UK FIRE SERVICE DEPLOYMENT PROJECT

Fire Service Emergency Cover

Version 2.0 31.03.2001

Fire Service Emergency Cover

Version 2.0 31.03.2001

Fire Cover Review

The new arrangements:

Take account of life-safety measures Are risk-based Use flexible response

Origins of the Review

• Audit Commission Report In the Line of Fire - 1995

• JCACR Report Out of the Line of Fire - 1998

• Pathfinder Trials - 1999

Existing Standards of Fire Cover

• Are over 50 years old

• Have not been changed significantly

• Have no underlying rationale relating intervention to outcome

Main Elements

• Risk assessment• Fire safety• Response options• Cover planning• Costing• Inspection arrangements

Fire Service Emergency Cover

Definition:

Cover is the intervention resource provided continuously by a fire brigade to respond to any incident which is reasonably likely to occur, in order to keep the risk from hazards within tolerable bounds.

• Individual Life Risk

• Societal Life Risk

• Property Damage

• Environmental Damage

• Heritage Protection

Types of Risk:

The Risk ModelR

isk

of D

eath

High

Low

Risk is tolerable but should be reduced to as low as reasonably practicable - ALARP region

Risk is intolerable

Risk is negligible

Four toolkits have currently

been developed:

– Dwellings

– Other Buildings

– Special Services

– Major Incidents

Measuring Risk – Toolkits

Responding to Risk - Resources• Response should be appropriate to the risk

• Response must be pre-planned

• Plan for worst that can be reasonably expected

• The Worst Case Planning Scenario is the worst case for which fire cover will be routinely planned

Worst Case Planning Scenarios (WCPS)

• Fire cover intervention is planned on the basis of the WCPS

• Every risk area has a WCPS

• Every WCPS has a response option

• Each response option has a ‘ validated ’ set of resource requirements

How well will it work?Evaluating Performance and Cost

Effectiveness

• Assess the effect of incident volume on the provision of fire cover resources

The model will:

Allow the overall performance of fire cover plans to be assessed

Proposed Basic Methodology

• Risk based approach used successfully in other industries. Similar approaches in:– Fire Service Health & Safety

– Places of Work Regulations

– Fire Safety Inspection programme

• Concept of intolerable and tolerable risk

Assessing Risk

• Use actual data where possible– FDR1 data used to derive national

relationships

– Brigade incident data used to apply national relationship locally

• Where data insufficient, use factors likely to indicate risk

• Risk area: – should have homogeneous risk throughout– should have the same response requirement (Worst

Case Planning Scenario) throughout

Assessing Risk in Practice

– can be any size but should be geographically continuous

– is always built from one or more census Enumeration Districts (EDs)

• Risk group: – a collection of areas which have similar risk – can be geographically separate– used for assessing risk in a statistically robust manner

Assessing Risk in Practice

How Risk is Assessed Dwellings

• Some people experience higher rates of fire and casualty than others - people who experience similar rates of fire and casualty can be grouped together to assess their risk

• Risk groups use brigade incident data and census data to give number of fires per household and number of casualties per person

• These figures are compared against national criteria for individual risk to provide risk level

Fire Service Emergency Cover Process

Risk Assessment

Response Options

Packaging Resources into Vehicles

Allocating Vehicles to Stations

Assessment of Effectiveness

Worst Case Planning Scenarios

For a particular hazard, this is the worst case selected by a brigade for which Fire Service Emergency Cover is to be planned. It reflects what is reasonable provision for a particular area, not the worst circumstances which can be imagined.

Response PlanningDefine Worst Case

Planning Scenario (WCPS)BROS

Allocate Crew and Equipment to Modules

Define the Vehicles to Carry these Modules

Specify the Vehicle(s) Required for Each

WCPS

BRAVE

CFBAC Scenarios

A Scenario Bar Chart

FORWARD CONTROL POINT COMMAND

BA ENTRY CONTROL

PUMP OPERATION

INCIDENT COMMANDFirefighter 1

Firefighter 2

Firefighter 3

Firefighter 4

Firefighter 5

Firefighter 6

Firefighter 7

Firefighter 8

Firefighter 9

Firefighter 10

Firefighter 11CONTROL FIREFIGHTER LIFT

Resource List

Personnel List

Personnel Number

Firefighter 11

Attributes List

Attribute Number

Junior Officer Rank 2

Equipment Number Equipment Number

45mm Hose 2 Pump with LP 1

Capability

70mm Hose 6 Radios 7

BA Control Board 1 Resuscitator 1

Barriers / Cones / Tapes 1 Salvage Equipment 1

Branch Pipe (Nozzle) 1 BA Spare Cylinder 4

Breaking-in Gear 1 Small Gear 1

Breathing Apparatus 4 Thermal Imager 1

First Aid Kit 1 Set of Hose Ramps 1

Hydrant Standpipe 1 Turning Over Tools 1

Equipment List

Resource List

Define the Modules in Which the Resources will be Delivered - Examples

Low Pressure Pump ModuleResource Number Resource Number

45mm Hose 2 70mm Hose 6

Barriers / Cones 1 Branch Pipe (Nozzle) 2

Hydrant Standpipe 1 Pump with LP Capability 1

Set of Hose Ramps 1

Firefighter Module Junior Officer Rank Module

Resource Number Resource Number

Firefighter 1 Junior Officer Rank 1

Vehicle Type Modules Carried NumberType X Low Pressure Pump Module 1

Firefighter Module 5

Junior Officer Rank Module 1

Rescue Ladder Module 1

10.5m Ladder Function Module 1

General Tools Module 1

BA Module 2

RTA Module 1

Specify the Modules Carried by Different Types of Vehicle

Identify the Vehicles Which Have to Attend Each WCPS

Scenario Vehicles Required

C2349 2 Type X

B7319 2 Type X2 Type X 5 minutes later1 Type Z 10 minutes later

B6322 2 Type X, 1Type Y

B9283 1 Type Y

C2348 1 Type X, 1 Type Y

The Allocation ProcessCalculate

Travel Times to Enumeration

Districts from Stations

Place Vehicles According to

Allocation Strategy

Allow for the Effects of Workload

Consider Performance

and Cost Effectiveness

Revise the Allocation Strategy

Calculating the Travel Times

3m 25s from A

3m 44s from B

B

A

3m 33s from A

3m 21s from B

2m 42s from A

3m 37s from B

Allocate Vehicles According toChosen Strategy

A

B

Vehicle

Type

Call

Sign

Turn Out Time

Day Night

X

X

Y

R031

R032

S022

1m

5m

1m

5m

-

1m

Vehicle

Type

Call

Sign

Turn Out Time

Day Night

X

Y

Y

R033

S023

S024

1m

1m

5m

1m

5m

-

Dwelling Fires - Lives SavedR

isk

of D

eath

High

Low

Low HighRate of Fire per Person

Slowest response time

Fastest response time

Other Buildings - Lives Saved

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time from Call to Rescue

Per

cen

tag

e o

f R

escu

es C

om

ple

te

Other Buildings - Property Saved

1

2

3

HospitalsSchoolsHotels

ShopsCare Homes Licensed PremisesPublic Buildings

UniversitiesFactoriesOffices

Time Since Ignition

Cost of Damage

Cost/Benefit AnalysisProposed Strategy

Add One Appliance

ALLOCATION STRATEGY

Dwellings Lives lost

Other Buildings Lives Lost

RTA Lives Lost

Other Special Services Lives Lost

Total Lives Lost

Total Property Loss

COST OF PROVISION

6.33

4.75

15.27

2.05

28.40

£44.25M

£16.42M

6.23

4.72

14.77

2.03

27.75

£43.55M

£17.33M

Cost/Benefit AnalysisProposed Strategy

Add One Appliance

ALLOCATION STRATEGY

Dwellings Lives lost

Other Buildings Lives Lost

RTA Lives Lost

Other Special Services Lives Lost

Total Lives Lost

Total Property Loss

COST OF PROVISION

6.33

4.75

15.27

2.05

28.40

£44.25M

£16.42M

6.23

4.72

14.77

2.03

27.75

£43.55M

£17.33M

Remove One Aerial

6.23

4.79

14.77

2.04

27.83

£43.90M

£16. 80M

Pathfinder Brigades

Risk Based Fire Service Emergency Cover

Current Fire Service Emergency Cover

Resources

COSTS

Resources

Innovative or Changed Resources •Appliances•Fire Stations•Crewing types•Etc...

COSTS

Existing resources - as required by the risk

COSTS

Resources