IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELAMISS. ROCIO BAUTISTA

a) What event marks the beginning of History?

b) Which are the 4 periods in History?

PREHISTORY (4,2 m.y.a. – 3,000 BC)

----------------

ANCIENT AGE (3,000 BC – 476 AD)

MIDDLE AGES (476 – 1453/92): Early Middle Ages 5th – 10th Centuries High Middle Ages 11th - 13th Centuries Late Middle Ages 14th - 15th Centuries

MODERN AGE (1453/92 – 1789)

CONTEMPORARY AGE (1789 – TODAY)

1st – 2nd Centuries “PAX ROMANA”. There was peaceinside the Roman Empire & it reached it’s largest extensionunder Emperor Trajan (117).

3rd Century: deep CRISIS in the Roman Empire. Causes:

First defeats by the barbarians made frontiers no longer safe.

Conquests ended, so there were fewer slaves to work. This caused economic problems: prices increased & trade dropped. This made the empire became poorer, so taxes were increased.

Due to the economic problems, many people abandoned cities & migrated to the countryside. The empire became ruralised (self-sufficient economy; no trade; no prosperity...)

395 to try to solve the crisis Emperor Theodosius divided the Roman Empire in 2 parts:

ROME

CONSTANTINOPLE

WESTERN

ROMAN EMPIRE

EASTERN

ROMAN EMPIRE

ACTIVITY 1Glue the map in your notebook and take notes about what

happened with each part of the former

Roman Empire

Western Roman Empire

• Capital: Rome

• Evolution: in 476 it fell due to the invasion of the Germanic tribes (“barbarians”). Odoacre deposed the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus. Several “Germanic Kingdoms” were established.

ACTIVITY 1Glue the map in your notebook and take notes about what

happened with each part of the former

Roman Empire

▪ Each Germanic tribe assumed the power in the territories in which they were settled, and founded the GERMANIC KINGDOMS:

VISIGOTHS Iberian Peninsula

FRANKS Gaul (France)

OSTROGOTHS Italian Peninsula

VANDALSNorth Africa

ANGLES & SAXONS Britain

WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (capital: Rome)

Eastern Roman Empire

• Capital: Constantinople

• Evolution: after 476 AD it continued existing as the “Byzantine Empire” until 1453, when it fell to the Turks.

ACTIVITY 1Glue the map in your notebook and take notes about what

happened with each part of the former

Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire (capital: Constantinople)

▪ Known as Byzantine Empire. Because the capital (Constantinople) had been settled over an old Greek colony called “BYZANTIUM”.

▪ 1453: falls to the Ottoman Turks.

Byzantium

=

Constantinople

=

Istanbul

Western Roman Empire

• Capital: Rome

• Evolution: in 476 it fell due to the invasion of the Germanic tribes (“barbarians”). Odoacre deposed the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus. Several “Germanic Kingdoms” were established.

Eastern Roman Empire

• Capital: Constantinople

• Evolution: after 476 AD it continued existing as the “Byzantine Empire” until 1453, when it fell to the Turks.

P.10. Exercise 1.

Who were the following people?

Trajan / Theodosius / Odoacer / Romulus Augustus

What happened to the Roman Empire in 395? What happened to it after that year?

After the fall of Rome, which Germanic tribe settled in…?

a) Italian Peninsula

b) Most of the Iberian Peninsula

c) North of modern-day France

d) North Africa

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

(in the former E.R.E.)

ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS

GERMANIC KINGDOMS

(in the former W.R.E.)

CATHOLIC CHRISTIANS

In addition, in the 7th Century (622)… a new civilization was arousing nearby!!! ISLAM

▪ Religion of the Muslims.

▪ Mohammad is its prophet & founder.

▪ Originated in the city of Mecca, in the Arabian Peninsula.

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS

GERMANIC KINGDOMS

CATHOLICCHRISTIANS

ISLAMIC EMPIRE

MUSLIMS

CONCLUSION:

During the Middle Ages 3 CIVILIZATIONS coexisted & fought for the dominion of the territoriesof the old Roman Empire:

Germanic kingdoms Catholic Christians

Byzantine empire OrthodoxChristians

Islamic empire Muslims

P.10. Exercise 2.

Which 3 civilizations coexisted & fought to control the territory of the old Roman Empire during the Middle Ages? Locate them in the blank map and indicate the religion of each of them

Byzantine Empire = at the beginning (395) it occupied the territories of the former Eastern Roman Empire:

Balkans

Greece

Asia Minor

Syria

Egypt

During most of its existence, the Byzantine empire was the most powerful economic, cultural & military force in Europe.

3 periods:1) Protobyzantine Era 5th Century

2) Golden Age: reign of Justinian 6th Century

3) Retreat & decline of Byzantium 7th – 15th Century

1) PROTOBYZANTINE ERA 5th Century

Unlike the W.R.E (that was conquered in 476), the Byzantine empire was able to resist the barbarians’ attacks due to greater financial resources that enabled them to…

Pay foreign mercenaries.

Pay tributes to placate invaders.

Fortify the walls of Constantinople.

After the fall of the W.R.E. (476), Constantinople became the sole capital of the Empire.

At the end of the 5th Century: the Germanic Tribes (Franks, Visigoths, Ostrogoths…) were too busy consolidating their new monarchies (Germanic Kingdoms), so they lost their interest in the Byzantine territories.

2) THE GOLDEN AGE: THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN 6th Century

During the reign of Emperor Justinian (527-565) & his wife Empress Theodora, the Byzantine empire was at its best.

Justinian tried to reestablish the unity & splendor of the Roman Empire. His major successes were:

Military triumphs that made the empire reach its maximum extension.

Cultural achievements:

Code of Justinian

Hagia Sophia Basilica

Economic prosperity

MILITARY TRIUMPHS: Justinian conquered many territories to the Germanic Kingdoms (Visigoths, Ostrogoths…), reaching the empire it’s maximum extension:

• Italy

• Sicily

• Corsica

• Sardinia

• Balearic Islands

• Territories in South Hispania

• Territories in North Africa

CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS:

THE CODE OF JUSTINIAN: Justinian revised & gathered the old Roman law, added new ones & created a new code of laws: the Corpus Iuris Civilis, also known as “The Code of Justinian”. It has provided the foundation for most modern European law systems.

One of the laws in Justinian's

Code: “A PERSON IS INNOCENT

UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY”.

CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS:

CONSTRUCTION OF HAGIA SOPHIA BASILICA

It was a period of ECONOMIC PROSPERITY due to the dynamic trade they carried out, thanks to the strategic position of Constantinople.

Byzantine silk & jewelry

Byzantines development important & luxurious manufacturing industries (tapestries, jewels, silk…)

a) Why was the Byzantine Empire able to resist the Barbarians’ attacks in the 5th Century?

b) Why did the barbarians lost their interest in the Byzantine territories after the fall of Rome?

c) Who was Justinian? Explain his main achievements.

d) To which Germanic tribes did the new territories conquered by Justinian belonged to??? Italy Sicily Corsica Sardinia Balearic Islands Territories in South Hispania Territories in North Africa

3) RETREAT & DECLINE OF BYZANTIUM 7th – 15th Century

The empire underwent a deep crisis:

Financial problems due to the cost of Justinian’s military campaigns.

Religious problems: East-West schism (1054).

This weakened the Byzantine empire, who lost many territories:

• MUSLIMS conquered Holy Land, Syria, Egypt, N.Africa.

• VISIGOTHS conquered South Hispania.

• VIKINGS conquered Italy (11th Century).

End of Justinian's

reign

6th Century

…TERRITORIAL EVOLUTION OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE…

End 11th Century

11th Century: the Byzantines (Orthodox) asked the Germanic Kingdoms (Catholics) to help them fight against the Turks (Muslims).

Together they carried out several Crusades: religious wars carried out to bring back Christian religion to the Holy Land (which was under Muslim control).

They successfully pushed back the Turks, but instead of giving those territories back to the Byzantines, the European crusaders established several kingdoms of their own.

1453: the Turks finally conquered Constantinopleand renamed it “Istanbul”. The Byzantine Empire had reached its end.

Animation of the end of the Byzantine Empire: http://geacron.com/en/?v=m&lang=en&z=6&x=20.083013798071&y=43.224388770681&nd=0&d=1100A1150A1200A1250A1300A1350A1400A1450A1453&di=1100&tm=p&ly=yyyy&fi=-500&ff=1500&sp=2&e=0&rp=0&re=0&nv=2

e) After Justinian’s reign the Byzantine empire entered into a period if difficulties. What was the consequence of this fact?

f) Who conquered the Holy Land from the Byzantines?

g) What were the Crusades? Explain their causes & consequences.

h) Who were the Crusaders?

i) Who & when put an end to the Byzantine Empire? ended? Did Constantinople continued to exist?

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

BASILEUS

He has total power:

ArmyAdministration (formed by lots

of civil servants)Church

is

controlled

by the…

Sub-divided into…

THEMATAS (provinces)

STRATEGOS(political &

military chief. They were

under direct control of the

Basileus)

Each themata was

governed by a…

He controls…

AGRICULTURE: employed most of the population:Who owned the land? Nobles & monasteries (the Church)

Who worked the land? Serfs

TRADE & MANUFACTURES: also very important due to the strategic position of Constantinople between Europe, Asia, Mediterranean & Black Seas all type of products were traded…

China: Silk

SILK

= CONSTANTINOPLE

India: Spices

Ivory

Pearls

SPICESIVOY

PEARLS

SILK

= CONSTANTINOPLE

Northern Europe: Amber

Furs

Cereals SPICESIVOY

PEARLS

SILK

AMBERFURS

CEREALS

= CONSTANTINOPLE

With all those products, artisans developed rich manufactures: Silk fabrics

Tapestries

Jewels

Artistic objects

Byzantine wedding ring

Byzantine silk Byzantine sword

with gems

Byzantine chalices

a) Fill in the blank map indicating the products that the Byzantine Empire traded from China, India & northern Europe.

b) What is the relation between Byzantium, Constantinople & Istanbul?

c) Define the following words: Basileus / Thematas / Strategos

d) Page. 13, exercise 4.

What was the official religion of the Roman Empire

in 476?

At the beginning, the religion of the Byzantine empire was the same as the one of the Germanic Kingdoms: CHRISTIANITY.

However, disputes concerning religious beliefs & traditions start to happen, leading to several conflicts. The most important one was the EAST-WEST SCHISM: religious conflict caused by the rivalry between the pope in Rome & the patriarch in Constantinople, who refused to recognize the supremacy of the Pope over Christendom. In ended in 1054 when Christianity was divided into 2 branches:

Catholic Church

Orthodox Church

ROME

CONSTANTINOPLE

a) What was the East-West Schism?

b) What did Catholic & Orthodox had in common? Indicate 3 differences between them.

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS

GERMANIC KINGDOMS

CATHOLIC CHRISTIANS

ISLAMIC EMPIRE

MUSLIMS

What Germanic Kingdoms can

you remember?

▪ Each Germanic tribe assumed the power in the territories in which they were settled, and founded the GERMANIC KINGDOMS:

VISIGOTHS Iberian Peninsula

FRANKS Gaul (France)

OSTROGOTHS Italian Peninsula

VANDALSNorth Africa

ANGLES & SAXONS Britain

Western Roman Empire

CONSEQUENCES OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE

GERMANIC TRIBES

Politically, Western Europe lost its unity

& was broken up into small independent

kingdom.

Culturally it was a period of crisis.

- Knowledge was limited to the clergy & monasteries.

- Few artistic achievements (no great buildings, sculptures…)

Socially, the military groups outstanded over the rest of the

population since Europe became a dangerous place

(specially after the 9th century).

The economy worsened & there was an increased ruralisation.

- Cities & trade almost disappeared.

- Agriculture became the most important activity, and a self-sufficient economy was developed.

Beginning of the 5th Century: Visigoths settled in Gaul through a pact with the Roman Empire.

Visigoths stopped their attacks on Rome & provided military help.

Rome in exchange gave them lands & the right to govern themselves.

The Visigoths helped the Romans to regain control of Hispania when it was invaded by other Germanic tribes (Suevi, Alans & Vandals), and expanded their dominions across the Pyrenees.

By the fall of the W.R.E. (476) the Visigoths already controlled areas in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

After the fall of the W.R.E., they established the Visigothic Kingdom. Location: South Gaul & most of the Iberian Peninsula

Capital: Toulouse

507: the Visigoths were defeated by the Frankish king Clovis (B. of Vouillé), so they moved south of the Pyrenees. New capital Toledo.

Gradually, the Visigoths defeated the other Germanic tribes (Suevi, Cantabrians, Basques…) & the Byzantines… until they ended up controlling the whole Iberian Peninsula.

http://geacron.com/es/?v=m&lang=es&z=5&x=5.0097670333572&y=43.671050423825&nd=6&d=400A418A476A47

7A500A507A508&di=508&tm=p&ct=0&ly=yyyyyyy&fi=-500&ff=1500&sp=2&e=0&rp=0&re=0&nv=2

However, in 711 the last visigothic king, Don Rodrigo, was defeated in the B. of Guadalete by the Islamic Empire. The Muslims called their territory in the Iberian Peninsula AL-ANDALUS.

AL-ANDALUS

Don Rodrigo, the last Visigoth king, died in the Battle of

Guadalete (711)

a) During the Roman Empire the Visigoths settled in South Gaul. How did this happen?

b) What area did the Visigothic kingdom occupied at the beginning?What was its first capital?

c) What happened in 507? What was the new capital of the kingdom?

d) Who did the Visigoths had to defeat to be able to control the whole Iberian Peninsula?

e) What happened to the Visigothic Kingdom in 711? Who was the last Visigothic king?

f) How did Muslims called their territory in the Iberian peninsula?

395: Emperor Theodosius divided the Roman Empire.

ROME

CONSTANTINOPLE

Clovis, first king of the Franks. He belonged to the Merovingian dynasty.

After the fall of the W.R.E. (476): the Franks assumed the power in north Gaul. The first Frankish king was Clovis, an impressive military commander from the Merovingian dynasty.

507: Clovis expelled the Visigoths from southern Gaul (B. of Vouillé), who moved south of the Pyrenees.

The Merovingian kings left government affairs in the hands of the “Mayors of the Palace”, who became the real power.

732: the Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel (Charlemagne’s grandfather) defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Poitiers, forcing them to retreat to the Iberian Peninsula. This victory reinforced the power of the Mayors of the Palace (who were ancestors of Charlemagne).

Fight between a Muslims & Franks at the Battle of Poitiers (732)

751: Charles Martel’s son, Pepin the Short (Charlemagne’s father) deposed the last Merovingian king with the Pope’s approval. This was the start of the Carolingian dynasty.

Pepin the Short being crowned king of the Franks by the Pope (751)

CHARLEMAGNE’S REIGN (768-814):

768: after his father’s death, Charlemagne became king of the Franks. He would be the greatest Carolingian monarch.

He wanted to reestablish the unity of the W.R.E. To do so, he defeated different tribes & conquered:

North of Germany

Central Europe

North of Italy

On Christmas Day in the year 800 he was crowned emperor by the Pope in St.Peter’s Church in Rome.

Old St.Peter’s Church in Rome Charlemagne crowned emperor on Christmas day, 800 by Pope Leo III

814: Charlemagne died and his son, Louis the Pious, became king.

When Louis the Pious died the Carolingian empire was divided among his 3 sons in the Treaty of Verdun (843).

Gradually, the Carolingian empire collapsed due to internal disputes & foreign invasions, particularly the Vikings.

Territories at the death of Charlemagne (814)

Territories at the death of Pippin the Short (768)

Map of Europe after the Treaty of Verdun (843)

a) Which was the first Frankish dynasty? And the first king?

b) When did the battle of Poitiers took place? What were the consequences of this battle?

c) When did the Carolingian dynasty began?

d) What purpose/aim did Charlemagne had? What did he do to achieve it?

e) When & where was Charlemagne crowned emperor? What happened to his empire after his death?

f) The invasion of who caused the collapse of the Carolingian Empire?

Pope religious power

King/Emperormilitary & political power. His capital was in Aachen (Germany).

To have a better control over the territory, Charlemagne divided it into:

COUNTIES: territories governed by a countwho was in charge of carrying out commands of the emperor, collecting taxes, administering justice…

MARCHES: territories on the frontiers of the Empire that had to be defended. They were ruled by a military governor called marquis.

Activity 9

Society was very hierarchical beginning of FEUDALISM!!

EMPEROR

NOBILITY & CLERGY

FREE PEOPLE

SERFS

Political & military power.

Owners of the land.

Nobles were in charge of

political or military duties

(counts, marquises,

knights…)

Most of them

peasants; some

merchants & artisans

Belonged to their

lord, who’s lands they

laboured in exchange

of protection & a

place to live.

FEUDALISM: system in which every person had to swear loyalty to the person above them in return for something else (lands, shelter, protection…)

Charlemagne aimed to reestablish the cultural splendor of the old Roman Empire. During his reign, there was a cultural renaissance an increase of literature, architecture, sculpture…

a) What were counties & marches?

b) Why do we say that there was a “cultural renaissance” during the Carolingian Empire?