un topic guide: the situation in kosovo. kosovo serbia

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UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo

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Page 1: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

UN Topic Guide:

The Situation In Kosovo

Page 2: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Kosovo

Page 3: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Serbia

Page 4: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

In Maps

Page 5: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Balkan Balkan RegionRegion

Page 6: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia
Page 7: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Battle of Kosovo DEVISTATING for the Serbs… Most of their political elite died. STILL a valuable part of history.

The Battle of Kosovo came to be seen as a symbol of Serbian patriotism and desire for independence in the 19th century rise of nationalism under Ottoman rule, and its significance for Serbian nationalism returned to prominence during the break-up of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo War when Slobodan Milošević invoked it during an important speech.

Page 8: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

~Ottoman Rule for 500+ years~Ottoman Rule for 500+ years

~Incentives to convert to Islam~Incentives to convert to Islam

~Many Albanians did~Many Albanians did

Page 9: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia
Page 10: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia
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Brief History

Page 14: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Yugoslavia

• At the end of World War II (1939-1945), Yugoslavia was renamed a federal republic by the Partisans, a Communist-led, anti-Axis resistance movement.

• Under Josip Broz Tito, founder and leader of the Partisans, Yugoslavia emerged as a faithful copy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), with a dictatorial central government and a state-controlled economy

• Tito broke with the USSR in 1948, and he decentralized the Yugoslav government and gradually eased repression

• Following Tito’s death in 1980, ten years of economic crisis and growing political and ethnic conflicts led to the federation’s disintegration in 1991 and 1992. The breakup was bloody, resulting in civil wars in two successor states, Croatia and Bosnia.

• 1974: Yugoslavian constitution saw Kosovo as autonomous providence within Serbia.

Land of the South Slavs

Page 15: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Leading up to Slobodan• 1947: Albanian Autonomy

– Kosovo: 68% of pop Serbian…

– Albanian HIGH BIRTH RATE! (farmers)

– Serbs leave, Kosovar Albanians MAJORITY!

• 1981: Student riot across Kosovo, demanding republic status… MORE Serb immigration

• 1980’s: Serbs complain of mistreatment by Albanians• 1989: Slobodan Milosevic visits Kosovo battle site

– PROMISES TO END SERBIAN SUFFERING (Kosovo 89% Albanian)

– 1992: He won Presidency in the Republic of Serbia

– 1997- 2000: was elected the President of the Federal Republic of

– Yugoslavia (really… Serbia… They just took on Yugo’s name.

• Genocide of Albanians?

Page 16: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Under Slobodan• Kosovo’s Autonomy revoked by Belgrade• Albanian’s lose jobs to Serbs (100,000)• Mistreatment of Albanians• Massive ethnic tensions

1998: Armed conflict between Serb police and KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army)

100,000’s of Albanians displaced!Kosovo becomes the poorest region in Europe!

(Kosovo War: 1998-1999)

Post 1999-2004 (ish) Serbs became a target of violence and repression in Kosovo

Page 17: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Problems that arise with no Problems that arise with no peace treaty?peace treaty?

• Serb feeling of victimization– “Wait a sec. We saved you in 1389 at the Battle of Kosovo. How quickly you forget.”– We are just NOT appreciated.

• Kosovar Albanian population is driven to Macedonia which has a small Albanian population.– “Where are all you Albanians coming from? Are we going to be a minority?– I smell trouble.

• Kosovo economically depressed and ‘backwards’– Why do you Serbs really want Kosovo anyway?”

• Orthodox Greeks sympathetic to orthodox Serbs– “Harumph. What is NATO up to now?”

• Russia is concerned about the success of insurgents– “If these ones succeed, they will ALL succeed! Never!”

Page 18: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Why would Serbia want Kosovo Why would Serbia want Kosovo Anyway?Anyway?

• Mineral Wealth– In northern Kosovo, near the town of Mitrovica, sits a huge

dilapidated industrial site known as the Trepca mining complex. During the 1980s, it employed 20,000 workers and accounted for 70 percent of all Yugoslavia’s mineral wealth. One economist described Trepca as a “colossal conglomerate composed of more than forty mines, foundries, and subsidiary plants—which [at its height] generated 25 percent of the entire regional industrial production and figured among the principal exporters of the ex-Yugoslavia.” According to the same study, “In the subsoil of Kosovo, one of the richest of Europe, enormous deposits are hidden of lignite, lead, zinc, non-ferric metals, gold, silver and petroleum,” on top of 17 billion tons of coal.

• History– Battle of Kosovo

Page 19: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia
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International Response?

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NATO Involvement

• 9/98: NATO ultimatum to Milosevic to halt crackdown on Albanians

• 12/98-2/99: Peace talks outside Paris between Kosovar Albanian leaders and Serbian Government

• 3/99: Belgrade rejects peace agreement that has been signed by Albanians

• 3/24/99: NATO launches air strike from Italy on targets in Serbia AND Kosovo. Albanians displaced.

• 3/99-6/99: NATO offensive continues. Over 600,000 Albanians flee or driven from province. 500,000 internally displaced.

• 6/99: Interim peace agreement signed, bombings halt. Serb forces withdraw from Kosovo

Page 22: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Past UN Actions• Security Council 1244: 1999

– This resolution made Kosovo a UN protectorate. – Links to other Kosovo Resolutions

• Martti Ahtisaari Plan:– UN diplomat and Former Finnish President– Plan for supervised self-determination for Kosovo.

• EU– Economic impacts– Works to help Kosovo to conform to European Bank standards– Integrate to the Euro?– Has clout: If Serbia was NOT in the EU, and all other Balkan

neighbors were… even Kosovo… would make Serbia second class!

Page 23: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

UN Resolutions

In June 1999, following a 78 day-long NATO campaign, the United Nations was tasked to govern Kosovo through its Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), with an unprecedented sweeping mandate to provide Kosovo with a “transitional administration while establishing and overseeing the development of provisional democratic self-governing institutions to ensure conditions for a peaceful and normal life for all inhabitants in Kosovo.”

In accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1244, UNMIK established an international presence in Kosovo. Over the eight years since, as Kosovo’s Provisional Institutions of Self Government (PISG) were established and gained capacity to assume more responsibilities, UNMIK has moved back from an executive role to one of monitoring and support to local institutions. UNMIK, in its present form, is now into its final chapter before status resolution.

The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is the interim civilian administration in Kosovo, under the authority of the United Nations. The mission was established on 10 June 1999 by Security Council Resolution 1244. Whilst UNMIK still exists, it does so in a minor role following the creation, in December 2008, of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX). EULEX assists and supports the Kosovo authorities in the rule of law area, specifically in the police, judiciary and customs areas.

Page 24: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Options for the Future…• Option 1: Independence

– Demanded by Albanians and Kosovars.

– Rejected by Serbia and Russia

– US has expressed support

– Serbs claim they WILL war to prevent this

– Economic ramifications?

• Option 2: Autonomy within Serbia– Demanded by Serbia (Serbs thinks this is ‘Grand Compromise’)

– Rejected by Albanians

– Russia expressed support

– May lead to Guerrilla/ military action by Albanians

• Option 3: Partition– N. Districts of Kosovo would be part of Serbia, rest independent

– Albanians would lose industrial north

– There are Serb pockets in the south

Page 25: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

Results?Results?As of 11/13/2009As of 11/13/2009

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Serbia and Kosovo Today Kosovo:

Ethnic groups: Albanians 88%, Serbs 7%, other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian)

Religions: Muslim, Serbian Orthodox, Roman Catholic

Languages: Albanian (official), Serbian (official), Bosnian, Turkish, Roma

Independence: 17 February 2008 (from Serbia) EU Report on Kosovo

Serbia Ethnic groups:

Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census)

Religions: Serbian Orthodox 85%, Catholic 5.5%, Protestant 1.1%, Muslim 3.2%, unspecified 2.6%, other, unknown, or atheist 2.6% (2002 census)

Languages: Serbian 88.3% (official), Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census) note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina

Independence: 5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

Page 27: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

More Current EventsMore Current Events

Kosovo unveils Clinton's statue Kosovo independence declaration anniversary

Serbia Pledges Cooperation Before Karadzic Trial

Page 28: UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo Serbia

2. Kosovo authorities continued to act on the basis of the “Constitution of the

Republic of Kosovo” and made a series of public statements requesting UNMIK to

conclude its mission, asserting that Security Council resolution 1244 (1999) is no

longer relevant and that they had no legal obligation to abide by it. Since my last

report to the Security Council (S/2009/149), four additional States have recognized

Kosovo, bringing the total to 60.