (budding)
Asexual reproduction
Fresh water hydra
bud
The bud separates from the parent and develops into a new individual.
NEXT
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Gemmation (budding)
Colony gemmation
Coral
Buds remain attached and form a colony.
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Fragmentation
Regeneration
regenerated arms
StarfishNEXT
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Fragmentation
new organisms
fragments regenerate
parent
Planaria worm
Asexual reproduction
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Snails
Sexual reproduction in animals
Hhermaphrodites have both male and female gonads.
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ovum
spermatozoa
Sexual reproduction in animals
Unisexual animals have only one type of gonad.male (♂)
female(♀)
gonads(testicles)
gonads(ovaries)
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Mixed reproduction
Cnidaria
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
larva
polyps
adult jellyfish or medusa
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male(♂)
female(♀)
Fusion of the gametes occurs outside the female body.
developing embryos
ova
spermatozoa
External fertilisation
Life cycle with external fertilisation
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Internal fertilisation
Life cycle with internal fertilisation
male (♂)
female (♀)
ovum
spermatozoa
zygote
Fusion of the gametes occurs inside the female body.
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Viviparous development
Mammals
Embryonic development
The embryo develops inside the female body.
placenta
umbilical cord
uterus
embryo
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embryo
Fish
Birds
Embryonic development
Reptiles
Reptile or bird egg
shellchalaza
albumin
yolk
germinal discshell
membrane
Oviparous development
The embryo develops inside an egg, mostly outside the female body.
hatching
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shark
Embryonic development
ray
snakelizard
The embryo develops inside an egg in the female body.
embryo
Ovoviparousdevelopment
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Life cycle of a bird
embryonic development
After fertilisation, the embryo begins to develop
inside the egg.
The egg is laid in a nest.
The embryo continues to develop during incubation.
Hatching
The male and female bird mate.
The new being leaves the egg.
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Some arthropods
Oviparous birds
Viviparous mammals
Post-embryonic development: direct
Oviparous reptiles
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Post-embryonic development: indirect
Simple metamorphosis
larvaeggs
adult
continuous transformation
(moulting)
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Post-embryonic development: indirect
Complex metamorphosis
pupa(dormant stage)
larva
eggs
adult
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The life cycle of plants
FLOWERING PLANTS
NON-FLOWERING
PLANTS
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Mosses
Ferns
VISIBLE PART
gametophyte
VISIBLE PART
sporophyte
NEXT
VISIBLE PART
sporophyte
gametophyte
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sporophyte
gametophyte
germination
sporangium
spores
frond
fertilisation♀♂
male gametophyte
♂
female gametophyte
♀
prothallus
The life cycle of plants
The life cycle of mosses The life cycle of ferns
capsule
sporophyte
spores
germination
gametophyte
male gametophyte
female gametophyte
fertilisation
♂♀
♀ ♂
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fern
Spore formation
spores
moss
spores
spores
mushroom
FUNGI ARE NOT PLANTS.
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Vegetative reproduction
white clover
stolon
bud
Stolons Bulbs
Stem tubers
potato
oniongarlic
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Cuttings
Artificial asexual reproduction in plants
Grafting
Layering
Artificial methods
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Sexual reproduction in plants
FLOWER
gametophyte
reproductive organs
gametes
anther
pollen grains
anther
filamentstamen
sepals (calyx)
stigma
style
ovary
ovules
pistil
petals(corolla)
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Pollination
Self-pollination
Cross- pollination
pollen
pollen
Wind pollination
Insect pollination
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Fertilisation in plants
Pollen grains land and a pollen tube develops.1
pollen grains
The ovule (female gamete) is fertilised and a zygote is formed.
2 ovule
pollen tube
male gamete embryo
albumin
seed
cotyledons
The ovary becomes the
fruit and the ovule becomes a seed.
3
The seed germinates and an embryo develops.4
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cotyledons
radicle
plumule
bud
Seed germination
OXYGENTEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
seed
water
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Make a detailed drawing: The flower
sepal
ovary
style
petalstigma
anther Prepare the slide Remove some petals.
Place the flower on a glass.
Tape the flower to the transparency. Cut the transparency into a square.
Place it on a slide frame.
Project the image.Insert the slide into the projector.
Project the image onto the paper.
Move the projector in close so the
entire image fits on the paper.
Draw over the projected image.
Complete the drawing Add the names of each part of the flower.
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Links
Animal reproduction
http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0031.html
Plant Reproduction Tutorialhttp://www.skoool.ie/content/skoool_learning/junior/lessons/science/plant_reproduction/flash/h-frame-ie.htm
Growing plants http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/biology/world_of_plants/growing_plants_rev1.shtml
How plants reproducehttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookflowers.html
Flowers and reproduction
http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0041.html