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Ultrasound Guided Blocks for Pain Management
7/25/2016 Internal and Confidential 1
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Chronic Pain Management
• Trillions of dollars spent on pain every year
• Definition of chronic pain – pain that lasts longer than 6 months
• Procedures primarily done on an outpatient basis
• Perform cervical spine, lumbar spine and MSK injections
• Gold standard – Fluro
Internal and Confidential
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Advantages of Ultrasound
• Soft tissue identification (including nerves)
• Blood vessels can be identified
• No exposure to ionizing radiation
• More readily available due to portability (Can be moved to patient exam room)
• Cheaper (compared to CT, fluoroscopy), consider maintenance as well as initial costs
• Real-time injection
• Smaller footprint
Internal and Confidential
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Disadvantages of Ultrasound
• Less useful for deeper nerve blocks
• Fluoroscopy guided procedures well established
• Less publications than other image modalities
• More difficult to visualize needle
• Does not penetrate through bone
• Spine is difficult to image compared to other modalities
• Will insurance companies reimburse?
• Smaller field of view for procedure and image capture
Internal and Confidential
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Ultrasound Reimbursement
CPT Codes for Nerve Blocks
• Occipital nerve
• Stellate ganglion
• Suprascapular nerve
• Intercostal nerve
• Ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric nerves, TAP
+ Ultrasound guidance – CPT 76942
5Internal and Confidential
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Diagnostic vs. Theraputic
• Diagnostic
– Attempt to find the source of pain
– Example: Does a dose of local anesthetic at a specific site relieve pain?
• If Yes, then consider therapeutic intervention
• If No, consider other sources of pain (or failed block)
– Examples of diagnostic agents:– Local anesthetics
Internal and Confidential
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Greater Occipital Nerve
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Occipital Nerve Block
• Indications: nerve pain and headaches, may be unilateral or bilateral
• Goal: injection in muscle where greater occipital nerve exits and anesthesia of paraspinal muscles
• Technique:
– Out of plane or in-plane
• Patient Position: Sitting or prone
• Note: Occipital artery runs beside occipital nerve
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Occipital Nerve Anatomy
• Occipital nerve runs beside occipital artery
• Found on inferior edge of obliqus capitas inferior muscles (rotates the head)
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GON Blind Approach
• Palpate artery and inject medially and laterally
• Branching of the occipital nerve varies so may not include entire nerve with this approach
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Ultrasound Landmarks
• Ultrasound approach is lower before branching
• Level of obliquscapitus inferior muscle
• Find spinous process of C2 to locate muscle
• Oblique transducer to see muscle
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Ultrasound Landmarks
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GON is 2-3mm diameter
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Stellate Ganglion
Cervical Sympathetic Trunk Block
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Indications
• Common treatment for shingles, complex regional syndromes – head neck face and arms
• Cancer pain head and neck, upper extremities
• Hyperhydrosis (sweating0
• Vasospasm
• Vascular insufficiency
• Raynaud’s Syndrome
• Scleroderma
Internal and Confidential
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Procedure Technique
• Goal:
– Analgesia of sympathetic chain
– Diagnostic and therapeutic – if diagnostic block produces good analgesic result followed by radiofrequency neurolysis of ganglion
• Technique: In-plane or out of plane
• Patient Position: Supine with pillows under shoulders, neck slightly overextended
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Sympathetic Nerves
• Responsible for conducting sensation signals to the spinal cord from the body
• Regulate blood vessels and sweat glands
• Sympathetic ganglia are collections of these nerves near the spinal cord
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Stellate Ganglion
• Stellate ganglion chain – block at level of middle cervical ganglion
• Located at the level of C6
– Anterior to the transverse process
– Close proximity to vertebral artery and carotid artery
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Bony Landmarks
• Note size of transverse process at C6 and C7 levels
• 2 tubercles (anterior and posterior) on transverse process of C6
• There is no anterior tubercle on C7 transverse process
C6
C7
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Bony and Vascular Landmarks
• Vertebral artery exposed at C7 (anatomical variant 10% vertebral artery exposed at C6)
• Enters transverse process at C6
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3D Rendered Image Vertebral Artery
Internal and Confidential
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Bony Landmarks
C7 – Landmark
Transverse Process
C6 – Landmark
Transverse Process
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Bony Landmarks
C7 – Landmark
Transverse Process
C6 – LandmarkPT = Posterior TubercleAT = Anterior Tubercle
TP = Transverse Process
PTAT
C6
TP
Note: Moving cephalad to C5,C4,C3 the anterior and posterior tubercle become similar in size
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Blind Technique
• Palpate for carotid artery, push thyroid medially
• Can easily puncture carotid artery or vertebral artery
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Advantages of US in SGB
• Avoid injury to vascular structures: carotid, vertebral, thyroid and branches of subclavian artery
• Avoid injury to esophagus on left (particularly if diverticulum of esophagus
• Avoid injury to nerve roots
• Allows for precise block
• Prevents pneumothorax
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Ultrasound Technique
• Identify level of C6 using bony and vascular landmarks
• Move transducer medial to locate carotid artery and longus colli muscles deep to vessels
• Sympathetic trunk sits in groove between longus colli and longus capitus muscles
Longus colli m
Longus capitus
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Ultrasound Technique
• Important to identify small vessels with Color Doppler this there are multiple large vessels and many small arterial and venous branches in this region
Internal and Confidential
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Stellate Ganglion View
SCM
Longus Colli/Capitus CCA
IJV
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Stellate Ganglion
• Injection Technique– Effectiveness of block
depends upon being in the correct fascialplane
– 1-2mm distance between sympathetic chain and vagus nerve
– Want to inject so push carotid sheath up
– Inject under fascia covering longus collimuscle
Internal and Confidential
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Stellate Ganglion
• Injection Technique
– In-plane technique approach with needle lateral to medial
– Out of plane between anterior tubercle and logus colli muscle
Internal and Confidential
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Stellate Ganglion Block
M
E
D
I
A
L
Spread of local anesthesia pushes carotid sheath up and travels under fascia of longus colli muscle but not in muscle
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Suprascapular Nerve Block
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Indications
• Diagnostic– Confirm suprascapular nerve irritation or
entrapment
• Therapeutic– Safe and effective treatment for shoulder pain
in degenerative disease, arthritis or bursitis, postoperative pain shoulder surgery
– It improves pain, disability, and range of movement
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Suprascapular Nerve
• Major sensory supply to the shoulder joint and motor supply to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
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Suprascapular Nerve
• Runs through the scapular notch
• Scapular notch lies on the superior aspect of the suprascapular fossa where the coracoid process fuses to the scapula
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Suprascapular Anatomy
• Use the Nevasier Portal as a scanning window
• Located between posterior margin of clavicle, spine of scapula and medial margin of acromion
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Ultrasound Scanning Technique
• Patient is sitting with hand on contralateral shoulder
• Shoulder position pulls scapula out of the lung field
• Operator positioned behind the patient
• Ultrasound system on the right side in front of the patient
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Ultrasound Scanning Technique
• Identify spine of scapula by palpation
• Position transducer superior and parallel to the spine of scapular
• Identify pleura (medial), scapula and suprascapular notch (deep), supraspinatus (superficial), acromion (lateral)
• Supracapular artery runs with nerve
• Nerve lies in suprascapular notch
• Use notch as the main target because nerve is not always visible (Note: 15% population do not have a suprascapular notch)
• Suprascapular nerve passes UNDER the superior transverse scapular ligament
• Suprascapular artery passes OVER the superior transverse scapular ligament
Internal and Confidential
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Ultrasound Image
• Suprascapular nerve seen as a round hyperechoic structure at 4 cm depth
• Beneath the Superior Transverse Ligament in the Suprascapular Notch
• Diameter of 20 mm
Acromion
Supraspinatus
Muscle
Suprascapular
Nerve
Superior
Transverse
Ligament
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Suprascapular Artery
Suprascapular
Artery
(Not always
visible with
Color Doppler
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Block Technique
• Suprascapular nerve is blocked before it branches by placing anesthetic in the suprascapular notch
• Common technique
– 2.5 cm superior and lateral to the mid point of the scapular spine
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Injection Technique
• In-plane or out of plane
• Medial or lateral• Endpoint for injection
– needle tip in proximity to the suprascapularnerve under the superior transverse scapular ligament
• Injection will lift up supraspinatus muscle
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Intercostal Nerve Block
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Intercostal Nerve Block
• Indications: Thoracic or upper abdominal surgery, rib fractures, breast surgery
• Goal: Anesthetic at neurovascular bundle at inferior border of rib
• Complications: Pneumothorax, the intercostal nerve sits adjacent to pleura
• Patient Position: sitting, lateral decubitus, prone
• Technique: In-plane or out of plane
• Advanced Block
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Anatomy
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Anatomy
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Block Technique
• Can’t often see intercostal nerve
• Look for intercostal artery and inject caudad to artery
• Injection 5-7 cm lateral from midline (spinous process of vertebrae)
• Closer to vertebrae intercostal nerve is very close to edge of rib as the nerve travels laterally the nerve position becomes more subcostal
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Ultrasound Image
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RibRib
Lung
Neurovascular Bundle
Rib
Lung
Intercostal Artery
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Transversus Abdominum Plane (TAP)
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Transversus Abdominus
• Indications: Surgeries below umbilicus, post-op laparotomy, appendectomy, laparscopic surgery, hernia surgery, hysterectomy, abdominoplasty, cesarean delivery, alternative to epidural for operations on abdominal wall, diagnosis for chronic pain procedures
• Goal: – Anesthetic spread in fascial plane between transversus
abdominus and internal oblique muscles
– Block T7-T12 and L1
• Technique: In-plane
• Patient Position: Supine
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Anatomy Abdominal Muscles
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Anatomy Nerves Anterior Abdomen
Anterior Rami of Thoracic T7-T12 and L1
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Anatomy Abdominal Muscle
• Subcutaneous layer is large in obese patient
• Internal oblique is the thickest layer
• Nerves are not well visualized with ultrasound
• Peritoneum divides muscles from abdominal cavity
• Intestines will be seen below peritoneum as moving structures due to peristalsis
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Abdominal Cavity
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Transducer Position
• Find the costal margin and iliac crest
• Scan this region along the Anterior midaxillary line (blue arrows)
• Identify fascial plane between IOM and TAM
• Transducer placed transverse on abdomen
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Transducer Position
• Midpoint between costal margin and iliac crest along anterior midaxillary line
• Transverse position on abdomen
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Ultrasound Image Muscle Layers TAP
EO
IO
TA
EO- External Oblique IO –Internal Oblique, TA – Transversus Abdominus Internal and Confidential
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Injection Technique
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In-plane injection, needle 2-3 cm medial to transducerAdvance needle medial to lateral
Target between internal oblique and transvers abdominus layers
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Injection Technique
• Transducer position between iliac crest and costal margin
• Avoid too far medial will only see 2 muscle layers
• Needle inserted medial to lateral
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Ultrasound Technique
Local anesthetic between IOM and TAM
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Ultrasound Technique
Local anesthetic fascia between IOM and TAM
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TA
IO
EO
Needle
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Iliohypogastricand
Ilioinguinal Nerve Block
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Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal Nerves
• Indications: Anesthesia and post op for inguinal hernia repair, analgesia following suprapubic incision
• Goal: – Anesthetic spread in fascial plane between
transversus abdominus and internal oblique muscles at level of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
• Technique: In-plane or out of plane (obese patients)
• Patient Position: Supine
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Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastrci Nerve
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Originate L1/2 level
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Anatomy
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Scanning Technique
• Start with transducer in long axis and identify iliac crest
• Rotate the transducer to oblique position so perpendicular to course of nerves
• Nerves appear as hypoechoic with hyperechoic sheath
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Scanning Technique
• Place transducer oblique on abdomen oriented on a line joining the ASIA with umbilicus
• ASIS seen as bony landmark on ultrasound image
• Ilioinguinal nerve is found close to iliac crest and iliohypogastric is medial to it
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Ultrasound Image
• Identify 3 muscle layers of abdomen
• Nerves between IOM and TAM muscles
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Scanning Technique
• Color Doppler useful to identify deep circumflex iliac artery can be mistaken for nerve because of size and position
• 90% of cases nerve between TAM and IOM
• Median diameter of nerves is 2-3 mm
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Injection Technique
• In-plane technique
• Needle inserted 2-3 cm from transducer from medial or lateral sides
• Inject in fascialplane between IO and TA
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Summary
• Benefits of Ultrasound Guidance
– Visualization of soft tissue, vessel and nerves to identify best approach for block
– Real-time visualization of injection for accurate placement of local anesthesia versus blind technique
– Replaces uses of non-ionizing radiation for current techniques
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