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UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
la. REPOFIT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE
4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)
NORDA Technical Note 370
6. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity
6c. ADDRESS (City. SIsle, and ZIP Code)
Ocean Science Directorate NSTL, Mississippi 39529-5004
8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity
8t), OFFICE SYMBOL (It applicable)
8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
Ocean Science Directorate NSTL, Mississippi 39529-5004
lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS
None 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)
NORDA Technical Note 370
7a, NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION
Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity
7b, ADDRESS (City. Stale, and ZIP Code)
Ocean Science Directorate NSTL, Mississippi 39529-5004
9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NOS
PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
61153N
PROJECT NO
3205, 3208
11, TITLE (Include Security Classilication)
Inverted Echo Sounder Data Near the New England Seamounts 1985-1986 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)
Zachariah R. Hallock and William J. Teague
TASK NO.
3G0, 3H0
WORK UNIT NO.
13217E/132 37D/13317G 13217J/132 37F/13317V
13a TYPE OF REPORT
Final 13b. TIME COVERED
From To .
14. DATE OF REPORT (Yr.. Mo., Day)
September 1987 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION
15. PAGE COUNT
165
COSATI CODES
FIELD SUB GR
18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse il necessary and identity by block number)
GEOSAT, topography, satellite, echo sounders, AXBT probes, thermociine depth, moored instrumentation, LORAN
19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse il necessary end identity by block number)
A major component of the field activities for the Northwest Atlantic Regional Energetics Experiment (REX) is focused on collecting and analyzing data from inverted echo sounders (lESs). These instruments provide information concerning the height of the sea surface, as well as information concerning move- ment of the Gulf Stream and mesoscale features in the REX area. In this report the collection, process- ing, and preliminary analysis of the lES data and the associated ship expendable bathythermograph and conductivity-temperature-depth data are described, and various plots are presented. These data are generally of good quality and constitute a significant contribution to our understanding of Gulf Stream dynamics.
20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED Z SAME AS RPT DTIC USERS _
22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL
Zachariah R. Hallock
21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Unclassified 22b TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include Area Code)
(601) 688-5242
22c. OFFICE SYMBOL
Code 331
DD FORM 1473, 83 APR EDITION OF 1 JAN 73 IS OBSOLETE. UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
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mmnf R^sE^GH nmms dmsm MAVAl POSTGRADUATE StHOOi
Naval Ocean Research and iNORDA^chnical Note-370 ^^T^f^o. [fpten^ber, 1987 '
Inverted Echo Sounder Data Near the New England Seamounts 1985-1986
u^Zachariah R. Hallock William J. league
Oceanography Division Ocean Science Directorate
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Mississippi 39529-5004.
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Executive Summary
A major component of the field activities for the Northwest Atlantic Regional Energetics Experiment (REX) is focused on collecting and analyzing data from inverted echo sounders (lESs). These instruments provide information concerning the height of the sea surface, as well as information concerning movement of the Gulf Stream and mesoscale features in the REX area. In this report the collection, processing, and preliminary analysis of the lES data and the associated ship expendable bathythermograph and conductivity- temperature-depth data are described, and various plots are presented. These data are generally of good quality and constitute a significant contribution to our understanding of Gulf Stream dynamics.
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Acknowledgments
Field instruction and assistance, provided by Dr. Randy Watts, Mr. Gerry Chaplin, and Mr. Mike Mulroney of the University of Rhode Island in the deployment and recovery of inverted echo sounders, were invaluable and are greatly appreciated. Support from Mr. Steve Sova and Mr. Richard Myrick of NORDA, Mr. Lou Banchero, formerly of NORDA, and Dr. Laury Miller of NOAA NGS are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are extended to the crew of the U.S.N.S. Bartlett, who made this data collection effort possible. Data reduction and plotting were primarily done by Ms. Jan Dastugue of Plan- ning Systems, Incorporated. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under Program Element 61153N, Dr. H. C. Eppert, Jr., Program Manager, as part of the basic research project. Ocean Dynamics from Altimetry.
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Contents
Introduction
Background
Instrument Description
lES Data Processing
CTD Data Collection and Processing
XBT Data Collection and Processing
Discussion lES Temperatures lES Pressures lES Travel Times CTD Profiles XBT Profiles
References
1
1
2
2
3
3.
3 3 5 5 6 6
111
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Inverted Echo Sounder Data Near the New England Seamounts 1985-1986
Introduction Developing a suitable satellite system for the global
observation of the world's oceans is rapidly becoming a major thrust within the oceanographic research and development communities. Much of this effort within the U.S. Navy is appropriately focused upon mission planning for the Navy satellite systems scheduled for launch during the next decade. A major focal point for interim activity, however, is the U.S. Navy GEOdesy SATelhte, launched in March 1985, and the associated Northwest Atlantic Regional Energetics Experiment (REX) (Mitchell et al., 1985). The REX represents the first concurrent application of several developing oceanographic techniques. The goal is to increase the fundamental, process-oriented knowledge of the dynamics and energetics of the Gulf Stream and associated rings. The major experiment (Fig. 1) centers around the analysis of:
• topographic data from the U.S. Navy GEOSAT; • long time series of sea surface and thermocline
fluctuations collected via arrays of Inverted Echo Sounders with Pressure Gauges (lES/PG);
• extensive Airborne Expendable Bathythermograph (AXBT) surveys;
• regional eddy-resolving numerical model results (using much of the data as model input and as a means of refining model dynamics).
Field activities for the REX focus on collecting and analyzing data from regional AXBT surveys (using the Naval Research Laboratory's P-3 aircraft) and from arrays of bottom-moored lES/PGs deployed slightly up- and downstream of the New England Seamount Chain (Mitchell and Hallock, 1984). Figure 2 shows the arrays of lES/PGs, which were deployed by NORDA across the mean axis of the Gulf Stream in June 1985, and were recovered in July 1986 during a joint NORDA-University of Rhode Island (URI) effort. Of the 13 NORDA instruments, 12 were suc- cessfully recovered (one instrument not recovered was located, but would not release its anchor) along with 10 URI lESs. Another NORDA lES deployment is scheduled for the same region in August 1987. Thus far, four AXBT surveys have been made: May, August, and December 1985 (Mitchell et al., 1987; Teague et al., 1987; Hallock et al., 1987), and
December 1986 (report in progress). Additional AXBT surveys are planned during 1987-1988. This report describes the lES data and the complementary ship- acquired data in detail.
Background The capability to monitor and describe fluctuations
in oceanic mesoscale features, such as the Gulf Stream and associated rings and eddies, is essential for understanding the evolution of such features. Tradi- tionally, this has been accomphshed with hydrographic surveys which are limited to relatively short time inter- vals with current meter moorings that are expensive and exclude the upper layers of the ocean in high- energy regions. More recently, satellite infrared imagery has provided series of s>Tioptic pictures of sea- surface temperature where major mesoscale features can often be seen in great detail. The latter technique sees only the surface signature; however, experience has shown that sea-surface temperature often provides a distorted picture of dynamically significant features and, in some cases, fails to see them at all.
In the past decade an elegant, new technique for obtaining time series of changes in first-mode baroclinic features has evolved as the inverted echo sounder (lES). The lES is a bottom-moored, upward-looking echo sounder, which records time series of round-trip acoustic travel time (TT) to the sea surface. The entire mooring configuration is compact, weighs about 250 lb in air, and extends 2 m above the bottom. Changes in the thermal structure of the intervening water col- umn (i.e., raising or lowering of the thermocline) and, to a lesser extent, changes in sea-surface height, result in changes in TT. Changes in the depth of the ther- mocline are indicative of movement of such mesoscale ocean features, as eddies or current meanders.
The method of acoustically monitoring the depth of the thermocline was first proposed by H. T. Rossby (1969). The first scientific use of the lES was related by Watts and Rossby (1977). Many experiments using lESs have subsequently been undertaken by Watts and his associates.
Until about 1983, lESs were obtainable through URI but were not commercially available. Subse- quently, the Sea Data Corporation (SDC) of Newton,
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Massachusetts, became the first to offer the lES to the general oceanographic community. NORDA made the first major purchase of 15 units in 1984, which were used in a field program in the eastern Gulf Stream region (Mitchell et al., 1985). The lESs procured by NORDA also incorporate precision pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and ambient noise receivers to provide additional data with TT.
The lES is moored with an expendable anchor that is jettisoned by an acoustically operated release mechanism. In principle, lES deployment and recovery procedures are similar to those used for current-meter moorings. The moorings, however, are usually much larger than an lES, so fewer current-meter mooring deployments (e.g., 1-5) than lES deployments are feasible for a given cruise. Consequently, many lESs can be deployed or recovered on a single cruise (up to about 25), since deployment requires only about 1 hour and recovery about 3 hours. Deployment and recovery procedures are discussed by Teague and Hallock (1987). The analysis and interpretation of lES observations are discussed elsewhere (Hallock, 1987; Watts and Rossby, 1977).
Instrument Description The Sea Data Model 1665 IBS (Fig. 3) weighs about
150 lb in air; the anchor adds about 100 lb. The lES electronics package is housed in a 17-inch-diameter glass sphere near the top of the fiberglass shroud. Addi- tional flotation (a 13-inch sphere) is located in the lower part. The anchor line (!4-inch nylon braid) is shackled to several links of stainless steel chain, which is, in turn, secured to a hinged pin in an assembly (known as a release block) on the bottom of the shroud. Electrical connections run through the large sphere to the release block and to the transducer, which is located on the top of the shroud. When deployed, the lES floats about 1 m above the bottom with its transducer pointed upward. Tethered to the protective bale around the transducer, a 10-inch glass sphere floats about 10 m above the lES. The 10-inch sphere contains a radio beacon and strobe, which are activated whenever the sphere is rotated from its deployed position. During normal operation, the lES samples pressure, temperature, ambient noise, and a burst of up to 24 travel times over a period of several minutes during each samphng interval (e.g., 1 hour).
The 1665 lES uses the Paroscientific 10,000 psi DIGIQUARTZ quartz pressure sensor for extreme pressure accuracy and resolution. The pressure chan- nel measures with a resolution of about 1:1,000,000 (0.01 psi or about 0.6 mb). Ambient noise is measured through a single WOTAN (Weather Observation Through Ambient Noise) channel at 10 kHz. Temperature is measured with a 0.1 °C interchangeable thermistor, which has an overall accuracy of 0.15°C and a resolution of about 0.0007°C.
lES Data Processing lES data are internally recorded on cassette tapes.
These tapes are normally removed from the instrument at sea. At NORDA, data are transferred in hexidecimal format from the tapes to disk files on the Code 331 VAX 11/750 via the communications program VAX- NET in conjunction with an SDC Asynchronous Reader Interface (ARI) connected to an SDC Model 12B Reader. Engineering data, recorded every 4 hours, are then separated from the lES data record. Engineer- ing data include system voltages, currents, and other information useful for tracking the performance of the lES. The ASCII-encoded hexidecimal data are decoded and stored in a disk file in VFEB format, a standard format used by the Physical Oceanography Branch at NORDA. Each sample in this raw, unedited file con- sists of 28 variables: time, pressure, temperature, ambi- ent noise, and 24 travel times. Appropriate cahbrations are applied and the results written to another VFEB file consisting of five variables for each sample: time, pressure, temperature, ambient noise, and a single travel time.
For the data described in this report, single travel times were computed from three consecutive bursts (72 realizations) using the mode of the Rayleigh distribu- tion (Watts and Rossby, 1977). Using three bursts instead of one reduced much of the noise in the data, which resulted from a travel-time detector problem that caused an abnormally high number of late or missed echoes (this detector problem is now believed to be fixed, but has not been field tested).
Pressure and temperature data were relatively clean and were despiked using a first difference test. Eight primary tidal constituents (Ol, Kl, Ql, PI, M2, K2, N2, and S2) were then subtracted from the pressure series. Resulting detided pressure data were then plot- ted, and any remaining pressure spikes were manually removed from the original pressure series. Amplitudes and phases of each tidal constituent provided a cross check on the absolute time attached to each record. To determine the long-term sensor drift, an exponen- tial function was fitted to the low-pass filtered pressure series. The resulting exponential trend was subtracted from the unfiltered series.
Travel-time records contained noisy segments, which were identified by examining high-pass-filtered travel- time data. Questionable points and segments were removed from the original series.
Calibration and utility of the ambient noise measurements are uncertain at this time. No further reference is made to the ambient noise measurements in this report.
Final processed data are stored in VFEB format. Plots of the lES pressure, temperature, and travel time are presented in Figures 4-15, 16-27, and 28-39, respectively. Times and positions of the lES/PGs are given in Table 1.
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Table 1. Times and positions of the lES/PGs.
lES No. Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Depth (m)
Deployed Recovered
IES85001 390 13.9' 067=28.5' 3580 30 May 85 10 July 86 IES85002 38°48.6' IES85003 38°36.0' IES85004 38''09.9' IES85005 37''57.7'
067°33.3' 067O02.8' 067O09.9' 066O39.3'
4125 4465 4620 4765
30 May 85 10 July 86 31 May 85 11 July 86 31 May 85 11 July 86 1 June 85 11 July 86
IES85006 37°31.7' 066°47.6' 4910 1 June 85 12 July 86 IES85007 37°18.0' 066017.3' IES85008 Not Recovered
4950 1 June 85 11 July 86
IES85009 40°23.4' 057040.4' 5125 3 June 85 4 July 86 IES85010 40=01.3' IES85011 39°40.0'
058=01.1' 057°38.8'
5140 5180
4 June 85 3 July 86 4 June 85 30 June 86
IES85012 39°18.1' 057°59.7' 5170 4 June 85 30 June 86 IES85013 38058.5' 057=27.8' 5200 5 June 85 29 June 86
Table 2. Locations and times of casts.
CTD No.
Julian Day
Time (Z)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m)
1001 150 0436 39=19.3' 67=28.7' 1213 2002 151 0403 38047.4' 67=33.9' 2007 3003 151 1125 38037.5' 67=2.2' 2001 4004 151 1910 39=9.0' 67=2.2' 712 7005 152 1409 37=19.1' 66=17.5' 2998 8006 154 1752 40=45.3' 57=59.8' 2013 9007 154 2343 40=24.3' 57=41.1' 2054
10008 155 0545 4001.2' 57059.2' 693 11009 155 1118 39=39.7' 57=36.1' 1994 12010 155 1813 39=16.9' 57=58.6' 2008 13011 155 2212 38=57.4' 57=39.7' 1987 4012 159 2142 38=12.5' 67=5.9' 1483
CTD Data Collection and Processing CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) data were
acquired only during the deployment cruise. Location of the CTD stations is shown in Figure 40. A Neil Brown Instrument System, Inc. (NBIS) Mark III CTD unit was used for profiling conductivity and tempera- ture versus pressure. Data were acquired at approx- imately 30 Hz as the CTD underwater unit was lowered at about 60 m/min. Data were recorded in full on nine- track digital tape and analog (audio) tape, and at about one sample'per meter on diskette. Temperature, con- ductivity, and salinity profiles were plotted for all stations aboard ship for quality control.
Salinities of water samples obtained with a rosette sampler were determined using a Guildline salinometer according to the practical salinity scale 1978 algorithm (Lewis, 1980). CTD-obtained salinities, which were 0.018 psu lower than the salinities obtained from the water samples, were corrected accordingly. Accuracies of about 0.005 psu in salinity, 0.005 °C in temperature, and 5 dbar in pressure are claimed.
Final data processing was performed at NORDA on the Physical Oceanography Branch's VAX 11/750 computer. All data were processed from the analog tapes because the digital tape recorder had a faulty buffer. Data processing consisted of editing, calibrat- ing, matching temperature and conductivity response times, low-pass filtering and reducing to 1-m vertical levels, and computing derived quantities (salinity, den- sity, Brunt-Vaisala frequency, and sound speed). A three-point matching filter (Fofonoff et al., 1974) with a time constant of 60 msec was used to compensate for the difference in response time between temperature and conductivity sensors. Some salinity spiking still exists in strong gradient regions. Both raw and final processed data are stored in VFEB format.
Graphs of the data (at 1-m levels) are presented in Figures 41-52 for quality assessment and analyses. Locations and times of the casts are given in Table 2.
XBT Data Collection and Processing During the lES deployment cruise, XBT data
(Fig. 53) were acquired with Sippican T-7 probes using a microcomputer (Hewlett-Packard 9825T) data acqui- sition system developed at NORDA (Holland et al., 1980). This system digitizes and records temperatures at 20 Hz for 2.5 minutes, which corresponds to a pro- file at a depth of about 950 m. Immediately following each drop, the data are recorded on cassette tape, and temperature is plotted versus depth.
During the lES recovery cruise, XBT data (Fig. 54) were acquired again with Sippican T-7 probes; however, a Bathy Systems data acquisition system using a Hewlett-Packard 85 computer was used. This system digitizes and records temperatures at 10 Hz to a depth of about 900 m. Similarly, following each drop, the data are recorded on cassette tape, and temperature is plotted versus depth.
Final data processing was performed at NORDA on the VAX 11/750 computer. All data were transferred from the cassettes to disk files on the VAX. The data were then converted to physical units (meters and degrees Celsius), edited for spikes, and processed to 2-m levels. Manufacturer's standard conversion for- mulas were used to convert the voltage to temperature, and the time to depth. Raw data and final processed data are stored in VFEB format. Plots of the data are presented in Figures 55-104 for the lES deployment cruise and in Figures 105-139 for the lES recovery cruise. Times and locations of the drops are given for the deployment cruise in Table 3 and for the recovery cruise in Table 4.
Discussion lES Temperatures
The IBS temperature records exhibit significant variability about their averages, which range from 2.14 to 2.39°C. The root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude
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Table 3. Times and locations of drops for the deployment cruise.
XBT No.
Julian Day
Time (Z)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m)
1 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
150 151 151 151 151 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 154 155 155 155 155 155 155
Begin Section 22 156 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156
End Section 1 Begin Section
33 156 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49
156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156
End Section 2 50 156 51 52 53 54
156 157 157 157
2129 1351 1506 2057 2212 0120 0319 0428 0740 0910 1015 1410 2032 0247 0801 0812 1408 2003 2056
0300 0330 0400 0430 0500 0530 0600 0630 0700 0730 0800
0945 1015 1045 1115 1145 1215 1245 1315 1345 1415 1445 1515 1545 1619 1645 1715
1800 2100 0000 0202 0401
39=14.1' 38°29.0' 38°17.9' 38°9.0' 38°6.5' 37''58.4' 37°50.0' 37040.5' 37°32.6' Z7°27.T 37»22.1' 37'>18.6' 40°33.7' 40° 11.7' 39''50.0' 39°48.3' 39''29.2' 39''11.0' 39°4.0'
38''58.4' 38''54.8' 38°49.3' 38°46.6' 38°42.6' 38°38.2' 38''33.7' 38"'29.3' 38°24.8' 38°20.5' 38"'16.9'
38°19.2' 38°23.8' 38028.7' 38°33.5' 38''38,5' 38°43.3' 38°48.2' 38°52.9' 38°57.6' 39=2,5' 39''7.0' 39°11.8' 39° 16.4' 39°21.8' 39°26.3' 39°30.7'
39°29.5' 39°22.1' 39°16.1' 39°13.7' 39''14.8'
67''27.7' 67''4.8' 67'='6.3' 67°0.6' 66045.0' 66°39.8' 66''43.5' 66»45.5' 66''47.3' 66°36.0' 66°26.6' 66°17.3' 57050.2' 57052.9' 57°51.5' 57050.2' 57048.4' 57053.8' 57046.5'
57021.2' 57°21.5' 57022.4' 57022.9' 57°24.0' 57025.4' 57027.1' 57029.O' 57°30.8' 57°32.6' 57035.6'
57055.2' 57055.7' 57056.3' 57°56.6' 57°56.8' 57056.5' 57055.9' 57055.2' 57054.6' 57054.6' 57054.5' 57054.5' 57054.6' 57054.6' 57054.5' 57054.5'
58O2.0' 58037.5' 59015.5' 59040.5' 59053.7'
800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800 800 800 800 800
XBT Julian Time Latitude Longitude Cast No. Day (Z) (N) (W) Depth (m)
55 157 0602 39°15.1' 60=31.7' 800 56 157 0800 39016.0' 60=56.9' 800 57 157 1000 39012.0' 61=20.4' 800 58 157 1200 3904.6' 61=38.5' 800 59 157 1500 38058.3' 62O0.8' 800 60 157 1729 38047.2' 6204.9' 800 61 157 1931 38038.3' 6207.6' 800 62 157 2138 38°30.7' 62=13.8' 800 63 158 0000 38025.6' 62=21.3' 800 64 158 0300 38O22.0' 62=30.5' 800 65 158 0307 38O20.4' 62=31.0' 800 67 158 0900 38=8.3' 62=53.7' 800 68 158 1202 38=7.3' 63=9.2' 800 69 158 1501 38=10.3' 63=32.2' 800 70 158 1800 33012.6' 63=54.6' 800 71 158 2100 38012.5' 64=16.8' 800 72 159 0000 38022.3' 64=35.5' 800 73 159 0300 38=33.7' 64=53.8' 800 74 159 0600 38029.2' 65=27.6' 800 75 159 0901 38021.6' 65=47.7' 800 76 159 1200 38019.7' 66=12.6' 800 77 159 1500 38=21.2' 66=37.8' 800
Begin Section 3 78 159 1948 38O20.6' 67=9.2' 800 80 159 2042 38015.1' 67=9.8' 800 81 159 2128 38=10.1' 67=10.2' 800 82 160 0102 38=5.0' 67=4.3' 800 83 160 0146 37=59.9' 67=5.6' 800 84 160 0229 37=55.0' 67=2.6' 800 85 160 0311 37=50.0' 66=59.6' 800 86 160 0352 37045.O' 66=57.2' 800 87 160 0443 37040.0' 66=53.9' 800 89 160 0547 37=33.3' 66=49.0' 800
Begin Section 4 90 160 0632 37=32.1' 66=46.6' 800
End Section 3 91 160 0746 37=38.8' 66=40.0' 800 92 160 0831 37043.8' 66=33.9' 800 93 160 0902 37048.5' 66=34.1' 800 94 160 0946 37053.1' 66=38.4' 800 95 160 1018 37=58.0' 66=40.0' 800 96 160 1047 38=3.0' 66=41.2' 800 97 160 1118 38=8.0' 66=42.5' 800 98 160 1150 38=13.4' 66=45.0' 800 99 160 1230 38=18.0' 66=47.7' 800 100 160 1302 38=22.7' 66=48.4' 800 101 160 1347 38=27.9' 66=51.4' 800 102 160 1505 38=33.1' 66=59.1' 800 103 160 1635 38=38.0' 67=7.2' 800 104 160 1807 38=42.7' 67=21.5' 800 106 160 2033 38=49.4' 67=35.2' 800 107 160 2046 38=49.9' 67=36.8' 800 End Section 4
about the mean ranges from 0.012 to 0.04°C. With the exception of lESOOl the amplitudes are similar. They are slightly higher in the eastern array (IES009- IES013) than in the western array. The most energetic
fluctuations in temperature appear to be several-day events interposed with relatively quiescent periods. lESOOl, however, shows about a three-fold increase in amplitude over the other records in the western
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Table 4. Times and locations of the drops for the recovery cruise.
XBT Julian Time Latitude Longitude Cast No. Day (Z) (N) (W) Depth (m)
1 172 1400 35°31,6' 73=23.1' 499 2 172 1415 35 ='31.8' 73=23.7' 793 3 174 0019 37°33.6' 70=58.0' 793 4 174 0214 37°48.7' 70=40.5' 793 5 174 0435 38''9.2' 70=25.5' 793 6 174 0744 38''0.5' 70=23.3' 485 7 174 0846 37°53.9' 70=16.5' 793 8 174 1130 37°47.4' 70=10.8' 793 9 174 1423 37''39.8' 70=6.2' 793
10 174 1526 37=31.7' 70=5.1' 793 11 174 1628 37°24.1' 70=0.6' 793 13 174 2248 37°9.8' 69=53.7' 285
113 174 2250 37°9.8' 69=53.7' 793 14 175 1632 37°31.0' 71=22.0' 793 15 175 1823 37°43,4' 71=29.3' 793 16 175 2030 37=54.5' 71=33.1' 793 17 176 0048 37°57.0' 71=52.5' 793 18 176 0259 38=5.0' 72=6.0' 793 19 177 1552 36=56,0' 71=52.8' 793 20 177 2100 36=58.3' 70=42.4' 793 21 178 0125 36=55.9' 69=45.0' 793 22 178 0433 36=41.1' 69=36.8' 793 23 178 0748 36=25.9' 69=29.2' 793 24 178 1346 37=0.5' 69=1.1' 793 25 178 2230 37=30.8' 67=37.2' 793 26 179 0121 37=46.4' 66=53.4' 793 27 179 0331 37=50.8' 66=20.2' 793 28 179 0520 37=56.7' 65=49.4' 793 29 179 0924 38=17.6' 64=39.6' 793 30 179 1330 38=38.6' 63=37.8' 793 31 179 1730 38=53.5' 62=43.1' 793 33 179 2129 39=12.7' 61=51.3' 793 34 179 2333 39=18.6' 61=25.6' 793 35 180 0303 39=21.5' 60=37.2' 793 36 180 0705 39=19.5' 59=32,2' 793
XBT Julian Time Latitude Longitude Cast No. Day (Z) (N) (W) Depth (m)
37 180 1105 39=11.4' 58=21.9' 793 38 180 1712 38=57.1' 57=28.4' 793 39 181 0000 39=7.4' 57=44.1' 793 40 181 0243 39=18.0' 57=59.8' 793 41 181 0618 39=28.5' 57=45.3' 793 42 181 0725 39=39.7' 57=38.0' 793 43 182 0821 39=27.3' 57=45.9' 793 44 182 1807 39=43.0' 57=59.1' 793 45 182 1910 39=34,0' 57=54.8' 793 46 182 2016 39=25,0' 57=50.0' 793 47 182 2126 39=15,7' 57=48.0' 793 48 182 2237 39=6,4' 57=42.4' 793 49 184 0329 40=1,9' 58=1.6' 129 149 184 0331 40=1,9' 58=1.6' 793 50 184 1415 40=1,6' 58=0.6' 219 51 184 1423 40=1,7' 58=0.7' 793 52 184 2356 40=44,8' 58=0.4' 539 53 185 0834 40=24.0' 57=41.0' 793 54 191 1605 39=21.7' 67=41.3' 793 55 191 1814 39=13.5' 67=28.0' 793 56 191 2136 39=0.9' 67=34.3' 793 57 191 2248 38=48.6' 67=33.1' 793 58 192 0203 38=42.0' 67=16,6' 793 59 192 0322 38=35.9' 67=2,4' 793 60 192 0735 38=15.5' 67=6,9' 793 61 192 0828 38=9.6' 67=8,3' 793 62 192 1126 38=5.3' . 66=54,5' 793 63 192 1245 37=58.1' 66=39,7' 793 64 192 1940 37=18.0' 66=17.6' 793 65 193 0053 37=31.7' 66=47.8' 793 66 193 1629 37=34.1' 69=17.7' 793 67 193 2129 37=55.5' 69=22.2' 793 68 194 0022 38=5.9' 69=32.5' 793 69 194 1222 37=6.5' 70=26.5' 405 70 194 1232 37=5.8' 70=27.7' 793
array. The increase may be associated with bottom topography at this location.
lES Pressures Semidiurnal and diurnal tidal components, with
amphtudes of about 1 dbar, dominate the unfiltered pressure series (Figs. 4-15). After removal of periods shorter than about 40 hours, variability of several days to several weeks prevails (Figs. 140-151). In several records (e.g., IES004) seasonal-to-annual trends appear; these trends are questionable, since they are of the same time scale as the sensor drift described above. Several energetic events appear (e.g., IES006 near days 345 and 535), which were at first suspect. The nearly simultaneous occurrence of such features near the start of records IES009 and lESOlO suggests that they are real, but that their cause is not clear. The weekly to monthly excursions are most hkely associ- ated with barotropic mesoscale changes. Low-level (0.05-0.10 dbar), three- to five-day oscillations
throughout the presssure records may be associated with atmospheric events.
lES Travel Times The dominant signal in the travel times is the
baroclinic mesoscale variability. This signal is caused primarily by the meandering of the Gulf Stream and the passage of rings and eddies. Also evident are tidal frequency fluctuations with amplitudes of about 10% of that of the mesoscale signal. During a number of periods of up to two days' duration, no good echoes were received, resulting in broad spikes (e.g., lESOOl near day 475). Since some of these spikes appear simultaneously in two or more adjacent records, they are probably the result of elevated noise levels during storms. These erroneous data are to be manually edited prior to analysis. The general character of the meso- scale variability seen in the travel-time records indicates vigorous Gulf Stream meandering over the entire domain of the lES arrays.
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CTD Profiles During the 1985 deployment, attempts were made
to acquire CTD data at each lES site. The first three digits of the station coincide with the lES that has the same number. Wind and current conditions prevented successful casts at sites 5, 6, and 10 (a successful cast is one to a depth of at least 1200 m). The data that were acquired are of good quahty, despite some prob- lems during processing. Its primary use will be in lES calibration.
XBT Profiles During the 1985 deployment, 100 good XBT pro-
files were acquired. Some of these profiles were used to locate the Gulf Stream and did not necessarily form part of a planned pattern. Some XBT drops were made at the lES sites to complement or to substitute for the CTD casts. Two continuous transects of the axis of the Gulf Stream were made in each of the two deploy- ment areas. The drop separation was about 9 km and the sections were about 100 km long. The data from these four transects were contoured and appear as sec- tions 1-4 (Figs. 152-155). Each shows the Gulf Stream, and dynamic computations imply a surface geostrophic current of about 200 cm/sec, which is consistent with ship-drift observations.
During the 1986 recovery cruise 70 good XBT profiles were acquired. Virtually all were for lES calibration and for Gulf Stream location, and no extensive transects were made. In addition to their primary purposes as stated, XBT observations from both cruises will be used to enhance regional statistics of hydrographic variability.
References Fofonoff, N. P., S. P. Hayes, and R. D. Millard,
Jr. (1974). WHOI/Neil Brown CTD Microprofiler: Methods of Calibration and Data Handling. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Technical Report WHOI 74-89.
Hallock, Z. R. (in press). Regional Characteristics for Interpreting Inverted Echo Sounder (lES) Obser- vations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 4 (2), pp. 298-304.
Hallock, Z. R., W. J. Teague, J. L. Mitchell, and J. M. Dastugue (1987). REX AXRl Data in the North- west Atlantic, December 1985. Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Mississippi, NORDA Report 198.
Holland, C. R., R. T. Miles, and R. A. Brown (1982). Operation and Maintenance Manual for the Expendable Probes Data Acquisition System. Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Mississippi, NORDA Technical Note 127.
Lewis, E. L. (1980). The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and Its Antecedents. IEEE, Journal of Oceanic Engineering OE-5 pp. 3-8.
Mitchell, J. L. and Z. R. Hallock (1984). Plans for Oceanography from the U.S. Navy GEOSAT. Proceedings of the Pacific Congress on Marine Technology (PACON '84), April 24-27, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Mitchell, J. L., Z. R. Hallock, and J. D. Thomp- son (1983). The REX and the U.S. Navy GEOSAT. Naval Research Reviews, Office of Naval Research, Three/1985, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 16-23.
Mitchell, J. L., W. J. Teague, and Z. R. Hallock (1987). REX AXBT Data in the Northwest Atlantic, May 1985, Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Mississippi, NORDA Report 196.
Rossby, H. T. (1969). On Monitoring Depth Varia- tions of the Main Thermocline Acoustically. Journal of Geophysical Research 74:5542-5546.
Teague, W. J., Z. R. Hallock, J. L. Mitchell, and J. M. Dastugue (in press). REX AXBT Data in the Northwest Atlantic, August 1985. Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Missis- sippi, NORDA Report 197.
Teague, W. J. and Z. R. Hallock (in press). Deployment and Recovery Procedures for Inverted Echo Sounders, Naval Ocean Research and Devel- opment Activity, NSTL, Mississippi, NORDA Technical Note 366.
Watts, D. R. and H. T. Rossby (1977). Measuring Dynamic Heights with Inverted Echo Sounders: Results from MODE. Journal of Physical Oceanography 7:345-358.
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Figure 1. Artist's concept of the mV Atlantic Regional Energetics Experiment (REX). The major components of the REX are sea surface topography provided by the U.S. Navy GEOSAT, field data collected from bottom-moored Inverted Echo Sounders with Pressure Gauges (JES/PG) and regional AXBT surveys, and extensive regional numerical modeling studies.
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STATION 001001 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5
1 25
1 255
1 26 26.5 27
1 1 1 27.5
1 28
1 28.5
1 29
1
34 1
345 1
35 1
35.5 i
SALINITY (PSU) 36 36.5 37
1 1 1 37.5
1 38
1 38.5
1 39
1
300 n
600-
900-
g 1200
^ 1500-
W 1800- Pi
2100
2400-
2700^
3000
6 TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 9 12 15 18 21 24
Figure 41. CTD profile plot.
47
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STATION 002002 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
i : \ \ 1 I I \ 1 I I
^ 1500
in in W 1800
2700
3000
SALINITY (PSU) 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
I \ \ \ \ I I I I \ I
TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
Figure 42. CTD profile plot.
48
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STATION 003003 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24
1 24.5
1 25
1 25.5
1 26 26.5 27
1 1 1 27.5
1 28
1 28.5
1 29
1
34 1
34.5 1
35 1
35,5 1
SALINITY (PSU) 36 36.5 37
1 1 1 37.5
1 38
1 38.5
1 39
1
0
< CQ Q
300
600
900
1200-
2 1500- D GO m tJ 1800H
2100-
2400-
2700
3000
3 TEMPERATURE (DEG C)
6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 I
30
Figure 43. CTD profile plot.
49
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STATION 004004 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24
1 24.5
1 25 25.5
1 26 26.5 27
1 1 1 27.5
1 28
1 28.5
1 29
1
34 1
34,5 1
35 1
35.5 1
SALINITY (PSU) 36 36.5 37
1 1 1 37.5
1 38
1 38.5 39
1
300
600
900
^ 1200-
to g 1500-
m m tJ 1800•
OH
2100-
2400-
2700-
3000-
TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
Figure 44. CTD profile plot.
50
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STATION 007005 CRUISE 130785
K 1500- D m U 1800H
a.
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
I ^ 1 ^ 1 I \ \ \ \ I
SALINITY (PSU) \ 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
I 1 1 1 \ \ \ I I I I
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
J \ \ I \ L
3000
Figure 45. CTD profile plot.
51
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STATION 008006 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
I 1 \ 1 I I I I I 1 I
SALINITY (PSU) 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
I J i 1 I I I I I I I
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
0-1 1 ^ 1 ,^-J 1 U ^ I L
300-
600
900
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2100
2400-
2700
3000
Figure 46. CTD profile plot.
52
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STATION 009007 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27
I \ i \ I I L_
^ 1500- D
U^ 1800
CX
2700
3000
27.5 28 28.5 29
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SALINITY (PSU) 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
1 \ I \ I I _L
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 9 12 15 18 21 24 -L
15 L
21 27
Figure 47. CTD profile plot.
53
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STATION 010008 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
I i 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I
SALINITY (PSU) M 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
1 1 1 1 \ I I I \ I I
0
300-
600
900-
m 1200H
0^ 1500- D CO CO U 1800-
a, . 2100-
2400-
2700-
3000-^
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 24 27 30
Figure 48. CTD profile plot.
54
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STATION 011009 CRUISE 130785
0
300
600-
900-
m 1200H
W K 1500- D
W 1800H
2100-
2400-
2700-
3000
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28 5 29
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SALINITY (PSU) 34: 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38 5 39
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TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 1
30
Figure 49. CTD profile plot.
55
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STATION 012010 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
I \ 1 \ I i i I I I I
SALINITY (PSU) 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
I \ 1 \ I I I I I I I
0
300-
600-
900 H
m 1200H
s Q^ 1500 •
K 1800-
2100-
2400-
2700-
3000
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 24
I 27 30
Figure 50. CTD profile plot.
56
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STATION 013011 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T i 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
0
300-
600-
900 H
•^ 1200- Q,
S 1500-
CO tJ 1800
2100-
2400
2700-
3000
SALINITY (PSU) ' 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38 5 39
1 1 1 1 1 I \ I I I I
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Figure 51. CTD profile plot.
57
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STATION 004012 CRUISE 130785
SIGMA-T 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
_L
g 1500 D
W 1800-
2700
3000
J_ J
SALINITY (PSU) 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39
I 1 \ 1 I I I I I I I
TEMPERATURE (DEG C) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0-k ^ ' 1 ^ ^ i J L
Figure 52. CTD profile plot.
58
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OO. CM
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I I \ 1 \ 1 1 1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
CM'
OO _
d LJ o
oo-
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100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DEPTH M 800
Figure 55. XBT profiles from IBS deployment cruise.
61
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Figure 56. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
62
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Figure 57. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
63
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00.
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DEPTH M 500 500 700 800
Figure 58. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
64
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00. CM
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Ui
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
oo _
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Figure 59. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
65
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00. CM
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 60. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
66
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CO. CM
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 61. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
67
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Figure 62. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
68
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oo. CM
to cs
oo.
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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DEPTH M 500 600 700
Figure 63. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
800
69
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00.
to CN
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700 800
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Figure 64. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
70
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CO. CM
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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Figure 65. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
71
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00.
to CM
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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Figure 66. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
n
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OO. r4
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CM
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 67. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
73
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00. CM
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oo.
d UJ Q
O
lO-
too 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CM
OO -
o UJ o
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Figure 68. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
74
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00. CM
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(N
oo,
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
ro
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1 ^ I I 1 1 —1— 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
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Figure 69. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
75
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CO.
to
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CN
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Figure 70. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
76
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200
00.
300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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00.
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Figure 71. XBT profiles from liSS deployment cruise.
77
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CO. CM
CM
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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oo-
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DEPTH M
lo
600 700 800
Figure 72. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
78
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OO. ^4
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tN
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Figure 73. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
79
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 74. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
SO
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800
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 75. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
81
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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Figure 76. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
82
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Figure 77. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
83
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00. CM
ID (N
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CD Ul O D. J3- LiJ
oo-
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100 200 300 400 500 —I 1—
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Figure 78. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
84
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so. CM
<N
oo.
d Ul
a. '^■
CO-
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DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 79. XBT profiles from IBS deployment cruise.
85
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(O.
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ro-
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
to CM
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Figure 80. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
800
m
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Figure 81. XBT profiles from i::S deployment cruise.
87
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CO. CM
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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Figure 82. XBTprofiles from IE'! deployment cruise.
m
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100
800
200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 83. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
89
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00. CM
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100 200 300 400
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Figure 84. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
90
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00. CN
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CO .
d ui Q CL '^■
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
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Figure 85. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
91
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00.
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100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 86. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
92
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00.
OO .
d LJ a
oo-
lO-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
500 DEPTH M
600 700 800
Figure 87. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
93
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OO.
CM
OO .
LJ o
UJ
P:!
lO-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CM
OO. O -
d UJ
io_
OO-
K) ■
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 88. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise
94
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800
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 89. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
95
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CO. CM
CN
CO.
d LJ
—I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
"0^ DEPTH M
CM" ,^,V P
00 -
^\ d UJ o ^^
LJ ^"^^^x^
oo-
W^ —
^^^-
f i I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
800
DEPTH M
Figure 90. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
96
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800
100 200 300 400 500
DEPTH M
1 r 600 700 800
I I
Figure 91. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
97
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CO. CM
d UJ o CL 2-
CO
in ■
00.
—I 1—
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M
■y T 500 600 700 800
to (N
oo.
d LLJ Q
oo-
ro- I I I I 1—
100 200 300 400 500
DEPTH M
o CO
—I 1—
600 700 800
Figure 92. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
m I I
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00. (N
d LJ Q
co-
T~ i r r T r 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DEPTH M 800
Figure 93. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
99
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00. CM
K) (N
oo.
d UJ o
00-
lO-
00.
•o. <N
00.
UJ Q
oo-
ro ■
T T 100 200 300 400
DEPTH M
T
100 200
DEPTH M
in 00
T 500 600 700 800
CO
—I 1 1 1 1— 300 400 500 600 700 800
Figure 94. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
100
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800
200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 95. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
101
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CO. CN
CN
CO.
d LJ O
fO-
O
00-
ro-
100 200 —I 1— 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
to CN
d UJ Q
CD 00
00-
lO- I I 1 i 1 1 1— 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 96. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
m.
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OO.
CN ■
OO ■
d LiJ Q
UJ
CO-
CM
K1 CM
d bj Q
CO
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
O)
I I I I 1 1 1— 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DEPTH M 800
Figure 97. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
103
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00.
CM
CO.
d bJ O
tO_
CO.
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
rsi~
CN
oS2- ^ ^—-^_ d
Q
TEM
P
13
oo-
(O - 1 1 1 1 1
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 98. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
104
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to. CM
CM
oo.
d UJ Q
Ld
oo-
CM^
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Cvl
OO.
d ui Q D. S2-
LiJ
CO -
fO-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 99. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
105
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00. CM
OO .
o
00
oo-
ro-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CN
d UJ Q
to-
ro-
&;
—I \ 1 1 1 1 1—
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 100. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
106
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00. CM 1
1
A,^^ '
wo
o2- ^^-^ ■ ! ■
d LiJ Q
V.^^^ ^^^^\^^
CO -
^^^^__
ro - 1 1 1 1 1 I ■■ 1 1
100 200
d LiJ Q Q. ;2
OO
300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
ro ~n I 1 1 \ 1 1— 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DEPTH M 800
Figure 101. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
107
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«5.
(N '
d UJ Q Q- '^■
CO -
K)- —
0
CO.
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600
CM O
700 800
rvi"
tN \
o^- V O
d Q
^-^
0- 12-
LJ t—
CO-
^^--^^^
rO — r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 800
DEPTH M
Figure 102. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
108
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200
CO. CN
300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
O LJ Q CL '^■
LJ
oo-
K5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DEPTH M 800
Figure 103. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
109
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OO. CM
(N
OO .
d Ul
D- ;2- 2
ro •
OO.
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
(N ■
OO .
o
o Ul
co-
ro-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 104. XBT profiles from lES deployment cruise.
110
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800
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 105. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
Ill
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00. CM
OO
d UJ o
io_
•ig"
oo-
fO-
CN
OO-
d LJ Q
UJ
00
ro
100 200
100
—I 1— 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
ro
200 —I 1 1 1 1— 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 106. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
112
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00.
CM
00. UD
O
LJ Q Q- 2-
UJ
00-
ro- 100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600
—I 1 700 800
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 107. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
113
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00.
(N
00 oo.
O " O LJ o a. 22-
oo-
ro-
CN
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
OO-
d LJ Q Q.
LxJ
(O
00
lO
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 108. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
114
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CM
CO-
O
ui Q 0- 'P-
00-
800
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 109. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
115
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00. CM
tn CO-
O d o a. LJ
rO.
lO-
CM
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
oo. O d Q
co-
ro I I 1 1 1—
100 200 300 400 500 I I
600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 110. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
116
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00. CM
rO
OO.
S o d o
:E LiJ
00-
I 100 200
oo-
300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
O
UJ Q
oo-
m
—1 1 1 1 1— 100 200 300 400 500
—I 1— 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 111. XBTprofiles from lES recovery cruise.
117
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00. CM
OO.
O " (3 LJ Q
iD
OD-
CM
100 200 —I 1— 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
in CM"
00.
ui
in
—I 1 1 1 1—
too 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 112. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
118
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OO.
to
OO.
d UJ Q
OO-
CO
lO-
OO. CM
>o CN"
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CO-
O d LJ Q
fO_
oo-
ro-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M
—I 1 \ 1 500 500 700 800
Figure 113. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
119
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00. CM
CM
OO.
o d ui Q
2
K5-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M
—I 1 1 1 500 600 700 800
CN
d Q
oo-
O)
"T T 100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 114. XBT profiles from IBS recovery cruise.
120
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CO. CM
CN"
OO.
d LxJ O
eo-
ro-
CO.
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700
—I 800
CN"
Q fO.
LJ
(N
CO-
I I i 1 1— 100 200 300 400 500
I 1— 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 115. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
121
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CO.
CM
OO.
O " d UJ o Q. :2-
co-
lO-
00. CM
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CM^
OO.
d o
OO-
to- —I 1 1 1 1— 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 116. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
122
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00.
X) CM
00.
O
UJ Q D- '^■
oo-
K5- ■~l 100
oo. CM
200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CM
OO.
o ^ d ut Q
OO-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 117. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
123
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00. CM
CN
Kl -
d LiJ Q
\-
oo -
r^ K)
lO-
CN ■
00.
O d UJ Q
co-
fO
—I— 100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
100 200 —I 1— 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 122. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
128
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00. CM
CN
03.
o " d UJ Q
tn-
CO. CM
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CN'
oo-
d UJ Q Q. 2
oo-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 123. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
129
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00. CM
oo_ O d Q
CO-
fO-
OO.
100 200 —I 1— 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
to CM
oo- O c5 LJ Q
Kt.
2
O
oo-
rO- —I 1 1 1 1 1 \ 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 124. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
130
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00. CM
to
oo. O (3 UJ Q Q. 23-
LJ I—
OO-
100 200 300 400 DEPTH M
500 600 700 800
oo.
d UJ a a. '^■
UJ I-
oo-
tn- 'III I 1 1—
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DEPTH M 800
Figure 125. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
131
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CO. CM
CM
oo. o " d UJ o a. t^-
'Q
00-
ro-
OO. CM
1 1 100 200 300 400
DEPTH M
—1 1 1 1 500 600 700 800
CM
co-
d UJ O D_
LJJ
co-
lO- —I 1— 100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 126. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
132
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CO. CN
to CM
00.
o CD Ld
CO-
lo-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
CO-
d LJ o
oo-
tO-
100 200 300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
Figure 127. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
133
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«.
o d o 2
CM"
'0_ (N
1
i ;- : 2-
^
co-
ro - 1 1 1 1 r 1
1Q0 200
<N
300 400
DEPTH M 500 600 700 800
OO
O " d LLJ Q CL J?^
00
00
I 1 I I 1 \ 1— TOO 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DEPTH M
Figure 128. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
134
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Figure 129. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
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135
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Figure 130. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
136
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Figure 13]. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
137
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Figure 132. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
138
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Figure 133. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
139
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Figure 134. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
140
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Figure 135. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
141
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Figure 136. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
142
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Figure 137. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
143
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Figure 138. XBT profiles from IBS recovery cruise.
144
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Figure 139. XBT profiles from lES recovery cruise.
145
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Figure 152. XBT section 1 (deployment cruise).
158
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Figure 153. XBT section 2 (deployment cruise).
159
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Figure 154. XBT section 3 (deployment cruise).
160
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Figure 155. XBT section 4 (deployment cruise).
161
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