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 1 Research Issues in Ubiquitous Computing Syed Imran Jami PhD Student FAST-NU Outline What is Ubiquitous Computing Scenarios Computer Science Issues in Ubiquitous Computing Labs working on UbiComp Web Sites / Conferences / Magazines and Journals Some good books

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Research Issues inUbiquitous Computing

Syed Imran JamiPhD Student

FAST-NU

Outline

What is Ubiquitous Computing

Scenarios

Computer Science Issues inUbiquitous Computing

Labs working on UbiComp

Web Sites / Conferences / Magazinesand Journals

Some good books

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What is Ubiquitous ComputingWhat is Ubiquitous Computing

Vision

Also known as Pervasive Computing

Some Visions are

“Computing Everywhere for Everyone”

“Embed Computing devices in the

environment” “Keep the computers in the background

presence”

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Definitions

It is the trend towards increasingly ubiquitous,connected computing devices in the environment.

a trend being brought about by a convergence ofadvanced electronic technologies and the Internet.

• Wireless enabled

Ubiquitous computing devices are not personalcomputers, but very tiny - even invisible – devices.

Can be either mobile or embedded in almost any type

of object imaginable. This may include cars, tools, appliances, clothing and

various consumer goods - all communicating throughincreasingly interconnected networks.

According to Dan Russell, director of the User Sciences andExperience Group at IBM's Almaden Research Center,

“By 2010 computing will have become so naturalized within the environmentthat people will not even realize that they are using computers”

“In future smart devices all around us will maintain current information abouttheir locations, the contexts in which they are being used, and relevant dataabout the users”

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Mark Weiser is the founder of this idea. According to him:

The goal of Ubiquitous computing is to enhance computeruse by making many computers available throughout thephysical environment, but making them effectively invisibleto the user.

Ubiquitous computing envisions a world of fully connecteddevices, with cheap wireless networks everywhere.

You need not carry anything with you, since informationwill be accessible everywhere.

Ubiquitous computing envisions computation primarily in

the background where it may not even be noticed. Ubiquitous computer gives the feeling as though you did it

yourself.

Definition: by Mark Weiser [4]

Ubiquitous Systems require Embedded processors

In everyday objects

Small cheap and light weight

Wireless Communications

Sensors

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Characteristics

Ubiquitous Systems

Can remember pertinent events

• they have a memory

Show context-sensitive behavior

• they may have sensors

• location / situation awareness

Are responsive

• communicate with their environment• networked with other smart objects

Main Theme

With ‘Ubiquity’ of Computers Information processing moves to the

background• human centered: concentrate on the task, not the

tool

• the notion „computer as a tool“ does no longerhold

New picture of computing as an invisible,ubiquitous background assistance specialized, invisible computers will become

an integral part of the natural humanenvironment

“Computing without Computers”

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Some reasons for this

revolution As per Moore’s law

Processing speed and storage capacity doubleevery 18 months• cheaper, smaller, faster

This leads to the fact that most importanttechnology parameters double every 1 – 3years: computation cycles

memory, magnetic disks

bandwidth

New devices

Smart papers

E – Ink

Live boards

Some reasons for thisrevolution

Philips prototype for smartpaper and E-Ink

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Progress in Communication Technologies Fiber optics: from Gbit/s to Tbit/s

Powerline technique coffee maker automatically connected to the Internet

Wireless mobile phone: GSM, UMTS wireless LAN (> 10 Mbit/s)

Body area networks A set of mobile and compact units (on body) enable transfer of parameters between the bodies. The data flow passes a chain of BAN modules from

each sensor to a main body station, which consolidatesthe data streams of all sensor modules attached.

Transmits the data to a home base station, from wherethey can be forwarded via telephone line or internet.

Wide application in remote health care

Some reasons for this

revolution

Better Sensors Very small cameras and microphones

• pattern recognition, assisted by heuristics• user is in a meeting

• speaker recognition, speech controlled devices

Fingerprint sensor on mobile objects

Many other types of sensors (e.g. location)

Autonomous perception of the user‘senvironment

• establishing contextual relations• recognition of objects

Some reasons for thisrevolution

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ScenariosScenarios

WatchPad1.5 by IBM

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Use as a Universal Remote Controller

WatchPad 1.5

Use as a Personal Identificator

Automated check-in at hotel and air counter

Cashless payment at restaurant and station

Medical history and prescription retrieval

Specify your preference

Use as a Display for Location Based Services Provide personalized advertisement and offering

information

Timetable and flight schedule at station and airport

Navigate you at stations

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Radio Sensors

Applications

Mobile devices

Wireless lightswitch

Fire detectors

Temperature

surveillance Remote control

Computer Science Issues inComputer Science Issues in

Ubiquitous ComputingUbiquitous Computing

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Ubiquitous Computing is an emergingdiscipline bringing together different areasof Computer Science. This includes:

Mobile Computing

Sensors & Ad hoc Networks

Computer Architecture

HCI

Data Management

Privacy & Security

ComputerArchitecture/Hardware

the computer artifact is of many sizes andshapes, including tiny inexpensive ones thatcould bring computing to everyone.

three new kinds of hardware devices arerequired: [4]

very low power computing,

low-power high-bits communication, and

pen devices.

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Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems

Several famous projectsare going on in this area

Famous Research labsare working on this area

Software CompetenceCenter Hagenberg(SCCH) Austria,

• www.scch.at

Computer Scienceand ArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory, MIT

Enables pervasive, human-centered computing through acombination of specific user and system technologies

Speech and vision technologies enable to communicatewith Oxygen as if we're interacting with another person,

Working on collaboration technologies Oxygen's device, network, and software technologies

dramatically extend range by delivering user technologies athome or at work.

Computational devices embedded in homes, offices, andcars sense and affect immediate environment.

Handheld devices empower us to communicate andcompute anywhere

Dynamic, self-configuring networks help machines locateeach other as well as the people, services, and resources

Software that adapts to changes in the environment or inuser requirements help us do what we want when we wantto do it.

Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems:Oxygen[1]

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Vision: Bringing togetherPeople, Information and Things

Investigation and evaluation ofmiddleware for: Supporting social interaction

among people Mobile ad hoc cooperation

among team members Taking into account the very

dynamic execution context ofapplications running on mobiledevices

Development of experimentalprototypes Mobile meeting agenda Location aware reminder

Mobile and UbiquitousSystems: Hydrogen [2]

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Where I am?

Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems:

Location awareness

Lot of labsworking on it

Lot ofopportunitiesfor

collaborations

Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems:Location awareness

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The central theme is totry and hide the impact ofmobility

Borrowed on notions ofdistribution transparencypopular at the time(access, location,

migration, replication,failure etc.)

Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems

Privacy

What is Privacy? An ability of an individual or group to stop information

about themselves from becoming known to peopleother than those they choose to give the informationto. [Wikipedia]

Can be seen as an aspect of Security Different Facets of privacy [3]

Bodily Privacy• Strip Searches, Drug Testing, …

Territorial Privacy• Privacy Of Your Home, Office, …

Privacy Of Communications• Phone Calls, (E-)mail, …

Informational Privacy• Personal Data (Name, Address, Hobbies, …)

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DifferentUbiquitoussystems arecoming that willcompromiseprivacy

Privacy: Issues

CommunicationPlatform for wirelessTransmission ofBody SensorReadings

Bodymedia DataCenter translates

Raw Data intoLifestyle Data whichis accessible viaWeb Interface onCompany-Site

Privacy: Bodymedia [3]

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Road Safety International Sells “Black Box” for Car

Detailed Recording of Position, Acceleration, etc.

Audio Warnings When Speeding, Cutting Corners

Continuous Reckless Driving is Reported Home

Sold as Piece of Mind for Parents

“Imagine if you could sit next to your teenager everysecond of their driving. Imagine the control you wouldhave. Would they speed? Street race? Hard corner?Hard brake? Play loud music? Probably not. But how

do they drive when you are not in the car?” Source: http://www.roadsafety.com/Teen_Driver.htm

Privacy: Virtual Dad

Car Monitoring ACME Rent-A-Car, New Jersey

• Automatically Fines Drivers US$450.-at Speeds Over 79mph– • GPS Records Exact Position of Speed Violation

AutographSystem• Pilot Program 1998/99, Houston, TX• Insurance based on individual driving habits (When, Where, How)• GPS Tracking, Mobile Communication, Data Center

Future: Tracking Your Personal Mobile Phone Source: Insurance& Technology Online, Jan 2nd 2002

(http://www.insurancetech.com/story/update/IST20020108S0004)

Other Examples Electronic Toll Gates Consumer Loyalty Cards Electronic Patient Data Computer Assisted Passenger Screening (CAPS)

• Improved Systems in the Works (post 9/11)

Plans: Link Travel Data, Credit Card Records, AddressInformation, …

Privacy

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Privacy: Some partial solutions

No hidden data collection!

Legal requirement in many countries

Establish privacy policies

How to publish policies in Ubicomp?

Periodic broadcasts

• Too many devices?

• Countless announcements an annoyance

Use Anonymous data for analysis and experiment comes cheap no consent, security, access needed

Pseudonyms allow for customization user can discard at any time

Sometimes one cannot hide No anonymizing cameras & microphones Real-world data hard to anonymized

Even pseudonyms can reveal true identity Real-world has complex situation-dependant

security requirements Free access to medical data in emergency

situations

Privacy: Some partial solutions

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Identifiable data must be accessible

Users can review, change, sometimesdelete

Collectors must be accountable

Try some Privacy-aware storagetechnology?

Ubicomp applications need lots of data

Increased need for accounting andaccess

Privacy: Some partial solutions

No spying, please (Proximity)

Devices only record if owner ispresent

Rumors should not spread(Locality)

Local information stays local Walls and Flower-Pots can talk (but

won‘t do so over the phone)

Privacy: Some partial solutions

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Sensors in Ubiquitous

Computing Issues [3]

Why sensing is important forUbiquitous computing

Examples of how sensing featuresused in ubicomp projects

Some new trends in Sensing

Issues in distributed sensing

Why we need Sensing

Ubiquitous Computing need systems that adapt topeople, as opposed to people adapting to systems

Reactive to what people do

Proactive, anticipating what people want to do

Situated, sharing context with human user

Necessary for interaction between people and systems

All this requires ability for observation of human activity

“if a computer merely knows what room it is in, it canadapt its behaviour without even a hint of AI”

Sensors in UbiquitousComputing

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Enabling Technology

As per Moore’s Law

‘sensors in overdrive’

dramatic drop in price

Drop in size

Require energy

Sensors in Ubiquitous

Computing

Examples of Sensing inUbiquitous Computing

Location Sensing [4]

Active Badge System

• ORL, Cambridge/UK,

• 1989-92

• Locating people (and devices)• Room-level accuracy

• Badges worn by people emitbeacons

• Sensors with known location

Sensors: Examples

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The Bat Ultrasonic LocationSystem [3]

Highly accurate indoorpositioning

95% of readings within 3cm

Bat device emits short pulse ofultrasound

Ceiling mounted sensor array

Sentient Computing [3]

Use sensors to construct model

of the environment Shared view of the world

between system and user

Sensors: Examples

“Weight Lab” [3]

An environment inwhich all surfaces areload-sensitive

Floor, tables,

chairs,shelves, trays Activity tracking with

infrastructure

Sensors: Examples

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Orientation-awareNewton MessagePad [5]

Sensors as UI element

Sensors: Smart device

The Aware Home [3]

Research initiative atGaTech

‘A Living Lab for UbicompResearch’

Large-scale deployment

of sensors for perceptionof everyday activities

Smart Home

Sensors: Smart device

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Smart Palm PC

Microsoft Research Hinckleyet al

Sensors to improve userinteraction

Detecting simple percepts• holding & duration

• tilt, orientation etc

Detecting simple motion• “dictaphone” gesture

• scrolling

Sensors: Smart device

TEA Mobile Phone [3]

Integration of diverse simplesensors (light, audio, acceleration,temperature, touch)

Sensor fusion for perception ofdevice context (car, meeting, home,...)

Shared context among phone users

context call context phonebook

Sensors: Smart device

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Wearable Sensing

StartleCam [3]

MITMediaLab

Example for sensing theuser

Sensing generally

important in wearables

Sensors: Smart device

The Mediacup [3]

TecO Karlsruhe, 1999-2000

Wireless sensor device embedded inordinary coffee cup

Movement, weight, temperaturesensing

On-board computation of user-levelcontext:

“filled up”, “gone cold”, etc.

>95% reliable context prediction ineveryday use

Sensors: Smart device

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Device-based sensing (Portable, Wearable)

Sense the user, the location, the immediateenvironment

• Enable proactive/reactive behaviours, novel UItechniques

Environment-based sensing• Homogeneous sensing infrastructure to supply devices

• Smart environment control, responsive rooms etc

Wireless sensor devices and networks• Heterogeneous sensors, ad hoc organized

• Large-scale observation of the physical world• Deep embedding in physical objects

Sensors in Ubiquitous

Computing

Issues

In current trends we require distributed sensing

To facilitate combination of distributed observations

Factoring out sensing from devices into infrastructure

Separation of sensing and application into distributedentities

Some implications

Location and time need to be considered

Data delivery from sensor to application Where to sense: device vs. infrastructure

Sensors: Distributed

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There are real-time and “real-place” issues Real-time issues

Value of observation time-dependent• e.g. can become irrelevant after some time

Latency can contribute to inaccuracy• e.g. location reading of moving objects

Synchronization of distributed observations

“Real-place” issues Arising with mobile/flexible sensor nodes Value of observation location-dependent

• e.g. less relevant the greater the distance betweensensor node and observed entity

Location also relevant for combination of sensors Localization hot issues for wireless sensor networks!

Sensors: Location and Time

Application-level Delivery Models Continuous: sensors communicate their data at pre-

specified rate Event-driven: report data only if event of interest occurs Request-reply: report only response to an application

request

Network-level Routing Models Flooding: broadcasting observations to neighbors, who

rebroadcast until application is reached

Directed Diffusion: data-centric protocol• Data is named by attribute-value pairs• Applications submit queries, diffused through the network• Nodes satisfying the query start transmitting data

Sensors: Sensor Data Delivery

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Where to Sense Smart Device vs Smart Environment

e.g. location sensing• ‘GPS model’: infrastructure sends it’s coordinates,

device computes it’s position• ‘Active Badge model’: device/client sends beacon,

infrastructure computes position

Privacy issues: who’s in control over locationinformation

Distributed systems issues System-wide location management

Client reliance on infrastructure Protocols to talk about location

Sensors

Conclusion: What will happen

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Labs & ProjectsLabs & Projects

The Labscape Project - Ubiquitous Computing in the Cell Biology Laboratory Larry Arnstein, Research Assistant Professor, Department of Computer

Science & Engineering, University of Washington

Stephen S. Intille's work on ubiquitous sensing Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ubiquitous Computing research at Yano Lab, Tokushima university, Japan Ubiquitous Chip Research Laboratory

Internet Systems Research Laboratories, NEC Corp. and Osaka Universitycollaboration lab

The Handheld Devices for Ubiquitous Learning Project (HDUL) Project Aura - Distraction-free Ubiquitous Computing

CMU

The Ubiquitous Communications (UbiCom) program at Delft University. Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory.

Harvard

Ubiquitous Computing research - The Intelligence Engineering Lab (IEL) of Instituteof Software, Chinese Academy of Science (ISCAS)

Ubiquitous Computing Lab Department of Information Systems and Multimedia Design School of Engineering,

Tokyo Denki University UC Lab, Keio University M-Lab - The Mobile And Ubiquitous Computing Lab Ubiquitous Networked Media Computing Projects.

Nara Institute of Science and Technology

Ubiquitous Computing & Communication Laboratory, Keio University, Japan Multi-Agent Distributed Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing Lab

at the Computer Science Department University of Saskatchewan

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BooksBooks

Pervasive Computing: Technology and Architecture of Mobile InternetApplicationsby Horst Henn, Stefan Hepper, Klaus Rindtorff, Thomas Schack (Editor),

Provides both a theoretical overview and a practical guide The first part of the book walks through the essential protocols, standards

and architectures involved The second part uses a continuous real-world example to present an end-to-

end architecture for implementing pervasive computing applications. first book to offer an understanding of the scope and the implications of

pervasive computing Good for IT managers, professionals, architects, consultants, developers,

and students concerned with internet and web technologies.

Contents of Pervasive Computing include: Introduction to pervasive devices and their applications Overview of the key technologies and protocols Web application concepts WAP and beyond Voice Technology Server-side programming in Java Pervasive web application architecture Device-independent example application Accessing the example application via PC, PDA, WAP and voice

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Books

Mobile and Ubiquitous Information Accessby Fabio Crestani, Mark Dunlop, StefanoMizzaro

Contains thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the International Workshop onMobile and Ubiquitous Information Accessheld in Udine, Italy in September 2003 duringMobile HCI 2003.

The 21 articles in the book are organized intopical sections on foundations: concepts, models, and

paradigms; interactions; applications and experimental evaluations; context and location.

Security for Ubiquitous Computing)by Frank Stajano

Focuses on two very hot topics: ad-hocwireless networking and security

Covers security issues for well-established and widely usedtechnologies such as GSM, Bluetooth,and IP

Includes basics on security andcryptography

Describes the security issues in peer-to-peer networking

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UbiComp 2005: UbiquitousComputing: 7thInternational Conference,UbiComp 2005, Tokyo,Japan, September 11-14,2005, Proceedings (LectureNotes in Computer Science)(Paperback)by Michael Beigl (Editor),Stephen Intille (Editor), Jun

Rekimoto (Editor), HideyukiTokuda (Editor)

Fundamentals of Mobile and PervasiveComputingby Frank Adelstein, Sandeep KS Gupta,Golden Richard III, Loren Schwiebert

Provide engineering principles underlyingmobile computing

Good as a text book for graduates and seniorundergraduates.

Contains extensive Exercises, projects, andsolutions.

Gives the preview of the latest research thatwill help realize the full potential of pervasivecomputing

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References

[1] MIT Project Oxygen, Computer Science and ArtificialIntelligence Laboratory, MIThttp://oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/index.html

[2] The Hydrogen Project at Software CompetenceCenter Hagenberg, Austriahttp://www.scch.at/index.jsp

[3] Lecture notes and presentations, Summer School onUbiquitous and Pervasive Computing August 7-14,2002 Schloss, Dagstuhl, Germanyhttp://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/events/dag2002/ 

[4] Mark Wieser, Computer Science Laboratory at XeroxPARC, http://www.ubiq.com/weiser/ 

[5] Newton MessagePad, Newton Team, Apple.http://www.msu.edu/~luckie/gallery/mp100.htm