Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlenbelastung

Jahresbericht 2003

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Impressum

Herausgeber: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU)Postfach 12 06 2953048 Bonn

Redaktion: Bundesamt für StrahlenschutzFachbereich Strahlenschutz und GesundheitStabsstelle85762 Oberschleißheim

Inhaltliche Bearbeitung: Claudia Bernhard, BfSIrene Bergler, BfSAngela Trugenberger-Schnabel, BfSDr. Josef Peter, BfS

Bildrechte Titelseite: © Getty Images (M. Dunnig), Enercon / Block Design, Visum (K. Sawabe), Zefa, Getty Images (C. Coleman)

Stand: Januar 2005

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InhaltsverzeichnisZusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................................................... 13

Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Résumé ........................................................................................................................................................................... 23

ABSCHNITT AIONISIERENDE STRAHLUNG(IONISING RADIATION)

TEIL I UMWELTRADIOAKTIVITÄT(Environmental radioactivity)

Historische und gesetzliche Grundlagen der Überwachung ......................................................................... 30(Historical and legal basis of surveillance)

1. Natürliche Umweltradioaktivität ................................................................................................................. 32(Natural environmental radioactivity)

2. Zivilisatorisch veränderte natürliche Umweltradioaktivität ......................................................................... 35(Technologically enhanced natural environmental radioactivity)

2.1 Radon in Gebäuden ....................................................................................................................................... 35(Radon in buildings)

2.2 Radioaktive Stoffe in Baumaterialien und Industrieprodukten .................................................................... 38(Radioactive substances in building materials and industrial products)

2.3 Zivilisatorisch bedingte Erhöhung der Strahlenexposition durch natürliche Strahlenquellen - Strahlenexposi-tionen bei Arbeiten ..................................................................................................................................... 39(Technologically enhanced levels of radiation exposure from natural radiation sources - radiation exposures due to work activities)

2.3.1 Erhöhte Strahlenexpositionen für Arbeitnehmer ........................................................................................ 39(Increased radiation exposure to workers)

2.3.2 Erhöhte Strahlenexpositionen für einzelne Personen der Bevölkerung ....................................................... 39(Increased radiation exposure to single persons of the population)

2.4 Hinterlassenschaften früherer Tätigkeiten oder Arbeiten .......................................................................... 39(Residues of past practices or work activities)

3. Künstliche Umweltradioaktivität ................................................................................................................. 41(Artificial radioactivity in the environment)

3.1 Luft und Niederschlag, Gamma�Ortsdosisleistung ....................................................................................... 41(Air and precipitation, ambient gamma dose rate)

3.1.1 Radionuklide in der bodennahen Luft .......................................................................................................... 42(Radionuclides in air close to ground-level)

3.1.2 Radioaktive Stoffe im Niederschlag (Gesamtdeposition) ............................................................................. 46(Total wet deposition of radionuclides)

3.1.3 Gamma-Ortsdosisleistung ........................................................................................................................... 48(Ambient gamma dose rate)

3.2 Boden, Pflanzen und Futtermittel ................................................................................................................ 55(Soil, plants, and animal feedstuffs)

3.3 Gewässer .................................................................................................................................................... 63(Bodies of water)

3.3.1 Oberflächenwasser, Schwebstoff und Sediment der Binnengewässer .......................................................... 63(Surface water, suspended matter, and sediment in inland waters)

3.3.2 Meerwasser, Schwebstoff, Sediment ............................................................................................................ 78(Seawater, suspended matter, and sediment)

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3.4 Lebensmittel und Trinkwasser (einschließlich Grundwasser) ....................................................................... 90(Foodstuffs and drinking water - including groundwater)

3.4.1 Grundwasser und Trinkwasser ..................................................................................................................... 90(Groundwater and drinking water)

3.4.2 Milch und Milchprodukte .............................................................................................................................. 92(Milk and milk products)

3.4.3 Fische und Produkte des Meeres und der Binnengewässer .......................................................................... 95(Fish and seafood, fish from inland waters)

3.4.4 Einzellebensmittel, Gesamtnahrung, Säuglings- und Kleinkindernahrung ................................................... 102(Individual foodstuffs, whole diet, baby and infant foods)

3.4.5 Tabakerzeugnisse, Bedarfsgegenstände, Arzneimittel und deren Ausgangsstoffe ....................................... 115(Tobacco products, consumer goods, medical preparations and their constituent materials)

3.5 Abwasser und Klärschlamm ......................................................................................................................... 117(Waste water and sludge)

3.6 Reststoffe und Abfälle ................................................................................................................................ 126(Residues and wastes)

3.7 Inkorporationsüberwachung der Bevölkerung ............................................................................................. 128(Monitoring of incorporation among the population)

3.8 Strahlenexposition durch den Reaktorunfall von Tschernobyl .................................................................... 133(Radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident)

3.9 Kernwaffenversuche ................................................................................................................................... 134(Nuclear weapons tests)

TEIL II RADIOAKTIVE STOFFE AUS KERNTECHNISCHEN ANLAGEN UNDURANBERGBAUANLAGEN(Radioactive substances from nuclear and uranium mining facilities)

1. Radioaktive Stoffe aus kerntechnischen Anlagen ....................................................................................... 136(Radioactive substances from nuclear facilities )

1.1 Allgemeine Angaben über kerntechnische Anlagen ..................................................................................... 136(General data on nuclear facilities)

1.2 Ableitung radioaktiver Stoffe mit der Abluft kerntechnischer Anlagen ....................................................... 141(Discharges of radioactive substances with exhaust air from nuclear facilities)

1.3 Ableitung radioaktiver Stoffe mit dem Abwasser aus kerntechnischen Anlagen ......................................... 149(Discharges of radioactive substances with waste water from nuclear facilities)

1.4 Überwachung der Umweltmedien in der Umgebung kerntechnischer Anlagen .............................................. 151(Monitoring of environmental media from the surroundings of nuclear facilities)

1.4.1 Luft und Niederschlag ................................................................................................................................. 151(Air and prepicipation)

1.4.2 Boden, Bewuchs und Milch .......................................................................................................................... 154(Soil, vegetation and milk)

1.4.3 Oberflächenwasser und Sediment der Binnengewässer ............................................................................... 166(Surface water and sediment from inland waters)

1.4.4 Fische und Wasserpflanzen ......................................................................................................................... 173(Fish and aquatic plants)

1.4.5 Grundwasser und Trinkwasser .................................................................................................................... 176(Groundwater and drinking water)

1.4.6 Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel ........................................................................................................................ 178(Foodstuffs of vegeta ble origin)

1.5 Strahlenexposition durch kerntechnische Anlagen ..................................................................................... 189(Radiation exposures from nuclear facilities)

2. Radioaktive Stoffe aus Uranbergbauanlagen .............................................................................................. 194(Radioactive substances from uranium mining facilities)

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2.1 Allgemeine Angaben über die Sanierungsbetriebe der Wismut GmbH und die Überwachung der Ableitung radioaktiver Stoffe ........................................................................................ 194(General data on the remediation facilities of the Wismut GmbH and the monitoring of discharges of radioactive substances)

2.2 Ableitung radioaktiver Stoffe mit Abwettern / Abluft und Abwasser infolge der Tätigkeit der Wismut GmbH (Emissionen) .............................................................................................................................................. 195(Discharge of radioactive substances with exhaust air and waste water as a result of the activities of the Wismut GmbH - Emissions)

2.3 Überwachung der Konzentrationen radioaktiver Stoffe in den Umweltmedien in der Umgebung der Sanierungsbetriebe (Immissionen) ........................................................................... 196(Monitoring of the concentrations of radioactive substances in environmental media from areas in the vicinity of remediation facilities - Immissions)

2.3.1 Radon-222-Konzentrationen in der bodennahen Luft ................................................................................ 196(Radon-222 concentrations in air close to ground level)

2.3.2 Überwachung der Urankonzentrationen und Radium-226-Aktivitätskonzentrationen in Oberflächengewässern ........................................................................................................................... 199(Monitoring of uranium and radium-226 activity concentrations in surface waters)

TEIL III BERUFLICHE STRAHLENEXPOSITION(Occupational radiation exposures)

1. Personendosismessungen ......................................................................................................................... 202(Personal dose measurements)

1.1 Vorbemerkungen ....................................................................................................................................... 202(Preliminary remarks)

1.2 Übersicht über alle beruflich strahlenexponierten Personen .................................................................... 202(Overview of data for all occupationally exposed persons)

1.3 Übersicht über beruflich strahlenexponierte Personen in kerntechnischen Anlagen ................................. 206(Overview of data for occupationally exposed persons employed in nuclear facilities)

1.4 Berufliche Strahlenexposition durch Radonzerfallsprodukte in den neuen Bundesländern ........................ 207(Occupational radiation exposures from radon daughter products in the new federal Länder)

1.5 Strahlenexposition des Flugpersonals durch Höhenstrahlung ................................................................... 209(Radiation exposures to flight personnel from cosmic radiation)

2. Inkorporationsüberwachung ....................................................................................................................... 211(Incorporation monitoring)

3. Strahlenexposition bei Radarpersonal ....................................................................................................... 213(Radiation exposures to radar personnel)

4. Meldepflichtige besondere Vorkommnisse ................................................................................................. 214(Unusual events subject to reporting)

TEIL IV STRAHLENEXPOSITION DURCH MEDIZINISCHE MASSNAHMEN(Radiation exposures from medical applications)

1. Diagnostische Strahlenanwendungen ........................................................................................................ 224(Diagnostic applications of radiation)

1.1 Röntgendiagnostik .................................................................................................................................... 224(X-ray diagnostics)

1.2 Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik ................................................................................................................ 229(Nuclear medicine diagnostics)

1.3 Strahlenhygienische Bewertung der Strahlenexposition durch medizinische Maßnahmen ......................... 230(Evaluation in terms of radiation hygiene of radiation exposure due to medical methods)

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1.4 Alternative Untersuchungsverfahren ........................................................................................................ 232(Alternative examination procedures)

1.5 Qualitätssicherung .................................................................................................................................... 232(Quality assurance)

2. Therapeutische Strahlenanwendungen ...................................................................................................... 234(Therapeutic applications of radiation)

2.1 Strahlentherapie ....................................................................................................................................... 234(Radiotherapy)

2.2 Nuklearmedizinische Therapie ................................................................................................................... 234(Therapeutic nuclear medicine applications)

3. Herzschrittmacher .................................................................................................................................... 236(Pacemakers)

4. Medizinische Forschung ............................................................................................................................ 237(Medical Research)

4.1 Anwendung radioaktiver Stoffe oder ionisierender Strahlung gemäß § 23 StrlSchV an gesunden Probandinnen und Probanden in der medizinischen Forschung ........................................................................................ 238(Application of radioactive substances or ionising radiation on healthy subjects in medical research)

4.2 Anwendung radioaktiver Stoffe oder ionisierender Strahlung gemäß § 23 StrlSchV an Patientinnen und Patien-ten in der medizinischen Forschung .......................................................................................................... 238(Application of radioactive substances or ionising radiation on patients in medical research)

4.3 Anwendung von Röntgenstrahlung am Menschen in der medizinischen Forschung ..................................... 238(Application of x-rays on humans in medical research)

TEIL V UMGANG MIT RADIOAKTIVEN STOFFEN UND IONISIERENDER STRAHLUNG(The handling of radioactive materials and sources of ionising radiation)

1. Grenzüberschreitende Verbringung radioaktiver Stoffe ............................................................................ 240(Border-crossing transport of radioactive material)

1.1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................................................. 240(Introduction)

1.2 Rechtsgrundlagen und Verfahren .............................................................................................................. 240(Legal basis and procedures)

1.3 Übersicht über die Ein- und Ausfuhrstatistik radioaktiver Stoffe .............................................................. 242(Overview of statistics on the import and export of radioactive materials)

1.4 Einfuhrstatistik ......................................................................................................................................... 244(Import statistics)

1.5 Ausfuhr ..................................................................................................................................................... 247(Export statistics)

2. Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe ................................................................................................................ 251(Transportation of radioactive materials)

2.1 Übersicht über Beförderungsgenehmigungen und Transporte radioaktiver Stoffe ..................................... 251(Overview of transport licences and the transportation of radioactive material)

2.2 Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe im Schienen- und Schiffsverkehr der Eisenbahnen ................................. 252(Transportation of radioactive material in the rail- and shipping traffic of the railways)

3. Umgang mit offenen und umschlossenen radioaktiven Stoffen .................................................................. 255(The handling of sealed and unsealed radioactive sources)

3.1 Allgemeine Angaben .................................................................................................................................. 255(General data)

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3.2 Radioaktive Stoffe in Konsumgütern, Industrieerzeugnissen und technischen Strahlenquellen ......................................................................................................................................... 263(Radioactive substances in consumer goods, industrial products and radioactive sources)

3.3 Bestand radioaktiver Abfälle .................................................................................................................... 264(Stock of radioactive wastes)

ABSCHNITT BNICHTIONISIERENDE STRAHLUNG(NON-IONISING RADIATION)

Einleitung ................................................................................................................................................. 268(introduction)

1. Statische Felder ....................................................................................................................................... 268(Static fields)

2. Niederfrequente Felder ............................................................................................................................. 269(Low frequency fields)

3. Hochfrequente Felder ................................................................................................................................ 271(High frequency fields)

4. Optische Strahlung .................................................................................................................................... 272(Optical radiation)

5. Forschung .................................................................................................................................................. 276(Research)

6. Aktuelle Themen ........................................................................................................................................ 278(Actual topics)

ANHANG(ANNEX)

1. Erläuterung zu den verwendeten Begriffen ............................................................................................... 286(Explanation of terms used)

1.1 Strahlendosis und ihre Einheiten .............................................................................................................. 286(Radiation dose and related units)

1.2 Die Messung der Strahlendosen ................................................................................................................. 287(Measurement of radiation doses)

1.3 Äußere und innere Bestrahlung ................................................................................................................. 288(External and internal radiation exposure)

1.4 Stochastische und deterministische Strahlenwirkung ............................................................................... 289(Stochastic and deterministic radiation effects)

1.5 Induktion bösartiger Neubildungen ........................................................................................................... 290(Induction of malignant neoplasms)

1.6 Risikoabschätzung ..................................................................................................................................... 291(Risk assessment)

1.7 Strahlenschutzmaßnahmen ....................................................................................................................... 293(Radiation protection measures)

2. Physikalische Einheiten ............................................................................................................................ 294(Physical units)

3. Glossar ..................................................................................................................................................... 296(Glossary)

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4. Liste der verwendeten Abkürzungen ......................................................................................................... 302(List of abbreviations)

5. Gesetze, Verordnungen, Richtlinien, Empfehlungen, Erläuterungen und sonstige Regelungen zum Strahlenschutz - Auswahl ................................................................................. 306(Laws, ordinances, guidelines, recommendations, explanatory texts and other regulations concerning radiation protection - selection)

6. Nuklidliste der im Text erwähnten Radionuklide ......................................................................................... 310(List of radionuclides referred to in the text)

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