ultrasonic testing in accordance with aws d1.5 & asme v
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Course Outline for
Ultrasonic Testing in Accordance
with AWS D1.1 and ASME VPrerequisites:
Completion of ASNT SNT-TC-1A
recommended training for UT Level I & II
qualification; i.e., 80 hours. Some anglebeam experience preferred.
Course Duration:
The course is offered in 1-5 day blocks.
Generally speaking, a person with limited
angle beam experience will take longer to
complete the curriculum; i.e., calibrate,
detect, plot and record, interpret and
evaluate all recordable indications. K2
Technologies will maintain records ofattendance and examination documents for
each student. A certificate ofcompletion
will be issued for successful detection;
dimensioning and recording of a minimum
of ten weld discontinuities.
Course Description:
This course is designed to provide the
operator with an understanding of
interpreting signals and characterizing
flaws with angle beam ultrasonic
examination in accordance to the AWS
D1.1 and the ASME V codes.
Course Objective:
Upon completion of the course the
participant will be able to:
1. Reference appropriate sections of
both codes.2. Interpret ultrasonic signals and
characterize various indications
related to welds.
3. Calibrate the ultrasonic instrument in
accordance with the codes.
4. Interpret; Evaluate and Record weld
discontinuities in accordance with
the codes.
5. Gain confidence and efficiency inperforming ultrasonic weld
inspection.
6. Examine several test pieces of
various geometries and successfully
detect, dimension and record a
minimum of ten weld discontinuities.
7. Pass a written examination specific
to the aforementioned codes.
Course Outline:1. A General section that discusses
ultrasonic weld testing, flaw sizing
and characterization of weld flaws.
2. An AWS D1.1 section that covers
specific calibration and examination
techniques to this code.
3. An ASME V section that covers
specific calibration and examination
techniques to this code.
Course material and test samples provided.
Equipment Arrangements are available.
Course Prepared by:
Ken L. Heaps
3400 Glenn Don Cr
Anchorage AK 99504
ASNT NDT III UT/MT/PT/LT/RTAWS CWI; API 570; 653 NACE
See attached files UT Angle Beam #1 - #5
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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References: ................................................................................................................................................... 2Math Review .................................................................................................................................................2
Trigonometry ................................................................................................................................. 2
Near Field: .................................................................................................................................. 2Beam Spread ............................................................................................................................... 2Circumferential Scanning Formula............................................................................................. 2
dB equation ................................................................................................................................. 3Wavelength: ................................................................................................................................ 3
Areas: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Using a calculator: ...................................................................................................................... 3Velocity Chart: ............................................................................................................................................... 3General Discussion of Ultrasonic Sizing of Flaws ........................................................................................5Interpreting Signals .......................................................................................................................................6
Rise and Fall Time...................................................................................................................... 6
Peaks ........................................................................................................................................... 6Signal Base.................................................................................................................................. 7
Tip Diffracted.............................................................................................................................. 8Transmit Receive ........................................................................................................................ 8
Characterizing Indications in Welds..............................................................................................................8Root Indications (surface connected).......................................................................................... 8
Midwall Indications (subsurface) ............................................................................................. 11Weld Cap Indications (surface connected) ............................................................................... 11
Interpretation Tips for Non-relevant and False Indications.........................................................................12Refracted L-wave Indications ................................................................................................... 12
Creeper Wave Indications......................................................................................................... 12Standing Wave Indications ....................................................................................................... 12
Pre Inspection Requirements......................................................................................................................13Physical Measurements............................................................................................................. 13
Calculate Distances................................................................................................................... 13
Mark Surface Distances on Plate Adjacent to Weld................................................................. 13
Weld Profile/Sound Path Transparency.................................................................................... 13Basic Angle Beam Calibration ....................................................................................................................14
Sweep Distance:........................................................................................................................ 14
Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................. 14 APPENDIX A: AWS D1.1............................................................................................................................ 16 APPENDIX B: ASME V............................................................................................................................... 17Quiz Questions:............................................................................................................................................. 1
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References:ASME V Article 4 & 5
AWS D1.1 Section 6 & Annexes
ASTM E164
Math Review
Trigonometry
SP = T/cos0: 1st
leg Sound PathSP = 2 x (T/cos0): Full V Sound PathSD = SP x sin0: Surface DistanceT = SP x cos0: 1st Leg DepthT = 2 x (T [SP x cos0]): 2nd Leg DepthT = (SP x cos0) (2 x T): 3rd Leg Depth
SD Full V
SP 2nd leg
TSP 1st leg
SP 3rd leg
Figure 1. Sound Path, Surface Distance, Thickness
Near Field:
N = D2 x F
(4 x V)Keep velocity in microseconds to cancel out frequency exponents. Near fieldcalculations are important when dimensioning flaws because they can mask tipdiffraction signals.
Beam Spread
SIN0 = 1.22 ( / D)The sin value for angle beam spread equals 1.22 x wavelength divided by
diameter. Its a sin value so you need to do a sin-1 function to convert it back into adegree value. Beam spread plots may be required and they should always besupported by a Near Field and Beam Spread calculations. The 1.22 constant plotsthe theoretical beam edge. 1.09 constant for 12 dB.
Circumferential Scanning Formula
SIN01 = (ID/OD) x SIN02
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Calculates the required refracted angle (01) to produce desired refracted angle (02)at the inside diameter of the component. Enter the desired angle of refraction at IDfor SIN02; SIN01 is the wedge angle required to achieve the desired angle.SIN02 = SIN01 / (ID/OD)
To determine angle of refraction at ID for a known wedge angle.
dB equation
dB = 20 x log(Amp%2/ Amp%1)Used to determine the db difference between two amplitudes.
Wavelength:
= V/FKeep velocity in microseconds to cancel out frequency exponents. Flaws can bereliably detected only when greater than wavelength.
Areas:
Area of circle = pi x radius2
Area of rectangle = length x height
Using a calculator:
Make sure calculator is set to Degrees, NOT Radians & NOT Gradients. Degreeunits used in formulas are sin values. To convert sin value back to degree uses thesin-1 of the sin value.
Velocity Chart:
Longitudinal Shear AcousticVelocity Velocity Impedance
Material
Air 0.0130.33 - - 0.0004
Aluminum 0.25 6.3 0.12 3.1 17
Alumina Oxide 0.39 9.9 0.23 5.8 32
Beryllium 0.51 12.9 0.35 8.9 23
Boron Carbide 0.43 11 - - 26.4
Brass 0.17 4.3 0.08 2 36.7
Cadmium 0.11 2.8 0.059 1.5 24
Copper 0.18 4.7 0.089 2.3 41.6
Glass (crown) 0.21 5.3 0.12 3 18.9
Glycerin 0.075 1.9 - - 2.42
Gold 0.13 3.2 0.047 1.2 62.6
Ice 0.16 4 0.08 2 3.5
Inconel 0.22 5.7 0.12 3 47.2
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Iron 0.23 5.9 0.13 3.2 45.4
Iron (cast) 0.18 4.6 0.1 2.6 33.2
Lucite 0.106 2.7 0.05 1.26 3.16
Lead 0.085 2.2 0.03 0.7 24.6
Magnesium 0.23 5.8 0.12 3 10
Mercury 0.057 1.4 - - 19.6
Molybdenum 0.25 6.3 0.13 3.4 64.2
Monel 0.21 5.4 0.11 2.7 47.6
Neoprene 0.063 1.6 - - 2.1
Nickel 0.22 5.6 0.12 3 49.5
Nylon, 6-6 0.1 2.6 0.043 1.1 2.9
Oil (SAE 30) 0.067 1.7 - - 1.5
Platinum 0.13 3.3 0.067 1.7 69.8
Plexiglass 0.11 2.7 0.043 1.1 3.1Polyethylene 0.07 1.9 0.02 0.5 1.7
Polystyrene 0.093 2.4 0.04 1.1 2.5
Polyurethane 0.07 1.9 - - 1.9
Quartz 0.23 5.8 0.087 2.2 15.2
Rubber, Butyl 0.07 1.8 - - 2
Silver 0.14 3.6 0.06 1.6 38
Steel, mild 0.23 5.9 0.13 3.2 46
Steel, stainless 0.23 5.8 0.12 3.1 45.4
Teflon 0.06 1.4 - - 3
Tin 0.13 3.3 0.07 1.7 24.2Titanium 0.24 6.1 0.12 3.1 27.3
Tungsten 0.2 5.2 0.11 2.9 101
Uranium 0.13 3.4 0.08 2 63
Water 0.0584 1.48 - - 1.48
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General Discussion of Ultrasonic Sizing of FlawsA full volumetric weld inspection consists of propagating ultrasound throughout the entire weld
metal volume and heat affected zone (HAZ) in a cross pattern; i.e., each angle used is propagated
from both sides to achieve the cross pattern using the 1st
and 2nd
legs as diagramed below. Ifaccess is limited to only one side of the weld then a 2nd and 3rd leg exam is performed to achieve
the same cross pattern. Whenever possible, use the first leg of sound path in all weld
examinations.
The ASME Section V, Articles 4 and 5 and AWS D1.1 Annex K codes require flaw
dimensioning using decibel (dB) drop sizing methods; e.g., a 50% amplitude drop. It has been
demonstrated that when the flaw isless than the beam spread, the dB
drop sizing method tends to
dimension the beam profile insteadof the actual flaw size, thereby
over sizing the flaw. This
becomes even more pronounced
when plotting flaws using an anglebeam; often the flaws plot into the
base metal when they shouldnt, or
they dont plot to the exact sameposition from each side of the
weld when they should. The
diagram on the right shows thetransducer dimensioning the flaws
via the 50% amplitude drop. The
flaw on the left gets oversizedbecause its smaller than the beam
profile. The flaw on the left is
accurately sized because its
dimension is larger than the beamprofile.
Flaw dimensionElement dimension
Figure 2. Cross Pattern to Achieve Full Volumetric Weld Examination
Flaws
50% drop50% drop50% drop50% drop
Figure 3. Flaw Dimensioning, 6dB Drop Method
In addition, it is recognized that other techniques different than the nominal 45o, 60
o& 70
oshear
wave examinations may be required verify and dimension planar flaws. This is a good reason
why codes specify a scanning sensitivity that is above the reference level. Flaw
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characterization and sizing methods such as ID Creeping Waves, Tip Diffraction, Bi-Modal, and
Refracted Longitudinal Waves have demonstrated a higher degree of accuracy for sizing thedepth of planar flaws in pipe, plate and vessel components welds, in lieu of the Amplitude
Comparison or dB Drop Techniques. Tip Diffraction is the only advanced technique discussed
in this curriculum.
Interpreting Signals
Rise and Fall Time
The signal rise time is related to how fast the signal peaks as the transducer is moved towarda reflector, and how fast it falls when the transducer is moved away from it. As shown
below, the rise and fall time of signals is drastically affected by the angle of the sound beam.
In the above diagram the beam profile is dimensioned instead of the SDH. This can lead to
over sizing flaws as well as underestimating flaw depth. This problem alleviates itself once
the flaw size is equal to or larger then the beam profile. Discontinuities with a through walldimension greater than the beam profile dimension will have a longer rise/fall time and be
more accurately dimensioned. Geometry
indications from a weld cap or weld root
exhibit a slow rise/fall time and have abroad base signal with multiple peaks.
70o
45o60o
Figure 4. A-Scan Displays of Rise/Fall Time Related to Angles
Peaks
Sound that is reflected back to the
transducer at different or varying time of
flight (TOF) indicates a multifacetedreflector surface and creates multiple peaks
on the signal. In most cases the
multifaceted surface is also irregular to Figure 5. Multiple Peaks From Irregular Surface
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normal incidence, such as the face of a crack that follows grain boundaries or porosity, both
of which cause sound to be dispersed and lowers signal amplitude. Indications that reflectsound back at the same TOF do not exhibit multiple peaks. Lower dB to view and interpret
the signal peak
Signal Base
The signal base is related to amplification and to the amount of time, or more
specifically, the difference in TOF from when the first energy is returned from the flawto when the last energy is returned; transducer position is static. As shown, a radius
reflector widens the signal base compared to a normal incidence reflector, which is the
narrowest. An irregular surface also causes signal base to increase. A sharp signal has anarrow base.
TOF delta from planar
flaw is greater
TOF delta from normal
incidence flaw is zero
TOF delta from radius
flaw is greater
Amplified signal base TOF delta at signal baseTOF delta at signal base
Figure 6. How Signal Base Relates to Flaw Geometry
Of the nominal angles, the 70o
shear wave mode is nearest to normal incidence to a
subsurface vertical weld centerline crack and will return the most energy.
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Tip Diffracted
The radial wave pattern that emanates from a long crack tip is reliably detectable only in the
far field and requires a good signal to noise ratio. Better results obtained with a highlydamped 45
oor 60
oshear wave. Interpretation of RF A-scan display better for low amplitude
signals.
.
Fi ure 7. Ti Diffraction
These signals are important, due to their vertical orientation these types of planar indications are
difficult to detect. The technician needs to acknowledge their critical nature and furtherinvestigate with other angles.
Transmit Receive
Figure 8. Transmit/Receive Technique
This signal only appears when it reflects from
a planar flaw and is received on a secondtransducer. A transmit/receive technique can
be employed to further investigate a planar
discontinuity. Through transmission is anamplitude attenuation test.
Characterizing Indications in Welds
Root Indications (surface connected)
1. Root Geometry (irrelevant indication):
The operator should determine if the weld exhibits a root geometry that will reflect soundback to the transducer. The sound path should calculate to a thickness equal to or slightly
greater than weld plate thickness. The surface distance from each side of the weld should
not plot exactly to the same point or to the weld centerline. This signal should be closelyinterpreted during inspection, so that other root indications coming up just in front of, or
on the front flank of this signal, may be noted and interpreted also.
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Figure 9. Root Geometry
SD plot overlaps
Depth slightly greater thanPlate Thickness
2. Excessive Root:
Excessive Root is similar to the Root Geometry noted in Figure 9 above. Excessive rootbead will have sharper sides due to excess weld metal melting through. Signals will varymore in amplitude and exhibit a greater TOF than normal root geometry.
3. Longitudinal Crack (weld metal or HAZ):
Best detected with a 45o
angle due to corner trap at ID. Signal will appear sharp with fastrise time. The 60
oangle will provide approximately the return amplitude of the 45
o
angle. If the crack follows grain boundaries and exhibits a multifaceted face the signal
may exhibit a multiple peak and return less sound than a notch in a reference block.Crack indications should plot to same point from each side of weld.
SD plots to same point above crack
Figure 10. Longitudinal Crack in HAZ, Surface Connected
4. Transverse Crack (weld metal or HAZ):
Transducer needs to be aligned parallel to weld direction and skewed 30o
to propagate
sound in towards the weld root to detect short transverse root cracks. The skewed soundbeam will cause some sound to reflect off small transverse cracks and away from
transducer, reducing the returned amplitude.
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Ground Weld Cap
Weld CapFigure 11. Rotation of transducer for detection of transverse flaws.
5. Lack of Fusion (LOF):
Lack of fusion connected to ID at root face is difficult to distinguish from a longitudinalroot crack. If the depth of the LOF exceeds the root land and follows the angle of the
bevel it will return less sound from the side that is not at normal incidence to the sound
beam.6. Incomplete Penetration (IP):
A tight root fit up during welding, or poor arc penetration, can make this indication
difficult to distinguish from a centerline root crack. Signal characteristics from IP shouldexhibit a single peak because the sound beam is reflecting from a uniform surface.
Surface distance will not plot to exact same point. Depth
will be equal to or less than plate thickness.
Figure 12. Incomplete Penetration
7. Root Concavity (Suck Back):
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Suck Back will plot similar to incomplete penetration. Due to the concaved (rounded)
geometry of suck back the signal may not be as sharp, nor have as much amplitue, as thatof a centerline root crack or incomplete penetration.
Midwall Indications (subsurface)1. Lack of fusion on bevel face:
The sound beam needs to strike lack of fusion at or near normal incidence, therefore lackof fusion exhibits greater amplitude on the 2
ndleg when scanning from same side of weld
as indication, or 1st
leg when on opposite side of weld; unless weld thickness is great
enough the weld cap usually creates an obstacle and the 3rd
leg is required when on theopposite side of the weld joint. A 60
oangle is best suited for LOF on a 30
oweld joint
bevel and a 70o
angle is best suited for LOF on a 22.5o
weld joint bevel because they are
nearest the normal incidence of 90o.
Second leg on opposite side
of weld reflects off LOF
Second leg used to detect
LOF on same side
Figure 13. Lack of Fusion (LOF)
A slag line can generally be detected from both sides of the weld. Signal characteristicsmay include multiple peaks and a broad base.
2. Porosity
Porosity is generally difficult to detect. Signal characteristics may include multiple
peaks. Peaks can be maintained while skewing transducer.
3. Crack (weld metal or HAZ)The midwall crack is one of the most difficult indications to detect. Generally speaking,
a vertical orientation of a planar flaw is best detected with a 70o
angle. See Figures 7 & 8for alternative techniques for characterizing a midwall crack.
Weld Cap Indications (surface connected)
1. Weld Cap GeometryThe operator should determine if the weld exhibits a weld cap geometry that will reflect
sound back to the transducer. This is a broad based signal with multiple peaks and is
generally maintained over full length of weld. Adjust amplitude to reference level andtry dampening signal with finger. The sound path should calculate to a full V path or
slightly greater. The surface distance should plot to the opposite side of weld cap. This
signal should be closely interpreted during examination, so that other indications comingup just in front of, or on the front flank of this signal, may be noted and interpreted also.
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2. Longitudinal Cracks (weld metal or HAZ)
Longitudinal Cracks are best detected at the end of the 2nd leg of the 45o
angle. Shallowtoe cracks are easy to miss when weld cap geometry exists.
3. Transverse Cracks (weld metal or HAZ)
Transducer needs to be aligned parallel to weld direction. The end of the second leg of a45
oangle is best suited for this indication.
Interpretation Tips for Non-relevant and False Indications
Refracted L-wave Indications
An angle beam shear wave soundbeam can impinge on an irregular surface creating a
refracted L-wave that may travel straight up to the test piece surface, such as a weld cap, and
reflect back reconverting back to a shear wave and creating a irrevelant indication on the
screen that may be misinterpreted. If the operator wipes or dampens the surface area at Vpath SD the signal will dampen out if it is a refracted L-wave. Small diameter transducers
with large beam beam spreads and 60o angles are vulnerable to this non relevant inidication.
Creeper Wave Indications
The "so-called" creeping wave is putatively formed as a result of a simple compression wave
interacting at a free boundary. Upon incidence from a Lucite wedge designed to provide arefracted angle somewhere between about 70-80 degrees in a test piece, the "creeping wave"
forms on the near surface. This can easily occur when propagating sound circumferentially
around a radius surface, such as a pipe, using a non-radius transducer wedge. Place a fingeror pencil eraser right in front of transducer wedge to dampen this non-relevant signal out.
The creeping wave attenuates out in about a inch of surface distance.
Figure 15. Creeper Wave Indication
Standing Wave Indications
More sound reflects inside a 70o
wedge than a 60o
or 45o
wedge, making the 70o
vulnerable
to this indication. When couplant builds up on the front of the wedge a mid screen standingsignal with a large signal base may appear on the CRT display. This signal is created by the
reflected and refracted sound inside the wedge and stays at the same TOF on the baseline.
Wiping the excess couplant off the end of the wedge will eliminate this false indication.
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Pre Inspection RequirementsIt is recommended that these pre inspection requirements be performed prior to calibrating
equipment and examining welds. The results of these measurements may be used to selectthe best angle or determine a better technique.
Physical Measurements
1. Measure Weld Thickness (adjacent plate).
2. Measure weld cap width.
3. Measure transducer offset (distance from sound exit point to front of wedge).4. Add 2 and 3 above, this is the closest surface distance to the weld centerline the
transducer can be positioned.
Calculate Distances
1. Sound Path (SP) for 1
st
leg or V path.2. Surface Distance (SD) for 1st
leg or path.
3. If SD for V path is less than number 4 above then you CANNOT reach the weld rooton the first leg SP with the angle being used, you will have to use the third leg to get root
coverage or change to a higher angle.
4. Surface Distance (SD) for full V path.5. Surface Distance (SD) for 1 V path.
Mark Surface Distances on Plate Adjacent to Weld
1. Parallel to the weld mark a 1st
leg X line on the plate that is equal to a V Surface
Distance from the weld centerline; when the transducer exit point is on this line the end
of the 1
st
leg of Sound Path will be at the weld root.2. Parallel to the weld mark a 2nd
leg X line on the plate that is equal to a Full V Surface
Distance from the weld centerline; when the transducer exit point is on this line the end
of the 2nd
leg of Sound Path will be at the centerline of the weld cap.3. Parallel to the weld mark a 3
rdleg X line on the plate that is equal to a 1 V Surface
Distance from the weld centerline; when the transducer exit point is on this line the end
of the 1st
leg of Sound Path will be at the weld root.
Weld Profile/Sound Path Transparency
The Weld Profile/Sound Path Transparency is a useful tool to help the operator visualizesound paths within a complex weld joint and to easily and quickly characterize a flaw; it also
serves as a useful tool to diagram to welders or clients where rejects or other discontinuitiesare located.
1. Using graph paper draw a cross section of the weld joint.
If weld thickness is much less than one inch the weld joint should be drawn on a 2:1scale.
Mark the weld centerline and in each direction mark reticules at about 0.2
increments with cumulative distance at major reticules. Reference drawings or useother means to obtain correct bevel angle(s) of weld joints.
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Make sure enough base plate exists to support the number of V paths you will usewhen examining the weld.
2. On a different graph paper draw, to the same scale, the sound path at the angle(s) and V
paths to be used in examining the weld.
3. Mark the sound path distance at the end of each leg, then mark reticules along each sound
path leg at about 0.2 increments.4. Copy the weld cross section onto a transparency. You can now take the sound paths and
slide them through the weld to easily visualize weld joint location and surface distance to
discontinuities.
Basic Angle Beam CalibrationThese are just basic guidelines, each code will have specific tasks that must be performed.
Sweep Distance:
1. Use a miniature angle beam lock, DSC block or IIW block to calibrate sweep.2. Find main bang and position at left of screen.
3. Adjust screen range and or velocity to see the first reflections from a minimum of two
radiuses.4. Adjust gate to read leading edge of first reflector.
5. Adjust zero until sound path reads correctly from first radius.
6. Adjust gate to read leading edge of second reflector.7. Adjust velocity until sound path reads correctly from second radius
8. Repeat 4 7 until both signals read the correct sound paths.
Sensitivity
1. Find a sensitivity reflector (the right one depends on the code youre using) and adjustthis signal to 80% FSH. This is the reference level, or the amplitude level to which youwill adjust indication signals to record their information.
2. Verify this is correct signal by physically measuring depth and surface distance to
sensitivity reflector.3. Check the horizontal sweep calibration after you adjusted the gain to the sensitivity level.
4. Add from 6 to 20 dB to the reference level for detection purposes during scanning.
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1" 2"
4"1"
4"1"
4" 9"Figure 17. Plot the next two reflectorsFigure 16. Plot the next two reflectors
1" 3"
5"1"
Figure 18. Plot the next two reflectors
In the above diagrams the dashed sound path is not at an angle that can be received from thetransducer element, only the solid sound path lines are at the correct angle to create a signal. The
distance between signals is equal to the sum of both radiuses.
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APPENDIX A: AWS D1.1
Please see attached file UT AWS.pdf for current material.
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APPENDIX B: ASME V
Please see attached file UT ASME.pdf for current material.
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Quiz Questions:NAME:_________________________________________
1. To obtain full volume weld metal examination on a .580 thickness which of the
following scenarios is the most appropriate; i.e., provides the cross pattern with the least
amount of sound path?
a. A 1st
leg 70o
exam from both sides of the weld b. A 2
ndand 3
rdleg 45
oexam from both sides of the weld
c. A 3rd
and 4th
leg 60o
exam from both sides of the weld
d. A 2nd
and 3rd
leg 52o
exam from both sides of the weld.2. What is the surface distance in 1. a. above?
a. 1.96
b. .62c. 2.0
d. none of the above
3. A beam profile larger than the reflector may dimension the reflector as being
a. Oversized b. Undersized
c. Correct size
d. +/-.10%4. The amplitude reflected from a crack should be
a. Equal to lack of fusion of similar size
b. Less than when sound is reflected at less than normal incidencec. Maximum when sound is reflected at normal incidence
d. Equal to the incident angle amplitude
5. What is the near field length of a .375 diameter, 7.5 MHz transducer propagating alongitudinal wave mode in steel?
(show your work)
6. If doing an ASME weld examination on an in-service pressure vessel dimensioning
indications for evaluation to acceptance standards to ASME VIII App 12.1 which Articlewould apply?
7. If performing an ASME 24 schedule 40 pipe weld examination, which article would
apply?
8. Which code allows the use of dual transducers?
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9. Which code requires a horizontal linearity procedure?
10. Which Article(s) require Amplitude Control and Screen Height Linearities?
11. What ASME Article section describes the beam spread measurement?
12. What is the best transducer selection for an AWS job?a. .25 diameter, 5MHz
b. .50 diameter, 2.25 MHz
c. 1 diameter 2.5 MHz
d. b & c above
13. When examining a 3 butt weld on a building to AWS which of the following iscorrect
a. A 45o
and 60o
angle are required
b. A 60o
angle to the middle half and 45o
angle for the bottom quarter
c. A 70o, with the weld cap ground flush
d. A 45o
and 70o
e. c & d above
14. In question 13, the following information has been tabulated: reference level 28,
indication level 40, examination angle 70o and reflector at 8 sound path. What is theindication rating?
a. A
b. Bc. C
d. D
15. The indication for question 13 is 2.25 inches in length, is it
a. Acceptable
b. Rejectable
16. What is the scanning sensitivity for question 13?a. 20
b. 25c. 19
d. none of the above
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17. What frequency is most appropriate for an AWS examination?
a. 7.5 MHz
b. 10.0 MHzc. 5 MHz
d. 2.5Mhz
18. When calibrating to AWS, what is the diameter of the sensitivity reflector in the IIW
block?
a. .60
b. .060 mmc. 60 mm
d. .060
19. What is the transducer position(s) (its a letter) for verifying a wedge angle on an IIWblock?
a. A b. K
c. C
d. Fe. B
20. What part of AWS would you reference to develop a technique for a material < 5/16?
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