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UCCE Rice Straw Research: A long term research project
Funded by the California Rice Research Board • to investigate options to better use rice straw as an animal feed
Headed by Glenn Nader
• kept the focus on rice straw as animal feed • kept the focus on practicality and on new markets
So far, we have not found all of the answers, but we may have found some of the answers
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First Focus
To create a ‘mixer ready’ forage for the dairy industry
• Eliminate mixing problems of ‘traditional’ rice straws • often wrecked mixers
• Eliminate the need to chop or grind rice straw prior to mixing
• air quality regulations meant that this was no longer practical
• Determine the maximum incorporation level in TMR • eliminate sorting and refusals
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SUMMARY OF DAIRYMAN RESPONSES
Sickle Chop
Slicer Bailed
Particle length uniformitya 4.8 6.6 Colora 7.8 8.0 Texturea 7.6 7.2 Mixabilitya 4.2 6.0 Mixing time affecteda 6.0 6.6 Sorting (10=no sorting)a 5.8 7.0 Leftover RS eatena 6.4 8.4 Overall experiencea 6.1 7.1 Overall experiencea 5.4 7.0 How likely to use againa 5.4 7.8 a = 0 to 10 (0=poor, 10=excellent)
Before
After
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Double Chop Rice Straw in a Heifer TMR 20% of DM intake was possible
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Second Focus
To create a forage with a higher nutrient value
• For dairy cattle operations: • allow higher feeding levels in heifer and dry cow TMR
• For beef cow/calf operations:
• create a forage that could be close to the sole diet to beef cows
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Mean dry matter intake from old-stored, fresh-wet, fresh-wilted and fresh-sundried rice straw
3.58
5.1
4.2
3.7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
+ 500 -11 to 0 + 1 to + 5 + 6 to + 10
Days after (+) and before (-) harvest
DM
Inta
ke (k
g/d)
Old-storedFresh-wetFresh-wiltedFresh-sundried
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Mean dry matter intake from old-stored, fresh-wet, fresh-wilted and fresh-sundried rice straw
3.58
5.1
4.2
3.7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
+ 500 -11 to 0 + 1 to + 5 + 6 to + 10
Days after (+) and before (-) harvest
DM
Inta
ke (k
g/d)
Old-storedFresh-wetFresh-wiltedFresh-sundried
-18%
-27%
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Time Relative to Harvest vs. Gas Production
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Time Relative to Harvest vs. Gas Production
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Conclusions
Dry down is associated with a change in rice straw that: depresses intake by ~30% depresses energy level ~20%
Changes a forage with modest
nutritional value to one with a very low nutritional value
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So What about High Moisture Rice Straw?
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One of the Test Rice ‘Strawlage’ Stacks
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Stack 1 Stack 2 Stack 3
N
The Experimental Plan
Control Urea + UN32
CropSaver
All stacks were 16 bales and covered with plastic
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Stack 1 Stack 2 Stack 3
N
The Experimental Plan
Control Urea + UN32
CropSaver
All stacks were probed to 20“ at 0, 27, 64, 95 and 130 days
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Rice Strawlage Temperatures
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Rice Strawlage Temperatures
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Rice Strawlage Temperatures
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Why don’t the stacks catch fire?
Covered with a tarp limits oxygen for aerobic fermentation
50% moisture heat must dry it down for combustion to occur
Limited sugars >130oF for only 5 days
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Rice Strawlage pH
CS
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Rice Strawlage pH
CS
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Rice Straw Haylage at 60 days
Control Urea & UN 32
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Rice Straw Haylage at 60 days
Control Cropsaver
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Impacts on Moisture and Fiber
A
B CS
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Impacts on Protein and Nitrates
A
b
a
B
A
a
CS CS
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a a b A A
B A A
B
Impacts on Gas Production
Four times of incubation
CS
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Impacts on Estimated Metabolizable Energy
A A
B
CS
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Impacts on Estimated Metabolizable Energy
CS
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Impacts of Time of Storage on Estimated Metabolizable Energy
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Bales at Feedout
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Possible use of Vents ??
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Beef Cattle Eating Ensiled Rice Straw
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Beef Cattle Eating Strawlage
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Overall
• Rice straw can be prepared to be ‘mixer ready’
• ‘Double chop’ dry rice straw works in TMR up to 20% of DM
• but energy value remains low due to changes during field drying
• Nutrient value of rice straw can be increased as ‘strawlage’ • Urea treatment increases CP content more than ME • HS treatment increases ME more than CP
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Overall
• Rice straw can be prepared to be ‘mixer ready’
• ‘Double chop’ dry rice straw works in TMR up to 20% of DM
• but energy value remains low due to changes during field drying
• Nutrient value of rice straw can be increased as ‘strawlage’ • Urea treatment increases CP content more than ME • HS treatment increases ME more than CP
• but animal response appears more than the ME/CP increase
• Fall 2014 research will address this phenominum
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