umi dhrm(i) (eve) 2004 mis- notes by:ambrose ruyooka [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
UMI UMI DHRM(I) (Eve) 2004DHRM(I) (Eve) 2004
MIS- NotesMIS- NotesBy:Ambrose RuyookaBy:Ambrose Ruyooka
[email protected]@uict.ac.ug
Lecture 6:Lecture 6:
MANAGINGMANAGING
HARDWARE ANDHARDWARE AND
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
ASSETSASSETSMost Slides from:Management Information Systems 8/e-Laudon and
Laudon,Prentice Hall 2004
What computer processing and storage capability does our What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business organization need to handle its information and business transactions?transactions?
What arrangement of computers and computer processing What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization?would best benefit our organization?
What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our our business? What criteria should we use to select our software technology?software technology?
Of what new software technologies should we be Of what new software technologies should we be aware? How would they benefit our organization?aware? How would they benefit our organization?
How should we acquire and manage the firm’s How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets?hardware and software assets?
OBJECTIVES
The centralization versus decentralization The centralization versus decentralization debatedebate
The application backlogThe application backlog
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Hardware Components of a Computer System
Figure 6-1
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
The Computer System
BitBit
Binary digitBinary digit
Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1
ByteByte
String of bits, usually eightString of bits, usually eight
Stores one number or character Stores one number or character
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Manipulates symbols, numbers, and lettersManipulates symbols, numbers, and letters
Controls other parts of the computer systemControls other parts of the computer system
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
Primary StoragePrimary Storage
Temporarily stores program instructionsTemporarily stores program instructions
Data being used by the instructionsData being used by the instructions
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
Figure 6-3
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Primary Storage
StoresStores
Software program being executedSoftware program being executed
Operating system programs Operating system programs
Data being used by program Data being used by program
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operationsoperations
Control Unit: Control Unit: coordinates and controls coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer systemthe other parts of the computer system
CPU
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
RAM: RAM: Directly accesses any randomly chosen Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of timelocation in the same amount of time
ROM:ROM: Semiconductor memory chips with Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written toprogram instructions, cannot be written to
Primary Storage
Magnetic disk:Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Floppy disk, Hard disk
Optical disks:Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs CD-ROM, DVDs
Magnetic tape:Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary- Inexpensive, older secondary-storage mediumstorage medium
New storage alternatives:New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks (SANs)Storage Area Networks (SANs) Flash Disks(uses flash memory)Flash Disks(uses flash memory)
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Secondary Storage Technology
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
A Storage Area Network (SAN)
Figure 6-5
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Input and Output Devices
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Input and Output Devices
Integrates two or more types of media into Integrates two or more types of media into a computer-based applicationa computer-based application
Used in interactive Web pages with Used in interactive Web pages with graphics, sound, animation, videographics, sound, animation, video
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Interactive Multimedia
Mainframes: Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing powerprocessing power
Midrange computers: Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframeand smaller than a mainframe
Server: Server: Provides software and other resources to Provides software and other resources to computers over a networkcomputers over a network
Minicomputers: Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used in Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratoriesuniversities, factories, or research laboratories
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Classifying Computers
Personal Computer (PC): Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop or Small desktop or portable computerportable computer
Workstation: Workstation: Desktop computer with powerful Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilitiesgraphics and mathematical capabilities
Supercomputer:Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computationsperforms complex computations
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Classifying Computers
Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing
• Distributed processing:Distributed processing: Distribution Distribution of processing work among multiple of processing work among multiple computerscomputers
• Centralized processing:Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central Accomplished by one large central computercomputer
• Client/server computing:Client/server computing: Splits Splits processing between “clients” and processing between “clients” and “servers” on network“servers” on network
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Client/Server Computing
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Figure 6-7
Types of Client/Server Computing
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Figure 6-8
Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing
• Network computer (NC):Network computer (NC): Simplified Simplified desktop computer, does not store data desktop computer, does not store data permanentlypermanently
• Peer-to-peer computing:Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed Distributed processing that links computers through processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Internet or private networks
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
• Software program:Software program: Series of statements Series of statements or instructions to the computeror instructions to the computer
• System software:System software: Generalized Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesprograms, manages computer’s resources
• Application softwareApplication software: : Programs written Programs written to perform functions specified by end to perform functions specified by end usersusers
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
The Major Types of Software
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
The Major Types of Software
Figure 6-9
Operating systemOperating system
• System software System software
• Manages and controls computerManages and controls computer
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
Functions of the operating systemFunctions of the operating system• Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources
• Schedules use of computer resources Schedules use of computer resources
• Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities
• Provides locations in primary memory for Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsdata and programs
• Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
• Windows XPWindows XP
• Microsoft’s Windows 98 and MeMicrosoft’s Windows 98 and Me
• Windows 2000Windows 2000
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
PC Operating Systems
• Windows .NET serverWindows .NET server
• UNIXUNIX
• Linux: open-source softwareLinux: open-source software
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
PC Operating Systems
• Programming languages:Programming languages: evolved from evolved from machine language to high-level languages machine language to high-level languages for business and scientific workfor business and scientific work
• Important programming languages for Important programming languages for business today:business today: COBOL, C, C++, and COBOL, C, C++, and Visual BasicVisual Basic
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Application Software and Programming Languages
• Fourth-generation language:Fourth-generation language: Can help Can help end users develop software with little or end users develop software with little or no assistance from IS specialists no assistance from IS specialists
• Natural languages:Natural languages: Close to human Close to human languagelanguage
• Query languages:Query languages: Provide immediate Provide immediate on-line answers to requests on-line answers to requests
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Fourth-Generation Languages
• Programming language Programming language
• Delivers the software functionality needed Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular taskfor a particular task
• Runs on any computer and operating Runs on any computer and operating systemsystem
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Java
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documentspages and other hypermedia documents
• XML (eXtensible Markup Language):XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes the structure of a document, Describes the structure of a document, supports links to multiple documents, supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulated by the allowing data to be manipulated by the computercomputer
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML
• PC software tools: PC software tools: Word Processing Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software, Presentation Management Software, Presentation GraphicsGraphics
• Other productivity software:Other productivity software: e-mail, e-mail, groupware, Web browsersgroupware, Web browsers
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
Figure 6-11
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Word Processing Software
• Capacity planning:Capacity planning: Process of Process of predicting the computing power predicting the computing power
• Scalability:Scalability: Ability of a computer, Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downwithout breaking down
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS
Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm
• Designates the total cost of owning Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcestechnology resources
• Includes initial purchase costs, cost of Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and maintenance, technical support, and trainingtraining
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets
On-line storage service providersOn-line storage service providers• Third-party providers that rent out storage Third-party providers that rent out storage
space to subscribers over the Web space to subscribers over the Web • Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data
• Application service providers (ASPs)Application service providers (ASPs)• Provide software that can be rented by Provide software that can be rented by
other companies other companies
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
Other types of service providersOther types of service providers• Management service providers and Management service providers and
business continuity service providersbusiness continuity service providers
Utility computing Utility computing • ““Pay as you go” model” where firms pay Pay as you go” model” where firms pay
only for the information technology only for the information technology resources they actually use during a resources they actually use during a specified periodspecified period
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
This is Not the End!!!!!This is Not the End!!!!!
It’s the Beginning of the start!!!It’s the Beginning of the start!!!
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS