UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction 20150206.2139

UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWNEEE4101F / EEE4103F

Basic Nuclear Physics00-00-00 Introduction

February - April 2015

Emeritus Professor David AschmanRoom 4T7, Physics DepartmentUniversity of Cape Townmailto:david.aschman@uct.ac.za

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4101f/current/ .*

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 1

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Reading and referencesEEE4101F Reading list: Reading list on course website

Bennet D and Thomson J, El. of Nuclear Power, Longman 3e

Lewis E, Fund. of Nuclear Reactor Physics, Academic Press

Martin B, Intro to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Wiley (2006)

Lilley J, Nuclear Physics, Wiley (1986). Chapter 10

Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e.Stewart J Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Brooks-Cole 4e

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 2

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

What is nuclear power?Convert nuclear binding energy to electricity.

Q: Where does the energy come from?

A: Errr . . . uranium ?

Q: And where does the energy in the uranium come from?

A: Hmmmm . . . Ultimately . . . gravitational energy??

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 3

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-05 *

Segre chart of nuclei

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 4

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-01 *

Curve of binding energy

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 5

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

EEE4101F Course Outline- Concepts needed to understand physics of nuclear reactors.

- Review of basic physics concepts:mathematics for physics; mechanics; thermal physics; electro-magnetism; modern physics (relativity and quantum mechan-ics); basic nuclear physics.

- Introduction to nuclear physics:properties of nuclei; ; liquid drop model; nuclear shell model;nuclear decay modes; nuclear reactions; nuclear fission.

- Nuclear radiation and its detection: . . .

- Simple view of physics of nuclear reactors:fission, moderators, neutron economy, neutron capture, neutronkinetics . . .20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 6

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Are lectures useful?

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 7

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

What must I do in physics module?1. Consult the course website daily.2. Do the in-course (pre-lecture) reading.3. Come to lectures4. Read the course material5. Discuss with the lecturer, the tutor, your friends, . . .6. Do the problem sets well7. Check course website often for news, readings, useful info,. . .8. Lectures are a guide to what you need to understand - fill inthe gaps yourself9. [Tutorials and practicals - info to follow later]

READ THINK LISTEN THINK ASK DISCUSS . . . repeat

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 8

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Thinking like a physicistUndergraduate to postgraduate

3-dimensions

Be quantitative: calculate using mathematics

Computer programming

Decide what is (not) relevant

Simple models

Interpret results (formulae, graphs . . . )

Keep note-book/log-book/journal

Verbal communication: clear, concise, correct, confident.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 9

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

What is physics?Physics (Greek φυσισ physis, nature) is . . .a description of the world in terms of a small number of abstractideas (principles and theories). These can be applied to a widerange (may be ALL) things, and allow description / explanation /prediction of natural phenomena.

Physics uses mathematics as the language of description.

Matter and radiation obey THE LAWS OF PHYSICS

A fundamental idea is that of symmetry and conservation laws.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 10

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Domain of physics

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 11

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics view of the universe

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 12

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Symmetry and conservation lawsOne fundamental idea in physics: most things are conserved

In a closed system, energy, momentum, angular momentum,charge, . . . are conserved [with a bit of fine print to consider].

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 13

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Charge conservation in e+e− production

Conservation of charge, energy and . . .

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 14

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction New Scientist *

Background reading - see web page

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 15

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction cpep *

The four interactions

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 16

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction cpep *

The four interactions

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 17

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

History of the Universe

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 18

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Universe after the big bang

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 19

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Bosons

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 20

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Fermions

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 21

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Mesons

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 22

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Baryons and antibaryons

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 23

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

What is in the universe?

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 24

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: plutonium for bomb

USA 1943-5: Plutonium produced in uranium fission reactors,separated. Critical mass determined.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 25

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: cavity magnetron

Britain 1940: high power short wavelength (10 cm) oscillator forradar.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 26

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: Russian T-34 tank

WW2 really won with T34 tanks, Red Army and 20 million Rus-sian lives.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 27

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: Hoover dam

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 28

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: BMW 3 Series

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 29

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: Nokia cellphone

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 30

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: Pentium processor chip

25 percent of US GDP based on physics discoveries (computersand electronics, transistor, solid-state, quantum mechanics)20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 31

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: the human being

Brain, body, hand. Evolved to (optimum?) skill/strength mix.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 32

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Great engineering: the human being

Human beings: use gifts to make abetter life for all.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 33

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

World needs engineering, and more . . .

Africa and world need engineering, science, technology, eco-nomics, sociology, education, democracy, freedom, and respectfor human diversity and dignity.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 34

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

What is Physics?

Physics attempts to provide a description of the fundamentalprinciples of the universe.

Physics is based on experiment and measurement.

Experimental observation is unified by building up quantitativemodels and theories.

Physics provides transparent and reliable, yet still tentative,knowledge.

Physics provides a basis for other sciences to build on.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 35

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Powers of ten

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 36

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+0 m: One metre square

Bee on lily flower inpond

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 37

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+1 m: Pond with lily pads

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 38

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+2 m: Japanese tea garden

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 39

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+3 m: Golden Gate Park

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 40

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+4 m: San Francisco

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 41

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area

Marin,San Francisco,Oakland,Stanford,Silicon Valley,San Jose

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 42

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+6 m: California

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 43

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+7 m: North and Central America

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 44

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+8 m: Earth

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 45

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+9 m: Earth and Moon

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 46

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+10 m: Four days in July

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 47

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 48

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 49

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+13 m: The Solar system

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 50

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+14 m: Sol

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 51

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+15 m: Sol (2)

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 52

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+16 m: Oort cloud

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 53

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+17 m: Nearest stars

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 54

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 55

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 56

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 57

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+21 m: Milky Way

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 58

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+22 m: Local Group

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 59

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+23 m: Virgo cluster

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 60

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 61

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+25 m: Clusters of clusters

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 62

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10+0 m: One metre square

Bee on lily flower inpond

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 63

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−1 m: Lily and a bee

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 64

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−2 m: Head of a bee

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 65

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−3 m: Eye of a bee

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 66

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−4 m: Pollen

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 67

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−5 m: Bacteria

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 68

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−6 m: Virus on a bacterium

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 69

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−7 m: Virus

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 70

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

HIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownThe structure and working of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is known.

It is great engineering:

simple design

efficient operation

Seehttp://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/HIVAIDS.htm

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 71

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

HIV: structure

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 72

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

HIV: life cycle

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 73

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Animation of HIV life cyclefile://c:../images/retrolif.gif

file://c:../images/hivinfec.gif

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 74

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−8 m: Structure of DNA

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 75

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−9 m: DNA molecule

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 76

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−10 m: Carbon atom

Central electrons ininner shell.4 outer electrons.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 77

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−11 m: Inner atomic electron shell

Almost isotropic.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 78

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−12 m: Within the electron cloud

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 79

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−13 m: Nucleus of the atom

12C nucleus shown.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 80

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−14 m: Carbon nucleus

6 protonsand6 neutrons

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 81

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−15 m: Proton

Abstract represen-tationof quark matter

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 82

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

10−16 m: Quarks

No known internalstructure

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 83

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

End of powers of ten

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 84

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Domain of Physics

Physics seeks toexplain everything

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 85

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Aims of EEE4101F course

Achieve an understanding of the laws of physics, at an intro-ductory level.

Appreciate the mathematical language used to express phys-ical ideas, which leads to the quantitative nature of physics.

Apply this knowledge to the solution of physical problems

Understand the physics of nuclear reactors

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 86

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

PhysicsBasic areas of physics:

Classical mechanics

Thermodynamics

Electromagnetism

Relativity

Quantum mechanics

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 87

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: four interactions

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 88

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: structure of matter

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 89

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: atomic structure

Structure of helium-4 atom20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 90

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: quantum mirage

STM image of 37 cobalt atoms on copper substrate.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 91

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: AFRODITE gamma ray detector

Gamma-ray detector at iThembLABS, Faure20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 92

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: search for Higgs particle

Expected event in ALEPH detector at CERN. Discovered!20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 93

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: Hubble space telescope

View into far space and early time.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 94

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Physics: Hubble space telescope

View into far space and early time.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 95

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Concepts needed for nuclear powerNuclei: neutrons and protons. Isotopes.Binding energy.Nuclear stability and radioactive decay.Fission. Fission cross-sections. Fast and slow neutrons.Neutron moderation. Neutron absorption.Nuclear chain reaction. Criticality and control. Control.Radioactive fission products. Fuel integrity. Safety and nuclearwaste.. . . and lots of engineering, management and (?)politics.

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 96

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Knight: Physics for Scientists and Engineers *

Nuclear Physics in a first year textbookWe look at a first year text book

Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e 2006

Knight Ch 43 Nuclear Physics

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 97

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

Bits of physics that will be neededTo understand nuclear physics, we shall need

mathematics

mechanics

thermal physics

electromagnetism

modern physics (relativity and quantum mechanics)

nuclear physics at NQF level 7 and 8

*

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 98

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

-

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 99

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction *

End EEE4101F 00-00-00 Introduction

********

20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 100