Hershey New YorkInformatIon scIence reference

Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing:Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Judith SymondsAuckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Volume I

Director of Editorial Content: Kristin KlingerDevelopment Editor Julia MosemannSenior Managing Editor: Jamie SnavelyManaging Editor: Michael BrehmAssistant Managing Editor: Carole CoulsonTypesetters: Michael Brehm, Carole Coulson, Christopher Hrobak, Jamie Snavely, Sean WoznickiCover Design: Lisa TosheffPrinted at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ubiquitous and pervasive computing : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications / Judith Symonds, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.Summary:"Thispublicationcoversthelatestinnovativeresearchfindingsinvolved with the incorporation of technologies into everyday aspects of life"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-60566-960-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-961-8 (ebook) 1. Ubiquitous computing. I. Symonds, Judith, 1972- QA76.5915.U2565 2009 004--dc22 2009031090

Associate EditorsSteve ClarkeUniversity of Hull, UK

Murray E. JennexSan Diego State University, USA

Annie BeckerFlorida Institute of Technology USA

Ari-Veikko AnttiroikoUniversity of Tampere, Finland

Editorial Advisory BoardSherif KamelAmerican University in Cairo, Egypt

In LeeWestern Illinois University, USA

Jerzy KisielnickiWarsaw University, Poland

Keng SiauUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

Amar GuptaArizona University, USA

Craig van SlykeUniversity of Central Florida, USA

John WangMontclair State University, USA

Vishanth WeerakkodyBrunel University, UK

Editor-in-Chief

Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA Editor-in-Chief Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology, Book Series

Hershey New YorkInformatIon scIence reference

Additional Research Collections found in the Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology

Book SeriesData Mining and Warehousing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsJohnWang,MontclairUniversity,USA6-volumesetISBN978-1-60566-056-1

Electronic Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsInLee,WesternIllinoisUniversity4-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-943-4

Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsS.AnnBecker,FloridaInstituteofTechnology,USA4-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-943-4

Electronic Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsAri-VeikkoAnttiroiko,UniversityofTampere,Finland6-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-947-2

Knowledge Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsMurrayE.Jennex,SanDiegoStateUniversity,USA6-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-933-5

Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsCraigVanSlyke,UniversityofCentralFlorida,USA6-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-949-6

Intelligent Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsVijayanSugumaran,OaklandUniversity,USA4-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-941-0

Information Security and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsHamidNemati,TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro,USA6-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-937-3

Medical Informatics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsJosephTan,WayneStateUniversity,USA4-volumesetISBN978-1-60566-050-9

Mobile Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsDavidTaniar,MonashUniversity,Australia6-volumesetISBN978-1-60566-054-7

Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsSyedMahbuburRahman,MinnesotaStateUniversity,Mankato,USA3-volumesetISBN978-1-60566-054-7

Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ApplicationsJerzyKisielnicki,WarsawUniversity,Poland3-volumesetISBN978-1-59904-955-7

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List of Contributors

Abowd, Gregory D. \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA ............................................................ 370Abuelmaatti, Omar \ Liverpool John Moores University, UK ........................................................ 171Ahn, David \ Nyack College, USA ................................................................................................... 1358Ahonen, Pasi \ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland .............................................. 1425Alahuhta, Petteri \ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland ....................................... 1425Andersson, Magnus \ Viktoria Institute, Sweden ............................................................................ 1079Angelopoulos, Spyros P. \ Technical University of Crete, Greece .................................................. 1669Aparajita, Upali \ Utkal University, India ......................................................................................... 974Apiletti, Daniele \ Politecnico di Torino, Italy .................................................................................. 853Ayoade, John \ American University of Nigeria, Nigeria ................................................................ 1374Babulak, Eduard \ Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada ......................................................... 1669Bakhouya, M. \ The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA ..................................... 182Ballagas, Rafael \ RWTH Aachen University, Germany .................................................................... 439Bang, Jounghae \ Penn State University Mont Alto, USA ................................................................. 941Baralis, Elena \ Politecnico di Torino, Italy ...................................................................................... 853Barricelli, Barbara R. \ Universit degli Studi di Milano, Italy ....................................................... 212Barros, Alistair \ SAP Research, Australia ...................................................................................... 1688Bataille, Fabien \ Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France ....................................................................... 1643Berbegal, Ndia \ Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain ......................................................................... 353Berzunza, Gustavo \ CICESE, Mexico ............................................................................................ 1786Billinghurst, Mark \ Human Interface Technology Laboratory New Zealand

University of Canterbury, New Zealand .......................................................................................... 741Borchers, Jan \ RWTH Aachen University, Germany ........................................................................ 439Boslau, Madlen \ Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ........................................... 44, 1098Boye, Niels \ University of Aalborg, Denmark ................................................................................... 764Briffault, Xavier \ CESAMES UMR 8136, Universit Ren-Descartes Paris V, France .................. 389Briggs, Pam \ Northumbria University, UK ..................................................................................... 1408Brook, Phillip W J \ University of Western Sydney, Australia ........................................................ 1039Bruno, Giulia \ Politecnico di Torino, Italy ....................................................................................... 853Butcher, T. \ University of Hull Logistics Institute (UHLI), UK ........................................................ 823Buyurgan, Nebil \ University of Arkansas, USA ............................................................................... 867Byrne, Caroline \ Institute of Technology Carlow, Ireland ............................................................... 129Calafate, Carlos Tavares \ Technical University of Valencia, Spain ................................................ 503Calleros, Juan Manuel Gonzlez \ Universit catholique de Louvain,

Louvain School of Management (LSM), Belgium ............................................................................ 253

Camarata, Ken \ KDF Architecture, USA ......................................................................................... 730Cano, Jose \ Technical University of Valencia, Spain ........................................................................ 503Cano, Juan-Carlos \ Technical University of Valencia, Spain .......................................................... 503Carvalho, Joo lvaro \ University of Minho, Portugal .................................................................. 408Cerquitelli, Tania \ Politecnico di Torino, Italy ................................................................................ 853Chamberlain, Alan \ University of Nottingham, UK....................................................................... 1179Chang, Elizabeth \ Curtin University of Technology, Australia .......................................................... 82Chang, Flora Chia-I \ Tamkang University, China ........................................................................... 557Chang, She-I \ National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan ............................................................. 1122Chen, Yen-Jung \ National University of Tainan, Taiwan ................................................................. 520Cheok, Adrian David \ National University of Singapore, Singapore .............................................. 905Chiu, Yuh-Wen \ National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan ............................ 1122Choi, Inyoung \ Georgetown University, USA ................................................................................... 941Choi, Yongsoon \ National University of Singapore, Singapore........................................................ 905Chong, Jimmy \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ......................................................... 20Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos \ Bauhaus University of Weimar, Germany .................................... 717Chowdhury, Mohammad M. R. \ University Graduate Center UniK, Norway ......................... 1067Clarke, Dave \ GXS, USA .................................................................................................................. 581Corchado, Juan M. \ Universidad de Salamanca, Spain .................................................................. 833Coyle, Lorcan \ University College Dublin, Ireland ......................................................................... 145Crellin, David \ Abingtom Partners, UK ......................................................................................... 1179Cuozzo, Flix \ ENSICAEN, France .................................................................................................. 112Dillon, Teresa \ Polar Produce, UK ................................................................................................. 1179Do, Ellen Yi-Luen \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA ............................................................... 730Dorsch, Tillmann \ Tampere University of Technology, Finland .................................................... 1626Duh, Henry B. L. \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore .................................................... 20Dwivedi, A. \ University of Hull, UK ................................................................................................. 823Edegger, Francika \ evolaris Privatstiftung, Austria ...................................................................... 1156Eikerling, Heinz-Josef \ Siemens AG SIS C-LAB, Germany ............................................................. 462Eldin, Amr Ali \ Accenture BV, The Netherlands............................................................................. 1465El-Nasr, Magy Seif \ Penn State University, USA ........................................................................... 1720Elwood, Susan A. \ Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, USA .................................................... 511Etter, Stephanie \ Mount Aloysius College, USA ............................................................................ 1350Favela, Jesus \ CICESE, Mexico ...................................................................................................... 1786Fergus, Paul \ Liverpool John Moores University, UK ..................................................................... 171Fernandes, Jos Eduardo \ Bragana Polytechnic Institute, Portugal ............................................ 408Fraser, Dana Stanton \ University of Bath, UK ............................................................................ 1179Friedewald, Michael \ Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research, Germany ............ 1425Gaber, J. \ Universit de Technologie de Belfort-Montbliard, France ............................................ 182Galambosi, Agnes \ The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA ...................................... 1250Garca, Josefina Guerrero \ Universit catholique de Louvain,

Louvain School of Management (LSM), Belgium ............................................................................ 253Garg, Miti \ The Logistics Institute Asia Pacific, Singapore ........................................................ 1284Gaunet, Florence \ Laboratoire Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie UMR 5145, CNRS, France .. 389Germanakos, Panagiotis \ National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ........................ 309Glambedakis, Antony \ University of Western Sydney, Australia ..................................................... 993

Glancy, Maxine \ BBC Research & Innovation, UK ....................................................................... 1179Godara, Varuna \ University of Western Sydney, Australia .................................................... 234, 1199Goh, Mark \ NUS Business School, The Logistics Institute Asia Pacific, Singapore ................... 1284Gomez, Laurent \ SAP Research, France ....................................................................................... 1481Gosain, Sanjay \ The Capital Group Companies, USA ..................................................................... 581Gower, Amanda \ BT Innovate, UK ................................................................................................. 1179Gower, Andrew \ BT Innovate, UK .................................................................................................. 1179Gross, Mark D. \ Carnegie Mellon University, USA ......................................................................... 730Gupta, Sumeet \ Shri Sankaracarya Institute of Management and Technology, India ................... 1284Gurevych, Iryna \ Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany ......................................................... 1Gutirrez, Jairo A. \ University of Auckland, New Zealand ................................................... 156, 1301Hagenhoff, Svenja \ Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ................................................ 44Hair, M. \ University of the West of Scotland, UK ........................................................................... 1315Haller, Michael \ Upper Austria University of Applied SciencesDigital Media, Austria ................ 741Hallikas, Jukka \ Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland ............................................... 1052Harboe, Gunnar \ Motorola, USA ..................................................................................................... 678Hardgrave, Bill C. \ University of Arkansas, USA ............................................................................ 867Hattori, Fumio \ Ritsumeikan University, Japan ............................................................................. 1762Hayes, Gillian R. \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA................................................................. 370Hazlewood, William R. \ Indiana University Bloomington, USA ..................................................... 145Huang, Elaine \ Motorola, USA ......................................................................................................... 678Humanes, Pabo Roman \ Tampere University of Technology, Finland .......................................... 1626Hung, Patrick C. K. \ University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada ............................... 1358Hwang, Gwo-Jen \ National University of Tainan, Taiwan .............................................................. 520Hwang, Jong-Sung \ National Information Society Agency, Korea ................................................ 1601Iachello, Giovanni \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA .............................................................. 370Inakage, Masa \ Keio University, Japan ............................................................................................ 206Jentzsch, Ric \ Compucat Research Pty Limited, Australia .............................................................. 782Johnson, Stephen \ Mobility Research Centre, UK ........................................................................... 707Joly, Adrien \ Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France

& Universite deLyon, LIRIS/INSA, France ................................................................................... 1643Jst, Matthias \ European Media Laboratory GmbH, Germany ..................................................... 1006Kallenbach, Jan \ Helsinki University of Technology, Finland ......................................................... 717Kameas, Achilles D. \ Hellenic Open University and Computer Technology Institute /

DAISy group, Greece ....................................................................................................................... 330Karaiskos, Dimitrios C. \ Athens University of Business and Economics, Greece ........................ 1106Karmakar, Nemai Chandra \ Monash University, Australia ........................................................... 648Karyda, Maria \ University of the Aegean, Greece ......................................................................... 1331Kaspar, Christian \ Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ................................................. 44Katsumoto, Yuichiro \ Keio University, Japan ................................................................................. 206Kehoe, Dennis \ University of Liverpool, UK .................................................................................. 1228Kientz, Julie A. \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA ................................................................... 370Kim, Tschangho John \ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA .................................. 1613Kinoshita, Tetsuo \ Tohoku University, Japan ................................................................................. 1762Kitsios, Fotis C. \ Technical University of Crete, Greece ................................................................ 1669Kittl, Christian \ evolaris Privatstiftung, Austria & Karl-Franzens University, Austria ................ 1156

Knuth, Peter \ Technical University of Koice, Slovakia ................................................................ 1293Koh, Sze Ling \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore .......................................................... 20Koivumki, Timo \ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland ...................................... 1021Koskela, Kaisa \ University of Oulu, Finland ................................................................................. 1021Kourouthanassis, Panayiotis E. \ Athens University of Business and Economics, Greece ............ 1106Laube, Annett \ SAP Research, France ........................................................................................... 1481LeDonne, Keith \ Robert Morris University, USA ........................................................................... 1350Lee, Cheon-Pyo \ Carson-Newman College, USA ............................................................................ 845Lee, Deirdre \ Trinity College Dublin, Ireland .................................................................................. 488Lee, Mark J. W. \ Charles Sturt University, Australia ...................................................................... 524Lekkas, Zacharias \ National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ................................... 309Leu, Huei \ Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan ........................................................ 1219Li, Dong \ University of Liverpool, UK ............................................................................................ 1228Li, Grace \ University of Technology, Sydney, Australia ................................................................. 1450Li, Haifei \ Union University, USA .................................................................................................. 1358Lietke, Britta \ Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ............................................... 44, 1098Lin, Chad \ Edith Cowan University, Australia ............................................................................... 1219Lin, Koong \ Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan ......................................................... 1219Lindgren, Rikard \ University of Gothenburg, Sweden & Viktoria Institute, Sweden .................... 1079Little, Linda \ Northumbria University, UK .................................................................................... 1408Littman, Marlyn Kemper \ Nova Southeastern University, USA .................................................... 815Liu, Kinchung \ University of Liverpool, UK .................................................................................. 1228Liu, Wei \ National University of Singapore, Singapore ................................................................... 905Lo, Janice \ Baylor University, USA .................................................................................................. 867Lugmayr, Artur \ Tampere University of Technology, Finland ............................................... 717, 1626Lyardet, Fernando \ Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany ................................................ 1562Machado, Ricardo J. \ University of Minho, Portugal ..................................................................... 408Mangaraj, B.K. \ XLRI Jamshepur, School of Business and Human Resources,

Jamshedpur, India ............................................................................................................................ 974Manzoni, Pietro \ Technical University of Valencia, Spain ............................................................... 503Marcante, Andrea \ Universit degli Studi di Milano, Italy ............................................................. 212Maret, Pierre \ Universit de Lyon, France .................................................................................... 1643Martin, Patrick \ Queens University, Canada .................................................................................. 276Massey, Noel \ Motorola, USA ........................................................................................................... 678Mazzoleni, Pietro \ IBM Watson Research, USA ............................................................................... 462Meier, Ren \ Trinity College Dublin, Ireland ................................................................................... 488Mei-Ling, Charissa Lim \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore....................................... 905Melski, Adam \ Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ........................................................ 44Memmola, Massimo \ Catholic University, Italy .............................................................................. 623Merabti, Madjid \ Liverpool John Moores University, UK .............................................................. 171Metcalf, Crysta \ Motorola, USA ...................................................................................................... 678Mikkonen, Karri \ TeliaSonera, Sweden ......................................................................................... 1052Minakshi, \ CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India ................................................................ 957Mitrou, Lilian \ University of the Aegean, Greece .......................................................................... 1331Modrk, Vladimr \ Technical University of Koice, Slovakia ....................................................... 1293Mohammadian, Masoud \ University of Canberra, Australia ......................................................... 782

Molinero, Ashli M. \ Robert Morris University, USA...................................................................... 1350Mourlas, Constantinos \ National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ........................... 309Mhlhuser, Max \ Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany................................................ 1, 717Mulder, Ingrid \ Telematica Instituut and Rotterdam University, The Netherlands .......................... 191Mussio, Piero \ Universit degli Studi di Milano, Italy ..................................................................... 212Nabelsi, Vronique \ cole Polytechnique de Montral, Canada ................................................... 1144Natkin, Stphane \ Conservatoire National des Arts et Mtiers, Pans, France .............................. 1738Navarro-Prieto, Raquel \ Fundaci Barcelona Media, Spain .......................................................... 353Nestor, Susan J. \ Robert Morris University, USA .......................................................................... 1350Nguyen, Ta Huynh Duy \ National University of Singapore, Singapore .......................................... 905Niemel, Marketta \ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland .................................... 1396Noll, Josef \ University Graduate Center UniK, Norway ............................................................. 1067Novak, Ashley \ Motorola, USA ......................................................................................................... 678OGrady, Michael \ University College Dublin, Ireland .................................................................. 129OHare, Gregory \ University College Dublin, Ireland .................................................................... 129Oh, Yeonjoo \ Carnegie Mellon University, USA .............................................................................. 730zelkan, Ertunga C. \ The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA ................................. 1250Padula, Marco \ Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy ........................................................................................... 212Palo, Teea \ University of Oulu, Finland .......................................................................................... 1021Palumbo, Giovanna \ Ospedale Valduce, Italy ................................................................................. 623Papatheodorou, Christos \ Ionian University, Greece ...................................................................... 931Park, Kevin \ University of Auckland, New Zealand ......................................................................... 156Parry, David \ Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand .................................................... 802Pasquet, Marc \ GREYC Laboratory (ENSICAEN Universit Caen Basse Normandie

- CNRS), France .............................................................................................................................. 112Patel, Shwetak N. \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA ............................................................... 370Peiris, Roshan \ National University of Singapore, Singapore ......................................................... 905Petrovic, Otto \ evolaris Privatstiftung, Austria & Karl-Franzens University, Austria .................. 1156Phillips, Patricia G. \ Duquesne University, USA ........................................................................... 1350Pitknen, Olli \ Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT), Finland ............................. 1396Pohl, Alexandra \ Berlin-Brandenburg (rbb) Innovationsprojekte, Germany .................................. 717Potdar, Vidyasagar \ Curtin University of Technology, Australia ....................................................... 82Powley, Wendy \ Queens University, Canada ................................................................................... 276Prasad, Gaya \ CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India ........................................................... 957Provenza, Loredana Parasiliti \ Universit degli Studi di Milano, Italy ......................................... 212Pynnnen, Mikko \ Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland ........................................... 1052Qui, Tran Cong Thien \ National University of Singapore, Singapore ............................................ 905Raibulet, Claudia \ Universit degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy .............................................. 1527Ramos, Carlos \ Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal ............................................................................... 137Ramsay, J. \ University of the West of Scotland, UK ....................................................................... 1315Rantakokko, Tapani \ Finwe LTD, Finland .................................................................................... 1425Renaud, K. V. \ University of Glasgow, UK .................................................................................... 1315Reynaud, Joan \ GREYC Laboratory (ENSICAEN Universit Caen Basse Normandie

- CNRS), France .............................................................................................................................. 112Rohs, Michael \ Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, Germany ............................................................. 439

Roibs, Anxo Cereijo \ SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK .................................................. 707, 1498Romano, Guy \ Motorola, USA ......................................................................................................... 678Rossini, Mauro \ Ospedale Valduce, Italy ......................................................................................... 623Rouillard, Jos \ Laboratoire LIFL - Universit de Lille 1, France ................................................ 1582Roussos, George \ University of London, UK .................................................................................. 1517Sadri, Fariba \ Imperial College London, UK................................................................................... 121Samaras, George \ University of Cyprus, Cyprus ............................................................................. 309Savolainen, Petri \ Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland ............................................ 1052Scala, Paolo L. \ Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerchev, Italy ...................................................................................... 212Seah, Lily Leng-Hiang \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ........................................... 20Sedlar, Patricia \ Johannes Kepler University, Austria ....................................................................... 35See, Stanley \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ............................................................. 20Segura, Daniela \ CICESE, Mexico ................................................................................................. 1786Sheridan, Jennifer G. \ BigDog Interactive Ltd., UK ....................................................................... 439Shih, Dong-Her \ National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan ............................ 1122Shim, J. P. \ Mississippi State University, USA .................................................................................. 845Shiratori, Norio \ Tohoku University, Japan ................................................................................... 1762Soon, Chin-Boo \ The University of Auckland, New Zealand ................................................... 65, 1301Sorniotti, Alessandro \ SAP Research, France ............................................................................... 1481Stathis, Kostas \ Royal Holloway, University of London, UK ........................................................... 121Stefanescu, Florina \ ePoly Centre of Expertise in Electronic Commerce, Canada ....................... 1144Stojanovic, Zoran \ IBM Nederland BV, The Netherlands .............................................................. 1465Suganuma, Takuo \ Tohoku University, Japan ................................................................................ 1762Sugawara, Kenji \ Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan ................................................................ 1762Symonds, Judith A. \ Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand ............................... 802, 1374Thtinen, Jaana \ University of Oulu, Finland ............................................................................... 1021Tapia, Dante I. \ Universidad de Salamanca, Spain .......................................................................... 833Tatnall, Arthur \ Victoria University, Australia .................................................................................. 28Teh, Keng Soon \ National University of Singapore, Singapore ....................................................... 905Tentori, Mnica \ CICESE and Universidad Autnoma de Baja California, Mexico ..................... 1786Terrenghi, Lucia \ Vodafone Group R&D, Germany ........................................................................ 191Theng, Yin-Leng \ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ............................................. 20, 905Thillairajah, Velan \ EAI Technologies, USA .................................................................................... 581Tokuhisa, Satoru \ Keio University, Japan ....................................................................................... 206Trek, Denis \ University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ............................................................................. 1386Truong, Khai N. \ University of Toronto, Canada ............................................................................. 370Tsakonas, Giannis \ Ionian University, Greece ................................................................................. 931Tsianos, Nikos \ National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .......................................... 309Tullio, Joe \ Motorola, USA ............................................................................................................... 678Ueki, Atsuro \ Keio University, Japan ............................................................................................... 206Vacquez, Delphine \ ENSICAEN, France .......................................................................................... 112van t Hooft, Mark \ Kent State University, USA .............................................................................. 886Vanderdonckt, Jean \ Universit catholique de Louvain,

Louvain School of Management (LSM), Belgium ............................................................................ 253Vasilakos, Athanasios V. \ University of Peloponnese, Greece ............................................... 905, 1720

Veronikis, Spyros \ Ionian University, Greece .................................................................................. 931Vildjiounaite, Elena \ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland .................................. 1425Vowels, Susan A. \ Washington College, USA ..................................................................................... 54Walker, Ronald T. \ University of Arkansas, USA ............................................................................ 867Wang, Te-Hua \ Tamkang University, China ..................................................................................... 557Wang, Xiaojun \ University of Liverpool, UK ................................................................................. 1228Watson, Genevieve \ University of Western Sydney, Australia .......................................................... 993Weller, Michael Philetus \ Carnegie Mellon University, USA .......................................................... 730Wilson, Kirk \ CA Inc., Canada ........................................................................................................ 276Woodgate, Dawn \ University of Bath, UK ..................................................................................... 1179Wright, David \ Trilateral Research and Consulting, UK ............................................................... 1425Wu, Chen \ Curtin University of Technology, Australia ...................................................................... 82Wu, Ting-Ting \ National University of Tainan, Taiwan ................................................................... 520Wyld, David C. \ Southeastern Louisiana University, USA .............................................................. 594Xu, Heng \ The Pennsylvania State University, USA ....................................................................... 1284Yan, Chen \ Conservatoire National des Arts et Mtiers, Pans, France ......................................... 1738Yan, Lu \ University College London, UK ....................................................................................... 1549Yen, David C. \ Miami University, USA ........................................................................................... 1122Zebedee, Jared \ Queens University, Canada ................................................................................... 276Zhang, Jia \ Northern Illinois University, USA ............................................................................... 1358Zoumboulakis, Michael \ University of London, UK ..................................................................... 1517

Contents

Volume I

Section I. Fundamental Concepts and Theories

This section serves as the foundation for this exhaustive reference source by addressing crucial theo-ries essential to the understanding of ubiquitous and pervasive computing. Chapters found within this section provide a framework in which to position ubiquitous and pervasive tools and technolo-gies within the field of information science and technology. Individual contributions provide overviews of ubiquitous grids, ambient intelligence, ubiquitous networking, and radio frequency identification (RFID). Within this introductory section, the reader can learn and choose from a compendium of ex-pert research on the elemental theories underscoring the research and application of ubiquitous and pervasive computing.

Chapter 1.1. Introduction to Ubiquitous Computing .............................................................................. 1Max Mhlhuser, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, GermanyIryna Gurevych, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany

Chapter 1.2. Ubiquitous Computing History, Development, and Scenarios ........................................ 20Jimmy Chong, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeStanley See, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeLily Leng-Hiang Seah, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSze Ling Koh, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeYin-Leng Theng, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeHenry B. L. Duh, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Chapter 1.3. The Ubiquitous Portal ...................................................................................................... 28Arthur Tatnall, Victoria University, Australia

Chapter 1.4. The Ubiquitous Grid ......................................................................................................... 35Patricia Sedlar, Johannes Kepler University, Austria

Chapter 1.5. RFID Technologies and Applications ............................................................................... 44Christian Kaspar, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, GermanyAdam Melski, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, GermanyBritta Lietke, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, GermanyMadlen Boslau, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, GermanySvenja Hagenhoff, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany

Chapter 1.6. Understanding RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) ................................................... 54Susan A. Vowels, Washington College, USA

Chapter 1.7. Radio Frequency Identification History and Development .............................................. 65Chin-Boo Soon, The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Chapter 1.8. Automated Data Capture Technologies: RFID ................................................................. 82Vidyasagar Potdar, Curtin University of Technology, AustraliaChen Wu, Curtin University of Technology, AustraliaElizabeth Chang, Curtin University of Technology, Australia

Chapter 1.9. Contactless Payment with RFID and NFC ..................................................................... 112Marc Pasquet, GREYC Laboratory (ENSICAEN Universit Caen Basse Normandie -

CNRS), FranceDelphine Vacquez, ENSICAEN, FranceJoan Reynaud, GREYC Laboratory (ENSICAEN Universit Caen Basse Normandie -

CNRS), FranceFlix Cuozzo, ENSICAEN, France

Chapter 1.10. Ambient Intelligence .................................................................................................... 121Fariba Sadri, Imperial College London, UKKostas Stathis, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK

Chapter 1.11. Ambient Intelligence in Perspective ............................................................................. 129Caroline Byrne, Institute of Technology Carlow, IrelandMichael OGrady, University College Dublin, IrelandGregory OHare, University College Dublin, Ireland

Chapter 1.12. Ambient Intelligence Environments ............................................................................. 137Carlos Ramos, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal

Chapter 1.13. On Ambient Information Systems: Challenges of Design and Evaluation .................. 145William R. Hazlewood, Indiana University Bloomington, USALorcan Coyle, University College Dublin, Ireland

Chapter 1.14. Basics of Ubiquitous Networking ................................................................................ 156Kevin Park, University of Auckland, New ZealandJairo A. Gutirrez, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Chapter 1.15. Networked Appliances and Home Networking: Internetworking the Home ............... 171Madjid Merabti, Liverpool John Moores University, UKPaul Fergus, Liverpool John Moores University, UKOmar Abuelmaatti, Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Section II. Development and Design Methodologies

This section provides in-depth coverage of conceptual architectures, frameworks and methodologies related to the design of ubiquitous and pervasive tools, models, and interfaces. Throughout these con-tributions, fundamental development methodologies are presented and discussed. From broad exami-nations to specific discussions of particular frameworks and infrastructures, the research found within this section spans the discipline while also offering detailed, specific discussions. Basic designs, as well as abstract developments, are explained within these chapters, and frameworks for designing success-ful interactive systems, educational models, and mobile devices are examined.

Chapter 2.1. Ubiquitous and Pervasive Application Design ............................................................... 182M. Bakhouya, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USAJ. Gaber, Universit de Technologie de Belfort-Montbliard, France

Chapter 2.2. When Ubiquitous Computing Meets Experience Design: Identifying Challenges for Design and Evaluation ................................................................................................ 191

Ingrid Mulder, Telematica Instituut and Rotterdam University, The NetherlandsLucia Terrenghi, Vodafone Group R&D, Germany

Chapter 2.3. Designing Ubiquitous Content for Daily Lifestyle ........................................................ 206Masa Inakage, Keio University, JapanAtsuro Ueki, Keio University, JapanSatoru Tokuhisa, Keio University, JapanYuichiro Katsumoto, Keio University, Japan

Chapter 2.4. Designing Pervasive and Multimodal Interactive Systems: An Approach Built on the Field ................................................................................................................................ 212

Barbara R. Barricelli, Universit degli Studi di Milano, ItalyPiero Mussio, Universit degli Studi di Milano, ItalyMarco Padula, Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ItalyAndrea Marcante, Universit degli Studi di Milano, ItalyLoredana Parasiliti Provenza, Universit degli Studi di Milano, ItalyPaolo L. Scala, Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerchev, Italy

Chapter 2.5. Pervasive Computing: A Conceptual Framework .......................................................... 234Varuna Godara, University of Western Sydney, Australia

Chapter 2.6. Developing User Interfaces for Community-Oriented Workflow Information Systems ........................................................................................................................... 253

Josefina Guerrero Garca, Universit catholique de Louvain, Louvain School of Management (LSM), Belgium

Jean Vanderdonckt, Universit catholique de Louvain, Louvain School of Management (LSM), Belgium

Juan Manuel Gonzlez Calleros, Universit catholique de Louvain, Louvain School of Management (LSM), Belgium

Chapter 2.7. An Adaptable Context Management Framework for Pervasive Computing .................. 276Jared Zebedee, Queens University, CanadaPatrick Martin, Queens University, CanadaKirk Wilson, CA Inc., CanadaWendy Powley, Queens University, Canada

Chapter 2.8. Incorporating Human Factors in the Development of Context-Aware Personalized Applications: The Next Generation of Intelligent User Interfaces ................................ 309

Nikos Tsianos, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreecePanagiotis Germanakos, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreeceZacharias Lekkas, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreeceConstantinos Mourlas, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreeceGeorge Samaras, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

Chapter 2.9. Deploying Ubiquitous Computing Applications on Heterogeneous Next Generation Networks ................................................................................................................. 330

Achilles D. Kameas, Hellenic Open University and Computer Technology Institute / DAISy group, Greece

Chapter 2.10. Convergence Broadcast and Telecommunication Services: What are Real Users Needs? .............................................................................................................. 353

Raquel Navarro-Prieto, Fundaci Barcelona Media, SpainNdia Berbegal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Chapter 2.11. Designing a Ubiquitous Audio-Based Memory Aid ..................................................... 370Shwetak N. Patel, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAKhai N. Truong, University of Toronto, CanadaGillian R. Hayes, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAGiovanni Iachello, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAJulie A. Kientz, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAGregory D. Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Chapter 2.12. A Navigational Aid for Blind Pedestrians Designed with User- and Activity-Centered Approaches ..................................................................................................... 389

Florence Gaunet, Laboratoire Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie UMR 5145, CNRS, France

Xavier Briffault, CESAMES UMR 8136, Universit Ren-Descartes Paris V, France

Chapter 2.13. Model-Driven Development for Pervasive Information Systems ................................ 408Jos Eduardo Fernandes, Bragana Polytechnic Institute, PortugalRicardo J. Machado, University of Minho, PortugalJoo lvaro Carvalho, University of Minho, Portugal

Chapter 2.14. The Design Space of Ubiquitous Mobile Input ............................................................ 439Rafael Ballagas, RWTH Aachen University, GermanyMichael Rohs, Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, GermanyJennifer G. Sheridan, BigDog Interactive Ltd., UKJan Borchers, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Chapter 2.15. A Methodology for the Design, Development and Validation of Adaptive and Context-Aware Mobile Services .................................................................................................. 462

Heinz-Josef Eikerling, Siemens AG SIS C-LAB, GermanyPietro Mazzoleni, IBM Watson Research, USA

Chapter 2.16. Context-Aware Services for Ambient Environments ................................................... 488Ren Meier, Trinity College Dublin, IrelandDeirdre Lee, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

Section III. Tools and Technologies

This section presents extensive coverage of the tools and specific technologies that change the way we interact with and respond to our environments. These chapters provide an in-depth analysis of the use and development of innumerable devices and tools, while also providing insight into new and upcom-ing technologies, theories, and instruments that will soon be commonplace. Within these rigorously researched chapters, readers are presented with examples of specific tools, such as video surveillance systems, smart antennas, mobile technologies, and GIS systems. In addition, the successful implemen-tation and resulting impact of these various tools and technologies are discussed within this collection of chapters.

Chapter 3.1. Deploying Pervasive Technologies ................................................................................ 503Juan-Carlos Cano, Technical University of Valencia, SpainCarlos Tavares Calafate, Technical University of Valencia, SpainJose Cano, Technical University of Valencia, SpainPietro Manzoni, Technical University of Valencia, Spain

Chapter 3.2. Embedding Ubiquitous Technologies ............................................................................ 511Susan A. Elwood, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, USA

Chapter 3.3. Ubiquitous Computing Technologies in Education ........................................................ 520Gwo-Jen Hwang, National University of Tainan, TaiwanTing-Ting Wu, National University of Tainan, TaiwanYen-Jung Chen, National University of Tainan, Taiwan

Chapter 3.4. Mobile and Pervasive Technology in Education and Training: Potential and Possibilities, Problems and Pitfalls .............................................................................................. 524

Mark J. W. Lee, Charles Sturt University, Australia

Chapter 3.5. A SCORM Compliant Courseware Authoring Tool for Supporting Pervasive Learning .............................................................................................................................. 557

Te-Hua Wang, Tamkang University, ChinaFlora Chia-I Chang, Tamkang University, China

Volume II

Chapter 3.6. Realizing the Promise of RFID: Insights from Early Adopters and the Future Potential ...................................................................................................................... 581

Velan Thillairajah, EAI Technologies, USASanjay Gosain, The Capital Group Companies, USADave Clarke, GXS, USA

Chapter 3.7. The Little Chip that Could: The Public Sector and RFID .............................................. 594David C. Wyld, Southeastern Louisiana University, USA

Chapter 3.8. Web & RFId Technology: New Frontiers in Costing and Process Management for Rehabilitation Medicine .......................................................................................... 623

Massimo Memmola, Catholic University, ItalyGiovanna Palumbo, Ospedale Valduce, ItalyMauro Rossini, Ospedale Valduce, Italy

Chapter 3.9. Smart Antennas for Automatic Radio Frequency Identification Readers ...................... 648Nemai Chandra Karmakar, Monash University, Australia

Chapter 3.10. Getting to Know Social Television: One Teams Discoveries from Library to Living Room ............................................................................................................. 678

Gunnar Harboe, Motorola, USAElaine Huang, Motorola, USANoel Massey, Motorola, USACrysta Metcalf, Motorola, USAAshley Novak, Motorola, USAGuy Romano, Motorola, USAJoe Tullio, Motorola, USA

Chapter 3.11. Pervasive iTV and Creative Networked Multimedia Systems ..................................... 707Anxo Cereijo Roibs, SCMIS, University of Brighton, UKStephen Johnson, Mobility Research Centre, UK

Chapter 3.12. Ambient Media and Home Entertainment .................................................................... 717Artur Lugmayr, Tampere University of Technology, FinlandAlexandra Pohl, Berlin-Brandenburg (rbb) Innovationsprojekte, GermanyMax Mehhueser, Technische Universitat Darmstdt, GermanyJan Kallenbach, Helsinki University of Technology, FinlandKonstantinos Chorianopoulos, Bauhaus University of Weimar, Germany

Chapter 3.13. TeleTables and Window Seat: Bilocative Furniture Interfaces .................................... 730Yeonjoo Oh, Carnegie Mellon University, USAKen Camarata, KDF Architecture, USAMichael Philetus Weller, Carnegie Mellon University, USAMark D. Gross, Carnegie Mellon University, USAEllen Yi-Luen Do, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Chapter 3.14. Interactive Tables: Requirements, Design Recommendations, and Implementation ............................................................................................................................ 741

Michael Haller, Upper Austria University of Applied SciencesDigital Media, AustriaMark Billinghurst, Human Interface Technology Laboratory New ZealandUniversity of

Canterbury, New Zealand

Section IV. Utilization and Application

This section introduces and discusses the utilization and application of ubiquitous and pervasive com-puting technologies. These particular selections highlight, among other topics, pervasive healthcare, the utilization of handheld computers, and m-commerce. Contributions included in this section provide coverage of the ways in which technology increasingly becomes part of our daily lives through the seamless integration of specific tools into existing processes.

Chapter 4.1. Pervasive Healthcare: Problems and Potentials ............................................................. 764Niels Boye, University of Aalborg, Denmark

Chapter 4.2. Intelligent Agent Framework for Secure Patient-Doctor Profiling and Profile Matching ........................................................................................................................... 782

Masoud Mohammadian, University of Canberra, AustraliaRic Jentzsch, Compucat Research Pty Limited, Australia

Chapter 4.3. Using RFID to Track and Trace High Value Products: The Case of City Healthcare ............................................................................................................................... 802

Judith A. Symonds, Auckland University of Technology, New ZealandDavid Parry, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Chapter 4.4. Implementing RFID Technology in Hospital Environments ......................................... 815Marlyn Kemper Littman, Nova Southeastern University, USA

Chapter 4.5. RFID as the Critical Factor for Superior Healthcare Delivery ....................................... 823A. Dwivedi, University of Hull, UKT. Butcher, University of Hull Logistics Institute (UHLI), UK

Chapter 4.6. An Ambient Intelligence Based Multi-Agent System for Alzheimer Health Care ........ 833Dante I. Tapia, Universidad de Salamanca, SpainJuan M. Corchado, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain

Chapter 4.7. Ubiquitous Healthcare: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Hospitals ............... 845Cheon-Pyo Lee, Carson-Newman College, USAJ. P. Shim, Mississippi State University, USA

Chapter 4.8. Ubiquitous Risk Analysis of Physiological Data ........................................................... 853Daniele Apiletti, Politecnico di Torino, ItalyElena Baralis, Politecnico di Torino, ItalyGiulia Bruno, Politecnico di Torino, ItalyTania Cerquitelli, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Chapter 4.9. RFID in Healthcare: A Framework of Uses and Opportunities. .................................... 867Nebil Buyurgan, University of Arkansas, USABill C. Hardgrave, University of Arkansas, USAJanice Lo, Baylor University, USARonald T. Walker, University of Arkansas, USA

Chapter 4.10. Tapping into Digital Literacy: Handheld Computers in the K-12 Classroom .............. 886Mark van t Hooft, Kent State University, USA

Chapter 4.11. Internet-Enabled User Interfaces for Distance Learning .............................................. 905Wei Liu, National University of Singapore, SingaporeKeng Soon Teh, National University of Singapore, SingaporeRoshan Peiris, National University of Singapore, SingaporeYongsoon Choi, National University of Singapore, SingaporeAdrian David Cheok, National University of Singapore, SingaporeCharissa Lim Mei-Ling, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeYin-Leng Theng, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeTa Huynh Duy Nguyen, National University of Singapore, SingaporeTran Cong Thien Qui, National University of Singapore, SingaporeAthanasios V. Vasilakos, University of Peloponnese, Greece

Chapter 4.12. Handhelds for Digital Libraries .................................................................................... 931Spyros Veronikis, Ionian University, GreeceGiannis Tsakonas, Ionian University, GreeceChristos Papatheodorou, Ionian University, Greece

Chapter 4.13. South Korea: Vision of a Ubiquitous Network World .................................................. 941Jounghae Bang, Penn State University Mont Alto, USAInyoung Choi, Georgetown University, USA

Chapter 4.14. Ubiquitous Computing for Microbial Forensics and Bioterrorism .............................. 957Gaya Prasad, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, IndiaMinakshi, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India

Section V. Organizational and Social Implications

This section includes a wide range of research pertaining to the social and organizational impact of ubiquitous and pervasive computing around the world. Chapters included in this section analyze the cultural dimension of pervasive computing, consumer reactions to RFID, and user acceptance of tech-nology. The inquiries and methods presented in this section offer insight into the implications of ubiq-uitous and pervasive computing at both an individual and organizational level, while also emphasizing potential areas of study within the discipline.

Chapter 5.1. Cultural Dimension in the Future of Pervasive Computing ........................................... 974B.K. Mangaraj, XLRI Jamshepur, School of Business and Human Resources, Jamshedpur,

IndiaUpali Aparajita, Utkal University, India

Chapter 5.2. Outline of the Human Factor Elements Evident with Pervasive Computers ................. 993Genevieve Watson, University of Western Sydney, AustraliaAntony Glambedakis, University of Western Sydney, Australia

Chapter 5.3. Adapting to the User ..................................................................................................... 1006Matthias Jst, European Media Laboratory GmbH, Germany

Chapter 5.4. How Research can Help to Create Commercially Successful Ubiquitous Services .......................................................................................................................... 1021

Teea Palo, University of Oulu, FinlandKaisa Koskela, University of Oulu, FinlandTimo Koivumki, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FinlandJaana Thtinen, University of Oulu, Finland

Chapter 5.5. Knowledge Sharing and Pervasive Computing: The Need for Trust and a Sense of History ...................................................................................................................... 1039

Phillip W J Brook, University of Western Sydney, Australia

Chapter 5.6. Ubiquitous Communication: Where is the Value Created in the Multi-Play Value Network?......................................................................................................... 1052

Mikko Pynnnen, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FinlandJukka Hallikas, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FinlandPetri Savolainen, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FinlandKarri Mikkonen, TeliaSonera, Sweden

Chapter 5.7. Identity Management for Wireless Service Access ...................................................... 1067Mohammad M. R. Chowdhury, University Graduate Center UniK, NorwayJosef Noll, University Graduate Center UniK, Norway

Chapter 5.8. Inscribing Interpretive Flexibility of Context Data in Ubiquitous Computing Environments: An Action Research Study of Vertical Standard Development .................................................................................................... 1079

Magnus Andersson, Viktoria Institute, SwedenRikard Lindgren, University of Gothenburg, Sweden & Viktoria Institute, Sweden

Chapter 5.9. Consumer Attitudes toward RFID Usage ..................................................................... 1098Madlen Boslau, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, GermanyBritta Lietke, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany

Chapter 5.10. Determinants of User Acceptance for RFID Ticketing Systems ................................ 1106Dimitrios C. Karaiskos, Athens University of Business and Economics, GreecePanayiotis E. Kourouthanassis, Athens University of Business and Economics, Greece

Chapter 5.11. An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting RFIDs Adoption in Taiwan ...................... 1122Dong-Her Shih, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, TaiwanYuh-Wen Chiu, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, TaiwanShe-I Chang, National Chung Cheng University, TaiwanDavid C. Yen, Miami University, USA

Chapter 5.12. Impact of RFID Technology on Health Care Organizations ...................................... 1144Vronique Nabelsi, cole Polytechnique de Montral, CanadaFlorina Stefanescu, ePoly Centre of Expertise in Electronic Commerce, Canada

Chapter 5.13. Learning by Pervasive Gaming: An Empirical Study ................................................ 1156Christian Kittl, evolaris Privatstiftung, Austria & Karl-Franzens University, AustriaFrancika Edegger, evolaris Privatstiftung, AustriaOtto Petrovic, evolaris Privatstiftung, Austria & Karl-Franzens University, Austria

Chapter 5.14. Using Mobile and Pervasive Technologies to Engage Formal and Informal Learners in Scientific Debate ...................................................................................... 1179

Dawn Woodgate, University of Bath, UKDana Stanton Fraser, University of Bath, UKAmanda Gower, BT Innovate, UKMaxine Glancy, BBC Research & Innovation, UKAndrew Gower, BT Innovate, UKAlan Chamberlain, University of Nottingham, UKTeresa Dillon, Polar Produce, UKDavid Crellin, Abington Partners, UK

Volume III

Section VI. Managerial Impact

This section presents contemporary coverage of the managerial implications of ubiquitous and perva-sive computing. Particular contributions address pervasive business infrastructure, RFID and the sup-ply chain, and employee surveillance. The managerial research provided in this section allows execu-tives, practitioners, and researchers to gain a better sense of how ubiquitous and pervasive computing can impact and inform practices and behavior.

Chapter 6.1. Pervasive Business Infrastructure: The Network Technologies, Routing and Security Issues ............................................................................................................................ 1199

Varuna Godara, University of Western Sydney, Australia

Chapter 6.2. Decision Analysis for Business to Adopt RFID ........................................................... 1219Koong Lin, Tainan National University of the Arts, TaiwanChad Lin, Edith Cowan University, AustraliaHuei Leu, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan

Chapter 6.3. Intelligent Supply Chain Management with Automatic Identification Technology ................................................................................................................. 1228

Dong Li, University of Liverpool, UKXiaojun Wang, University of Liverpool, UKKinchung Liu, University of Liverpool, UKDennis Kehoe, University of Liverpool, UK

Chapter 6.4. When Does RFID Make Business Sense for Managing Supply Chain? ...................... 1250Ertunga C. zelkan, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USAAgnes Galambosi, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

Chapter 6.5. RFID and Supply Chain Visibility ............................................................................... 1284Sumeet Gupta, Shri Sankaracarya Institute of Management and Technology, IndiaMiti Garg, The Logistics Institute Asia Pacific, SingaporeHeng Xu, The Pennsylvania State University, USAMark Goh, NUS Business School, The Logistics Institute Asia Pacific, Singapore

Chapter 6.6. Security and Reliability of RFID Technology in Supply Chain Management ........................................................................................................................... 1293

Vladimr Modrk, Technical University of Koice, SlovakiaPeter Knuth, Technical University of Koice, Slovakia

Chapter 6.7. Recognizing RFID as a Disruptive Technology ........................................................... 1301Chin-Boo Soon, The University of Auckland, New ZealandJairo A. Gutirrez, The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Chapter 6.8. Ubiquitous Connectivity & Work-Related Stress ........................................................ 1315J. Ramsay, University of the West of Scotland, UKM. Hair, University of the West of Scotland, UKK. V. Renaud, University of Glasgow, UK

Chapter 6.9. Bridging the Gap between Employee Surveillance and Privacy Protection ................ 1331Lilian Mitrou, University of the Aegean, GreeceMaria Karyda, University of the Aegean, Greece

Section VII. Critical Issues

This section addresses conceptual and theoretical issues related to the field of ubiquitous and pervasive computing. Within these chapters, the reader is presented with analysis of the most current and relevant conceptual inquires within this growing field of study. Particular chapters discuss ethical issues in per-vasive computing, privacy issues, and quality of experience. Overall, contributions within this section ask unique, often theoretical questions related to the study of ubiquitous and pervasive computing and, more often than not, conclude that solutions are both numerous and contradictory.

Chapter 7.1. The Ethical Debate Surrounding RFID ........................................................................ 1350Stephanie Etter, Mount Aloysius College, USAPatricia G. Phillips, Duquesne University, USAAshli M. Molinero, Robert Morris University, USASusan J. Nestor, Robert Morris University, USAKeith LeDonne, Robert Morris University, USA

Chapter 7.2. Privacy Issues of Applying RFID in Retail Industry .................................................... 1358Haifei Li, Union University, USAPatrick C. K. Hung, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, CanadaJia Zhang, Northern Illinois University, USADavid Ahn, Nyack College, USA

Chapter 7.3. An Evaluation of the RFID Security Benefits of the APF System: Hospital Patient Data Protection ....................................................................................................... 1374

John Ayoade, American University of Nigeria, NigeriaJudith Symonds, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Chapter 7.4. Security and Privacy in RFID Based Wireless Networks ............................................ 1386Denis Trek, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Chapter 7.5. Humans and Emerging RFID Systems: Evaluating Data Protection Law on the User Scenario Basis ............................................................................................................... 1396

Olli Pitknen, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT), FinlandMarketta Niemel, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland

Chapter 7.6. Privacy Factors for Successful Ubiquitous Computing ............................................... 1408Linda Little, Northumbria University, UKPam Briggs, Northumbria University, UK

Chapter 7.7. Privacy Threats in Emerging Ubicomp Applications: Analysis and Safeguarding ...... 1425Elena Vildjiounaite, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FinlandTapani Rantakokko, Finwe LTD, FinlandPetteri Alahuhta, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FinlandPasi Ahonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FinlandDavid Wright, Trilateral Research and Consulting, UKMichael Friedewald, Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research, Germany

Chapter 7.8. Deciphering Pervasive Computing: A Study of Jurisdiction, E-Fraud and Privacy in Pervasive Computing Environment .......................................................................... 1450

Grace Li, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Chapter 7.9. Privacy Control Requirements for Context-Aware Mobile Services ........................... 1465Amr Ali Eldin, Accenture BV, The NetherlandsZoran Stojanovic, IBM Nederland BV, The Netherlands

Chapter 7.10. Access Control in Mobile and Ubiquitous Environments .......................................... 1481Laurent Gomez, SAP Research, FranceAnnett Laube, SAP Research, FranceAlessandro Sorniotti, SAP Research, France

Chapter 7.11. Warranting High Perceived Quality of Experience (PQoE) in Pervasive Interactive Multimedia Systems ................................................................................... 1498

Anxo Cereijo Roibs, SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK

Chapter 7.12. Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing Databases: Critical Issues and Challenges .................................................................................................................................. 1517

Michael Zoumboulakis, University of London, UKGeorge Roussos, University of London, UK

Chapter 7.13. Adaptive Resource and Service Management in a Mobile-Enabled Environment ........................................................................................................ 1527

Claudia Raibulet, Universit degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Chapter 7.14. Service-Oriented Architectures for Context-Aware Information Retrieval and Access ......................................................................................................................................... 1549

Lu Yan, University College London, UK

Section VIII. Emerging Trends

This section highlights research potential within the field of ubiquitous and pervasive computing while exploring uncharted areas of study for the advancement of the discipline. Chapters within this section highlight ambient learning, ubiquitous games, and new methods for patient monitoring. These contri-butions, which conclude this exhaustive, multi-volume set, provide emerging trends and suggestions for future research within this rapidly expanding discipline.

Chapter 8.1. Ambient Learning ......................................................................................................... 1562Fernando Lyardet, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany

Chapter 8.2. Plastic Interfaces for Ubiquitous Learning ................................................................... 1582Jos Rouillard, Laboratoire LIFL - Universit de Lille 1, France

Chapter 8.3. u-City: The Next Paradigm of Urban Development .................................................... 1601Jong-Sung Hwang, National Information Society Agency, Korea

Chapter 8.4. Planning for Knowledge Cities in Ubiquitous Technology Spaces: Opportunities and Challenges ........................................................................................................... 1613

Tschangho John Kim, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Chapter 8.5. Emotional Ambient Media ........................................................................................... 1626Artur Lugmayr, Tampere University of Technology, FinlandTillmann Dorsch, Tampere University of Technology, FinlandPabo Roman Humanes, Tampere University of Technology, Finland

Chapter 8.6. Leveraging Semantic Technologies towards Social Ambient Intelligence .................. 1643Adrien Joly, Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France & Universite deLyon, LIRIS/INSA, FrancePierre Maret, Universit de Lyon, FranceFabien Bataille, Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France

Chapter 8.7. From E to U: Towards an Innovative Digital Era ........................................................ 1669Spyros P. Angelopoulos, Technical University of Crete, GreeceFotis C. Kitsios, Technical University of Crete, GreeceEduard Babulak, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada

Chapter 8.8. Ubiquitous Services and Business Processes ............................................................... 1688Alistair Barros, SAP Research, Australia

Chapter 8.9. Ambient Intelligence on the Dance Floor .................................................................... 1720Magy Seif El-Nasr, Penn State University, USAAthanasios V. Vasilakos, University of Peloponnese, Greece

Chapter 8.10. Adaptive Narration in Multiplayer Ubiquitous Games .............................................. 1738Stphane Natkin, Conservatoire National des Arts et Mtiers, Pans, FranceChen Yan, Conservatoire National des Arts et Mtiers, Pans, France

Chapter 8.11. Concept of Symbiotic Computing and its Agent-Based Application to a Ubiquitous Care-Support Service .............................................................................................. 1762

Takuo Suganuma, Tohoku University, JapanKenji Sugawara, Chiba Institute of Technology, JapanTetsuo Kinoshita, Tohoku University, JapanFumio Hattori, Ritsumeikan University, JapanNorio Shiratori, Tohoku University, Japan

Chapter 8.12. Adaptive Awareness of Hospital Patient Information through Multiple Sentient Displays ................................................................................................................ 1786

Jesus Favela, CICESE, MexicoMnica Tentori, CICESE and Universidad Autnoma de Baja California, MexicoDaniela Segura, CICESE, MexicoGustavo Berzunza, CICESE, Mexico

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Preface

Imagine that your refrigerator can tell you if the food it contains is going bad, or that the clothes you wear can tell your thermostat when to change the temperature in a room. This may seem like the technology ofsciencefictionnovels,however,researchersinubiquitouscomputingproposethissortoftechnologyand more. Ubiquitous computing is a forward-looking research area which focuses on the integration of technology into everyday life with the end goal of making the technology second nature and nearly, if not completely, invisible to the user. This technology represents a movement away from the current second generation desktop model, in which the users interaction with the technology is intentional and deliberate, to a third generation computing model in which the user may engage several technologies at once, possibility without being aware of the interaction.

As the world moves closer and closer to the integration of technology into every aspect of life there is a greater need for innovative research and development into the various aspects of ubiquitous computing. Issues surrounding ubiquitous and pervasive computing vary from the practical questions of hardware size and user interfacing to the more ethical questions of privacy and data protection. Ev-ery aspect of how users interact with technology and what role technology should play in the world is constantly being reviewed, revised, and updated in light of the ubiquitous computing movement. With suchcontinualchangeitisimportantforresearchersandpractitionersinthisfieldtostayabreastofthelatest in technological and theoretical advances.

With the constant changes in the landscape of ubiquitous and pervasive computing it is a challenge for researchers and experts to take in the volume of innovative advances and up-to-the-moment research inthismultifariousfield.InformationScienceReferenceispleasedtoofferathree-volumereferencecollection on this rapidly growing discipline, in order to empower students, researchers, academicians, andpractitionerswithawide-rangingunderstandingofthemostcriticalareaswithinthisfieldofstudy.This collection provides the most comprehensive, in-depth, and recent coverage of all issues related to the development of cutting-edge ubiquitous technologies, as well as a single reference source on all conceptual, methodological, technical and managerial issues, and the opportunities, future challenges and emerging trends related to the development of the ubiquitous and pervasive computing model.

This collection entitled, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is organized in eight (8) distinct sections, providing the most wide-ranging coverage of topics such as: 1) Fundamental Concepts and Theories; 2) Development and Design Methodologies; 3) Tools and Technologies; 4) Utilization and Application; 5) Organizational and Social Implications; 6) Managerial Impact; 7) Critical Issues; and 8) Emerging Trends. The following provides a summary of what is covered in each section of this multi-volume reference collection:

Section 1, Fundamental Concepts and Theories, serves as a foundation for this extensive reference tool by addressing crucial theories essential to the understanding of ubiquitous and pervasive computing.

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Chapters such as, Introduction to Ubiquitous Computing, by Max Mhlhuser and Iryna Gurevych, as well as Ubiquitous Computing History, Development, and Scenarios, by Jimmy Chong, Stanley See, Lily Leng-Hiang Seah, Sze Ling Koh, Yin-Leng Theng and Henry B. L. Duh, provide foundational information on the history of and important topics related to ubiquitous computing. Understanding RFID (RadioFrequencyIdentification),bySusanA.Vowels,presentsanexplanationofRFIDtechnologyanddescribes how this technology can improve upon the limitations of the barcode system which is already pervasively used for identifying objects. Fariba Sadri and Kostas Stathis present a foundational review of the progress of ambient intelligence research and discuss the role of this technology for independent living in their chapter Ambient Intelligence. Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, and context computing as they relate to e-commerce are discussed in Context Related Software Under Ubiquitous Computing by N. Raghavendra Rao. Ethical Issues and Pervasive Computing, by Penny Duquenoy and Oliver K. Burmeister, emphasizes the need for an ethical perspective on the implementation of per-vasive technologies and describes a code of professional conduct for consideration while designing and implementing ubiquitous technology. These and several other foundational chapters provide a wealth of expert research on the elemental concepts and ideas which surround the ubiquitous and pervasive computing models.

Section 2, Development and Design Methodologies, presents in-depth coverage of conceptual design and architecture to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the emerging technological developmentswithinthefieldofubiquitouscomputing.MultimodalSoftwareEngineering,byAndreasHartl, and Designing Pervasive and Multimodal Interactive Systems: An Approach Built on the Field, by Barbara R. Barricelli, Andrea Marcante, Piero Mussio, Loredana Parasiliti Provenza, Marco Padula and Paolo L. Scala, discuss the importance of multimodal technology for pervasive computing and present recommended approaches for the development of these technologies. Heinz-Josef Eikerling and Pietro Mazzoleni present a holistic methodology for the development of context-aware mobile services in their chapter A Methodology for the Design, Development and Validation of Adaptive and Context-Aware Mobile Services, while Ren Meier and Deirdre Lee discuss the iTransIT framework which ultimately leads to a method for creating context-aware ambient services in their chapter Context-Aware Services for Ambient Environments. From chapters covering a broad description of developmental concepts, such as Varuna Godaras Pervasive Computing: A Conceptual Framework, to chapters describing the useofpervasivetechnologiestodealwithaspecificquestion,asinAMandarinE-LearningSysteminPervasive Environment by Yue Ming and Zhenjiang Miao, this section provides a vast array of methods and approaches to designing relevant and useful ubiquitous technologies. With more than 20 contribu-tions from leading international researchers, this section offers copious developmental approaches and methodologies for ubiquitous and pervasive computing.

Section 3, Tools and Technologies, presents extensive coverage of the various tools and technologies used in the development and implementation of ubiquitous and pervasive technologies. This comprehen-sive section includes chapters such as An Intelligent Wearable Platform for Real Time Pilots Health Telemonitoring, by Christos Papadelis, Chrysoula Kourtidou-Papadeli, Fotini Lazaridou and Eleni Perantoni, as well as A SCORM Compliant Courseware Authoring Tool for Supporting Pervasive Learn-ing, by Te-Hua Wang and Flora Chia-I Chang, which describe pervasive technologies developed with nichespecificpracticalusesinmind.UbiquitousComputingTechnologiesinEducation,byGwo-JenHwang, Ting-Ting Wu and Yen-Jung Chen, describes potential issues surrounding the implementation of ubiquitous and mobile technologies in e-learning. The EMURCT system to assist with randomiz-ing circuit training programs in an effort to keep trainees from becoming bored with their workout is described in Electronic Multi-User Randomized Circuit Training For Workout Motivation by Corey

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A. Graves, Sam Muldrew, Tiara Williams, Jerono Rotich and Eric A. Cheek. Authors Artur Lugmayr, Alexandra Pohl, Max Mehhueser, Jan Kallenbach and Konstantinos Chorianopoulos describe ubiqui-tous technology for domestic use in home entertainment systems in their chapter Ambient Media and Home Entertainment. With more than a dozen additional contributions, this section provides coverage of a variety of tools and technologies under development and in use in the ubiquitous and pervasive technologies community.

Section 4, Utilization and Application, describes the implementation and use of an assortment of cutting edge ubiquitous technologies. Including more than 25 chapters such as Motorolas Experiences in Designing the Internet of Things, by Andreas Schaller and Katrin Mueller, and To Connect and Flow in Seoul: Ubiquitous Technologies, Urban Infrastructure and Everyday Life in the Contemporary KoreanCity,byJazHee-JeongChoiandAdamGreenfield,thissectionprovidesinsightintotheapplica-tion of ubiquitous technologies for both professional and private use. Using RFID to Track and Trace High Value Products: The Case of City Healthcare, by Judith A. Symonds and David Parry, describes the replacement of barcodes with RFID tags by City Healthcare of New Zealand and the implications, benefits,issuesandchallengesassociatedwiththatchange.TheapplicationofubiquitoustechnologytothehealthcarefieldisalsodiscussedinAnAmbientIntelligenceBasedMulti-AgentSystemforAlzheimer Health Care, by Dante I. Tapia and Juan M. Corchado, as well as RFID as the Critical Factor for Superior Healthcare Delivery, by A. Dwivedi and T. Butcher. The practical use of handheld devices for accessing digital library materials is described in Handhelds for Digital Libraries by Spyros Veronikis, Giannis Tsakonas and Christos Papatheodorou. Contributions found in this section provide comprehensive coverage of the practicality and present use of ubiquitous technologies.

Section 5, Organizational and Social Implications, includes chapters discussing the impact of ubiq-uitous technology on social and organization practices. Chapters such as Consumer Attitudes toward RFID Usage, by Madlen Boslau and Britta Lietke, as well as Adapting to the User, by Matthias Jst, focus on the attitude and acceptance of individuals interacting with and using ubiquitous technologies. How Research can Help to Create Commercially Successful Ubiquitous Services, by Teea Palo, Kaisa Koskela, Timo Koivumki and Jaana Thtinen, stresses the importance of research to the implementation and successful marketing of ubiquitous services. The impact of ubiquitous technology on education and learning environments is discussed in chapters such as Collaborative Technology Impacts in Distributed Learning Environments, by Martha Grabowski, Greg Lepak and George Kulick, and Learning by Pervasive Gaming: An Empirical Study, by Christian Kittl, Francika Edegger and Otto Petrovic. B.K. Mangaraj and Upali Aparajita, in their chapter Cultural Dimension in the Future of Pervasive Com-puting, advocate the importance of a cultural focus when considering the introduction of a ubiquitous technology in order for the technology to be accepted and successful.

Section 6, Managerial Impact, presents a focused coverage of ubiquitous computing as it relates to improvements and considerations in the workplace. Varuna Godaras chapter Pervasive Business Infra-structure: The Network Technologies, Routing and Security Issues provides an overview of pervasive businesstechnologyanddiscussesrelatedbusinessconcernssuchasconfidentialityandauthenticity.IntelligentSupplyChainManagementwithAutomaticIdentificationTechnology,byDongLi,XiaojunWang, Kinchung Liu and Dennis Kehoe, proposes RFID-enabled business models for implementation in supply chain management. Also focusing on the application of ubiquitous technology to supply chain managementisRFIDandSupplyChainVisibility