Effects of Village Power Quality on Fuel Consumption and Operating Expenses/ Village Power System

Performance Monitoring:(CY 2006 Annual Review)

UAF PI: Richard Wies

UAF co-PI: Ron Johnson

Industry PI: Peter Crimp, Alaska Energy Authority

A project funded by the US DOE National Energy Technology Lab (NETL) through the Arctic Energy Technology & Development Laboratory (AETDL)

AEA

Village Power Quality and

Performance Monitoring (CY 06) • Introduction• Objectives• Project Milestones• Project Highlights• Project Budget• Sample Analysis• Future Work

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A stand-alone system with multiple power sources:Diesel Gen, Wind, Hydro, Batteries, and others

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Village Power System

DC LoadPV Panels

DC

DC

DCDC

ACAC Load

AC Bus

DC Bus

Heating Load

Heat Exchanger

Transformer

Battery Bank

Wind Turbine

Boiler

Diesel Generator

Objectives• Create a consortium of rural utilities:

Alaska rural utilities Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC)

• Survey of existing village power monitoring systems

• Data collection and management (standardization)

• Optimization through data analysis and energy profiling (Hybrid Arctic Remote Power SIMulator): load profiling energy efficiency analysis economic analysis environmental analysis

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Project Milestones (CY06)

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Date Milestones Participant(s) Status

Jan 2005-Jun 2007

Collect Existing Power System Data

UAF/AEA 95% Complete

Jun 2005-Sep 2007

Installation of New Remote Monitoring Systems in Villages

AEA 75% Complete

Jun 2005-Sep 2007

Village Data Analysis & Recommendations

UAF 75% Complete

Sep 2005-Sep 2007

Consortium of AK Rural Utilities

UAF 25% Complete

Sep 2006 One Year Extension UAF/AEAGranted

Oct. 13, 2006

Sep 2007 Final Report Issued UAF/AEATo be Completed

Project Highlights (1)

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• Village power system data collection & analysis:

• AEA and AVEC: developing a standard system for downloading village power data on a regular schedule and in a convenient format.

• Metering Projects: powerhouse electrical data, weather stations, met towers, BTU meters from heat recovery systems, and electrical data from village users such as schools, washeterias, and community buildings.

• Kongiganak, Lime Village, Stevens Village, and Wales Village - UAF evaluated data with its hybrid power system analysis tool (HARPSIM)

• Kwigillingok and Kongiganak - access to online data (URL:

http://www.aidea.org/aea/aearemotemon.html)

• Remote monitoring switchgear installed in 16 villages: Atka Diesel Powerhouse and Hydro Facility, Arctic Village, Chuathbaluk, Crooked Creek, Golovin, Hughes, Kongiganak, Koyukuk, Kwigillingok, Pedro Bay, Manokotak, Nikolski, Sleetmute, Stevens Village, Stony River,

and Takotna

• 5 more villages by summer 2007: Buckland, Chefornak, Diomede, Larsen Bay Hydro Facility, and Ouzinkie Diesel Powerhouse and Hydro Facility

Online Collecting Data

Coming Online Not Collecting

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Data Not Processed0-50 kW50-100kW100 150 kW150-200 kW200-250 kW250-300 kW

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Project Highlights (2)

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• Graduate student Ashish Agrawal defended his PhD dissertation entitled “Hybrid Electric Power Systems in Remote Villages: Economic and Environmental Analysis for Monitoring, Optimization and Control” on Monday, July 17, 2006 based on work related to this project.

• Presentation on hybrid village power systems at 2006 Alternative Energy Fair at the Chena Hot Springs Geothermal Energy Conference on August 20, 2006.

• A one-year extension with additional funds of $71k from DOE for salary and travel was granted on this project to complete the collection and analysis of data from newly installed monitoring systems.

• Planning a consortium meeting/workshop for AK rural utilities at AK Rural Energy conference in April 2007.

Village Load Profiles

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Load Profile Ranking Comparision '02 to '05

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

7/13/2002 0:00 1/29/2003 0:00 8/17/2003 0:00 3/4/2004 0:00 9/20/2004 0:00 4/8/2005 0:00 10/25/2005 0:00

Time (M/D/Y - H/M)

Rea

l P

ow

er (

kW)

Lime VillageATKAArctic VillageGolovinBuckland

Sample Analysis (1): Kongiganak

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• Current Power System:– DEGS:

• Diesel #1: 235 kW

• Diesel #2: 190 kW

• Diesel #3: 190 kW

• Diesel #4: 140 kW

– One DEG is sufficient to supply the load

• Avg: 95 kW

• Min: 45 kW

• Max: 150 kW

– Wind Speed: 7 m/s (15.6 mph)• Test System:

– 2-190kW DEGS (one as backup)

– 100 kWh absolyte IIP battery bank

– 1-65kW AOC 15/50 WTGs

– 12 kW PV array

– 100kVA bidirectional converter

Kongiganak Village

Location: western shore of Kuskokwim bay, 451 miles west of Anchorage (north latitude 59.96°, west longitude 162.89°).

90 housing units, 11 vacant, one school attended by 116 students (US 2000 Census).

Marine climate: temp range 6°F - 57°F.

Average annual precipitation: 22 inches

Average annual snowfall: 43 inches

Sample Analysis (2)

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DC Load

PV Panels

DC

DC

DCDC

ACAC Load

AC Bus

DC Bus

Control Unit

Wind TurbineBattery Bank

Diesel Electric Generator

Sample Analysis (3)

130 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Time (hours)

Ele

ctric

load

(kW

)Synthetic annual load profile for Kongiganak Village, Alaska

Synthetic load (kW)Mean load (kW)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Time (hours)

Win

d sp

eed

(m/s

)Synthetic annual wind speed profile for Kongiganak Village, Alaska

Synthetic wind speed (m/s)Mean wind speed (m/s)

Sample Analysis (4)

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Sample Analysis (5)

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ItemCost per

unit (USD)

No of units

Diesel-only system(USD)

Diesel-battery system(USD)

PV-diesel-battery system(USD)

Wind-diesel-battery system(USD)

PV-wind-diesel-battery system(USD)

2 wind-diesel-battery system(USD)

140 kW diesel generator

40,000 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

190 kW diesel generator

45,000 1 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000

Switch gear to automate control of

the system16,000 1 16,000 18,000 20,000 20,000 22,000 30,000

Rectification/Inversion

18,000 1 0 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 28,000

New Absolyte IIP 6-90A13 battery bank

2,143 16 0 34,288 34,288 34,288 34,288 68,576

AOC 15/50 wind turbine generator

55,000 1 0 0 0 55,000 55,000 110,000

Siemens M55 solar panels

262 180 0 0 47,160 0 47,160 0

Engineering 1 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,000 4,500 6,000

Commissioning, Installation, freight, travel, miscellaneous

1 13,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 30,000

TOTAL 117,000 172,788 224,448 234,288 285,948 357,576

Installation cost for different components for Kongiganak Village

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Item Diesel-battery systemPV-diesel-battery

systemWind-diesel-battery

systemPV-wind-diesel-battery

system

HARPSim HOMER HARPSim HOMER HARPSim HOMER HARPSim HOMER

System cost (USD) 172,788 172,788 224,448 224,450 234,288 234,288 285,948 285,950

Engine efficiency (%) 29.3 28.63 29.3 28.51 29.3 27.03 29.3 26.88

kWh/liter (kWh/gallon) for engine3.11

(11.75)3.04

(11.48)3.11

(11.75)3.02

(11.43)3.11

(11.75)2.87

(10.84)3.11

(11.75)2.85

(10.78)

Fuel consumed in liters (gallons)267,662(70,810)

273,910(72,463)

264,834(70,062)

272,568(72,108)

193,249(51,124)

216,027(57,150)

190,837(50,486)

214,776(56,819)

Total cost of fuel (USD) 212,429 217,390 210,185 216,325 153,373 171,451 151,458 170,456

Energy supplied

(a) Diesel engine (kWh) 832,152 832,205 823,368 823,422 597145 619,504 588,362 612,287

(b) WTG (kWh) - - - - 235,007 238,000 235,007 238,000

(c) PV array (kWh) - - 8,784 8,783 - - 8,784 8,783

Energy supplied to load (kWh) 832,152 832,205 832,152 832,205 832,152 832,205 832,152 832,205

Operational life

(a) Generator (years) 5 1.87 5 1.87 5 1.8 5 1.8

(b) Battery bank (years) 5 12 5.5 12 5.5 12 6 12

Net present value (USD) with i = 7% and n = 20 years

- 1,992,488 2,545,084 2,945,502 1,954,127 2,383,766 1,974,389 2,421,502

Cost of Electricity (USD/kWh) 0.301 22.6 0.304 0.334 0.237 0.27 0.24 0.275

Payback period for renewable (years) - - Never - 1.07 - 2.12 -

Emissions

(a) CO2 in metric tons (US tons) 660 (728) 703 (775) 653 (720) 700 (772) 477 (526) 555 (612) 471 (519) 552 (608)

(b) NOx in kg (lbs)7,322

(16,143)-

7,245 (15,972)

-5,288

(11,657)-

5,222 (11,512)

-

(c) PM10 in kg (lbs) 308 (679) - 305 (672) - 222 (490) - 220 (484) -

Sample Analysis: Comparison of Results (6)

ItemTwo wind-diesel-battery

system

HARPSim HOMER

System cost (USD) 357,576 357,576

Engine efficiency (%) 29.3 26.6

kWh/liter (kWh/gallon) for the engine3.11

(11.75)2.78

( 10.53)

Fuel consumed in liters (gallons)151,252(39,961)

201,444(53,222)

Total cost of fuel (USD) 119,883 159,876

Energy supplied

(a) Diesel engine (kWh) 469,542 561,741

(b) WTG (kWh)

470,015 475,999

Energy supplied to load (kWh) 832,152 832,205

Operational life

(a) Generator (years) 5 1.8

(b) Battery bank (years) 5.5 12

Net present value (USD) with i = 7% and n = 20 years

1,748,988 2,407,895

Cost of Electricity (USD/kWh) 0.22 0.273

Payback period for WTG (years) 1.56 -

Emissions

(a) CO2 in metric tons (US ton) 367 (405) 517 (570)

(b) NOx in kg (lbs)4,068

(9,112)-

(c) PM10 in kg (lbs) 171 (383) -17

Sample Analysis: Comparison of Results (7)

Sample Analysis (8)

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DEGs = 87%

Renewables = 5%

Battery Bank = 5%Switchgear = 1%

Controller = 1%Miscellaneous = 1%

20-year LCC analysis of the Kongiganak Village hybrid power system using HARPSim

DEGs

Renewables

Battery Bank

Switchgear

Controller

Miscellaneous

The NPV of the system, with i = 7% and fuel cost = 0.79 USD per liter (3.0 USD per gallon), is 1,974,389 USD

Sample Analysis (9)

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0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.51

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5x 10

6

Cost of fuel in USD/liter (USD/gallon)

NP

V (

US

D)

Sensitivity analysis of fuel cost and investment rate on NPV

(2.27) (2.65) (3.02) (3.40) (3.78) (4.16) (4.54) (4.91) (5.29) (5.67)

i = 0.03i = 0.04i = 0.05i = 0.06i = 0.07

i = 0.03

i = 0.07

Sample Analysis (10)

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0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.50.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55Sensitivity analysis of fuel cost and investment rate on Cost of Electricity

Cost of fuel in USD/liter (USD/gallon)

Co

st o

f Ele

ctric

ity (

US

D/k

Wh

)

(2.27) (2.65) (3.02) (3.40) (3.78) (4.16) (4.54) (4.91) (5.29) (5.67)

i = 0.07

i = 0.03

Diesel-battery system

Wind-diesel-battery system

Sample Analysis (11)

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0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.50.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Cost of fuel in USD/liter (USD/gallon)

Pa

yba

ck fo

r re

ne

wa

ble

(ye

ars

)Sensitivity analysis of fuel cost and investment rate on renewable payback

(2.27) (2.65) (3.02) (3.40) (3.78) (4.16) (4.54) (4.91) (5.29) (5.67)

i = 0.03i = 0.04i = 0.05i = 0.06i = 0.07

i = 0.03

i = 0.07

Project BudgetThe total budget for this project is $371.4K with $80.0K as a subcontract to AEA. About 78% or $284.5K of the budget has been spent or encumbered.

Budget

Inception to Date

Activity Commitments Available

Balance Personal Services 110,257.00 88,220.65 0.00 22,036.35

Staff Benefits 24,758.00 20,049.89 0.00 4,708.11

Travel 12,000.00 8,096.27 88.24 3,815.49 Contractual Services 96,119.00 17,444.76 80,000.00 -1,325.76

Commodities 500.00 1,143.51 0.00 -643.51

Equipment 20,474.00 5,000.00 0.00 15,474.00

Student Aid 18,446.00 8,334.00 0.00 10,112.00

F & A cost 88,846.00 61,169.69 0.00 27,676.31

Miscellaneous 0.00 -5,025.77 0.00 5,025.77

Total 371,400.00 209,458.77 80,088.24 86,878.76

% Budget Encumbered 77.96% % Budget Available 23.39%

Project Budget

$0.00

$50,000.00

$100,000.00

$150,000.00

$200,000.00

$250,000.00

$300,000.00

$350,000.00

$400,000.00

Perso

nal S

ervic

es

Staff B

enefi

tsTra

vel

Contra

ctual

Servic

es

Commodit

ies

Equipm

ent

Stude

nt Aid

F & A

cost

Miscell

aneo

usTota

l

Inception to Date Activity

Commitments

Available Balance

Budget

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Future Work• Data Management: Storage, Format, and Web

Access• Data Collection & Analysis: New remote monitoring

sites (electrical, thermal, and meteorological data)• Select new villages for remote monitoring installs• Consortium of AK Rural Utilities and Industry

Partners: Meeting/Workshop at AK Rural Energy Conference in April 2007

• Remote Supervisory Control of Village Power Systems for Management and Optimization (Future Project)

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Questions?

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Questions???