unclassified the nation’s premier laboratory for land forces unmanned aircraft system (uas) engine...
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Engine Research at U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Dr. Mike KweonEngines Research Team LeadVTD-Propulsion DivisionU.S. Army Research Laboratory
Presented to:
Mech Aero 2015
(San Francisco, CA)
October 7, 2015 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Why Unmanned Systems?
• Enhance situational awareness – ISR– “Eyes of the Army”
• Reduce human workload• Improve mission performance
– Persistence, versatility, survivability– Ideal for dull, dirty or dangerous missions
• Minimize overall risk to human life• Reduce cost
Multiple advantages to manned systems
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
UAS Applications
rescue filming agriculture
Fire fighting Border control military
Selected UAS Application Areas
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
U.S. DoD UAS Inventory
Fiscal Year
Nu
mb
er
of
UA
S [
un
its
]
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20175000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
(Ref: DoD Report to Congress, 2012)
Dramatic increase over the last 15 years
Army: 48 (2001) >7500 (2015)
94.1%
4.2%0.4% 1.3%
UAS Usage (2015)
ARMY AF NAVY MC
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
UAS Presidential Budget (PB14)
RDTE PROCUREMENT OM $-
$500.00
$1,000.00
$1,500.00
$2,000.00
$2,500.00
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
CATEGORY
BU
DG
ET
[$
M]
RDTE: Research, Development, Test, and EvaluationOM: Operations & Maintenance
Decreased budget trend for DoD UAS RDTE but global UAS spending may double over the next decade (prediction)
(Ref: Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap FY2013-2038, 14-S-0553)
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Current Major Army UAS
100-500
15,000
20,000
29,000
Group 1 (0-20 lbs)
Group 3 (<1320 lbs)
Group 3 (<1320 lbs)
ISR
Alt
itu
de
[ft]
ISR/RSTA, C3, FP
ISR/RSTA, C3, Log, PS/TCS, FP
ISR/RSTA, C3, Log, PS/TCS, FP
0.208L 28 kW rotary engine104-127 mph 25.3 kg total payload170 kg MTOW
Electric motor; 30-60 mph, 1.9 kg total weight
82 kW 2x0.8L diesel engine69/92-138 mph227 kg total payload884.5 kg MTOW
119 kW 2L diesel engine81-155 mph760 kg total payload1633 kg MTOW
Endurance [hrs]21 3061-1.5
RQ-11B
RQ-7B
MQ-5B
MQ-1C
DoD designationR: Reconnaissance aircraftM: Multi-roleQ: Remotely piloted aircraft system#: series number of the remotely piloted aircraft systems
Increased payload more power
More missions
Group 4 (>1320 lbs)
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
UAS Future for the Army
Manned-UnManned Teaming (MUM-T) Technologies: Merge air, ground, sea unmanned systems with unmanned and manned systems
UAV Swarms
Needs:• Runway independent vertical takeoff• Easy to takeoff• Longer endurance• Equivalent speed to Apache
Needs:• Interoperability
Increased mobility with small more agile manned-unmanned systems
Teaming among Apache, Gray Eagle, and Shadow
Parameter Unit Apache AH-64E Gray Eagle Shadow
Speed [mph] 165-177 81-155 104-127
Range [mi] 295 249 68
Endurance [hrs] ~3 30 6
Max altitude [ft] 21,000 29,000 15,000
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Problems
Hit
Crashes
Mechanical failures & Operator mistakes
What should we do?
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Areas for Improvements in Propulsion & Power
• Reliability - #1 priority - survivability– Reliable components / software
• Increased power - #2 priority - survivability– Payload is being increased for electronic devices and weapons
• Longer endurance– Needs to perform more missions
• Multi heavy fuel capability– Reduce the logistic cost– Engine technologies to operate on heavy fuels: F-24, JP-8, alt Jet fuels
• Reduced signature - susceptibility– IR, noise, and smoke– Signature detection and reduction technologies
• Increased speed– To team with faster rotorcrafts such as Apache
Must be affordable!!!
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Small Engine Research Facilities
DoD Unique Small Engine Altitude Research Facility
Small Engine Comb Res Lab Small Engine Altitude Res Facility
Altitude: up to 25,000 ft (30,000 ft)Temp: -40 to 130FPower: 1 to 250 hpSpeed: up to 30,000 rpm
Single-cylinder research engine
Optical
Opposed piston engine
Fuel Spray Atomization Vaporization Mixing Combustion Power/Efficiency
Power: up to 302 hpTorque: up to 535 NmSpeed: up to 11,000 rpm
Thermal
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Multi Heavy Fuel Capability
• Extremely sensitive to fuel cetane number– Insensitive to engine power except for the low CN fuels– Knocking, noise, detonation reliability concerns
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CAD [°aTDC]
He
at
rele
as
e r
ate
[J
/ca
d]
Heat release rate: 3200 rpm/20%
CN30CN35
CN40
CN45
CN50CN55
Cool flame
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CAD [°aTDC]
He
at
rele
as
e r
ate
[J
/ca
d]
Heat release rate: 3200 rpm/40%
CN30CN35
CN40
CN45
CN50CN55
Pre injection combustion
Premixed phase
Mixing controlled
phase
Combustion Dependence on Fuel Properties
Premixed phase
Mixing controlled
phase
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Real Engine T & P at Fuel Injection
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
In-cylinder pressure [bar]
In-c
ylin
de
r te
mp
era
ture
[K
]
pre injection
main injection
• Pre injection: between 10 and 17 bar and between 580 and 670 K Needs to prevent misfire and achieve optimal combustion at high altitudes
Pressures & Temperatures at Fuel Injections
10 bar/580 K
MAT cut at 40C
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Spray Combustion Research Facility
DoD Unique High-Pressure High-Temperature ChamberFuel Spray Atomization Vaporization Mixing Combustion Power/Efficiency
P: amb to 150 barT: 300 to 1000 KO2 content: 0-21%
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
T & P at Fuel Injection
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
In-cylinder pressure [bar]
In-c
ylin
de
r te
mp
era
ture
[K
]Measure Spray, Ignition and Combustion Processes
Spray A
CRC (SNL)
ARLARL_newSNL
High Temp
Mid Temp
Low Temp
(1.00)
(1.05)
(1.11)
(1.18)
(1.25)
(1.33)
(1.43)
(1.54)
(1.67)
(1.82)
No visible combustion
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
ID vs. Pressure
• Exponentially increased ID with decreasing pressure• Lower CN fuel increases ID at lower pressures increased CN impact at high altitudes
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Pressure [MPa]
Ign
itio
n d
ela
y [
ms
]
A-2
C-1
T=900K
Ignition Delay Dependence on Pressure & Fuel Property
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Sea level
15k ft
25k ft
5k ft
10k ft
Higher altitudes
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UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
CD vs. Pressure
• CD gets shorter at lower pressure and CN potentially higher EGT
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Pressure [MPa]
Co
mb
us
tio
n d
ura
tio
n [
ms
]
A-2
C-1
T=900K
Combustion Duration Dependence on Pressure& Fuel Property
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Sea level
15k ft
25k ft
5k ft
10k ft
Higher altitudes
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Conclusions
• U.S. Army UAS dramatically increased over the last 15 years• U.S. Army owns about 94% of all UAS aircrafts within the U.S. DoD• Overall DoD RDTE budget is decreasing but the overall spending will
gradually increase.• Global UAS spending is predicted to dramatically increase over the next
decade• Current highest priorities include reliability, increased power, and longer
endurance within affordability• Uncontrolled fuel property poses significant reliability concerns• Needs for optimal engine design and calibration for high altitude
operation
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED The Nation’s Premier Laboratory for Land Forces
Acknowledgements
• ARL-VTP– Michael T. Szedlmayer and Michael J. Tess
• AMRDEC AED– Joseph Gibson, Ross H. Armstrong, Christopher A. Lindsey, Rik D.
Meininger, Newman B. Jackson, and Bernard Acker
• PM UAS– Andrew V. Giddings, William G. Barnwell, Thomas P. Durgin, and Daniel F.
Dittenber
• General Atomics – Aeronautical Systems Inc– Donald Sauder
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Thank You!