unchecked aggression-japan 1922 and 1928: japan signs treaties to respect china’s borders and...
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CHAPTER 30: A SECOND GLOBAL CONFLICT
Unchecked Aggression-Japan 1922 and 1928: Japan signs treaties to respect
China’s borders and renounce war-Great Depression: Japanese blamed government-Military leaders gained support
-Emperor symbol of state-Extreme nationalists
1931: Japan seized Manchuria-Rich in iron and coal-League of Nations protests (No formal action
taken) 1935: Japan invades China
-Take capital in 1937
Unchecked Aggression-Europe Italy and Ethiopia
-Mussolini orders a massive invasion in 1935-Ethiopian emperor appeals to League of Nations
for help, but members did nothing Hitler Defies Versailles
-1933: Germany leaves the League of Nations-1935: Hitler refuses to obey military restrictions
of the Treaty of Versailles-1936: Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland
Appeasement-Policy of giving in to an aggressor to keep peace
Axis Powers-Germany, Italy, and Japan enter into an alliance
in 1936
“The 48 hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking ofmy life. If the French had opposed us then we would have had to withdraw. Our forceswere not strong enough to even put up with moderate resistance.”-Adolf Hitler
“The Spineless Leaders of Democracy”
Pre-War Policies Europe makes Concessions
-Focused on dealing with economic problems at home and wanted to avoid war again United States
-Pursued the policy of isolationism-Political ties to other countries should be avoided
-1935: Congress passed three Neutrality Acts
The German Reich Expands 1937: Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich-Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss or union
between Austria and Germany-Many Austrians supported annexation-1938: Austria annexed into Germany
Sudetenland-Heavily fortified area that protected
Czechoslovakia-Hitler demands annexation of Sudetenland in
1938 Munich Conference
-Hitler could take the Sudetenland, but must respect Czech borders
Hitler and the “Jewish Problem” 1935: The Nuremberg Laws
-Deprived Jews of rights as citizens, limited work, and forbade marriages 1938: Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht)
-Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues Refugees
-Jews realized that violence was inevitable-Attempt to emigrate to other countries-Many countries abruptly closed doors to
immigration Ghettos
-Order to move all Jews to segregated areas
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Non-Aggression Pact
-France and Britain sought help from Soviet Union to stop Hitler
-Stalin secretly negotiates with Hitler
-1939: Germany and Russia agree not to attack one another, divide Poland, and that the USSR gained Baltic territories Hitler demands Danzig
-1939: Hitler moves towards Poland and invades
-War declared
The Conduct of a Second Global War German Offensive
-Blitzkrieg: Quick mobilization of forces led to rapid occupation of territory
-France: Germans occupied northern France and puppet Vichy regime in south Battle of Britain
-German air offensive over Britain-British continuously repel attacks
and Hitler abandons plans for invasion Subjugated Populations
-Provide resources, soldiers, and materials to German war machine
Germany Invades the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa
-Germany invaded in June of 1941-Soviet Union retreated using the scorched-earth
policy-Leningrad under siege for over 900 days
-Germans ultimately defeated by Russian winter at Stalingrad (Begins German retreat)
The Fog of War: Genocide Eastward Progress
-Mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) used on Eastern European Jewish population Final Solution
-Protocol established at Wannsee Conference in 1942
-Systematic killing of Jews and others -Established concentration camps and
death camps
The Rise and Fall of the Japanese: The Pacific Atlantic Charter (1941)
-Secret agreement between U.S. and Britain to uphold free trade and right of people to choose their government Lend-Lease
-Lend or lease arms to any country vital to U.S. Pearl Harbor
-Triggers formal involvement of U.S. in war-Pacific fighting motivated by race
Vulnerability-Japanese on defensive after Pearl Harbor-Alienated most of Europe with imperialism-Large civilian populations in wood and paper dwellings
Island Hopping-Allies quickly gain upper hand in air and sea battles-Regular bombing of Japanese homeland
The Allied Victory Invasion of North Africa and Italy
-Long and embattled campaigns to dislodge Germans D-Day
-1944: Amphibious invasion of Normandy after crossing the English Channel
-Allies break through German defenses and move towards Germany Leyte, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
-Kamikazes-After victory at Okinawa, invasion of Japan was
considered Effects on Civilian Populations
-Regular bombing-Limit of civil rights (Japanese internment camps)-Shortages
Demanding Unconditional Surrender Battle of the Bulge
-After victory, Allies move towards Germany on two fronts
-Hitler commits suicide and leaves Berlin to defend itself Unconditional Surrender (Demanded of Japan and
Germany)-May 7, 1945: Allies accept the unconditional
surrender of Germany on V-E Day-Soviet troops brutalized the German population
The Atomic Bomb Japan Retreats
-1944: Allies closed in on Japanese homeland-Predicted that invasion would have extremely
high human toll-Truman had to decide whether or not to use
atomic bomb Warning
-Truman issued multiple warnings-Drops two atomic bombs on August 6th and 9th
(Hiroshima and Nagasaki)-Japanese surrender on September 2nd
Warning Leaflet Mushroom CloudHeat Ray Burns
Postwar Europe Widespread Damage
-Cities reduced to rubble from bombing
-Displaced persons and refugees
-Agriculture ravaged and transportation systems destroyed Postwar Government
-Communist Party membership increased (Decline when recovery achieved) Nuremberg Trials
-IMT: Nazis tried for “war crimes” and “crimes against humanity”*
-Denazification
Postwar Japan Occupation
-U.S. occupation of Japan (Gen. Douglas MacArthur)
-Demilitarization: Disband Japanese armed forces-Democratization: Create a government elected
by the people-Broaden land ownership and increase political
participation of workers and farmers Constitution
-Emperor no longer divine (Figurehead)-Restore the Diet-Bill of Rights
*Japan and America became allies in postwar world*
Allies Become Enemies
Yalta Conference (February 1945)-U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union met in Yalta-Agree to divide Germany into zones of
occupation controlled by Allied military forces-Germany would pay Soviet Union
-In return, Stalin promised to join Allies against Japan and that Eastern Europe would have free elections
The United Nations United Nations
-Founded in June of 1945-International peace-keeping organization
Founding Charter-Established the General Assembly
-Each UN member votes-Security Council
-Power to investigate and settle disputes Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
-Formal document that recognized human rights globally