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6/9/2015 Unconscious mind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind

Unconscious mindFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The unconscious mind(or the unconscious) consists of the processes in the mind that occur automatically and

are not available to introspection, and include thought processes, memory, affect, and motivation.[1]Even though

these processes exist well under the surface of conscious awareness they are theorized to exert an impact on

behavior. The term was coined by the 18th-century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and laterintroducedinto English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge.[2][3]The concept was developed and

popularized by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Empirical evidence suggests that

unconscious phenomenainclude repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits, and

automatic reactions,[1]and possibly also complexes, hidden phobias and desires. In psychoanalytic theory,

unconscious processes are understood to be expressed in dreams in a symbolical form, as well as in slips of the

tongue andjokes. Thus the unconscious mind can be seen as the source of dreams and automatic thoughts (those

that appear without any apparent cause), the repository of forgotten memories (that may still be accessible to

consciousness at some later time), and the locus of implicit knowledge (the things that we have learned so well that

we do them without thinking).

It has been argued that consciousness is influenced by other parts of the mind. These include unconsciousness as a

personal habit, being unaware, and intuition. Terms related to semi-consciousness include: awakening, implicit

memory, subliminal messages, trances, hypnagogia, and hypnosis. While sleep, sleepwalking, dreaming, delirium,

and comas may signal the presence of unconscious processes, these processes are not the unconscious mind itself

but rather symptoms.

Some critics have doubted the existence of the unconscious.[4][5][6]

Contents

1 Historical overview

2 Freud's view of the unconscious

3 Jung's view of the unconscious

4 Controversy

5 Dreams

5.1 Freud

5.2 Opposing theories

6 Unconscious mind in contemporary cognitive psychology6.1 Research

6.2 Unconscious processing of information about frequency

7 See also

8 Notes

9 References

10 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudian_sliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnagogiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_messagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudian_sliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind 2

Historical overview

The term "unconscious" (German: Unbewusste) was coined by the 18th-century German Romantic philosopher

Friedrich Schelling (in his System of Transcendental Idealism, ch. 6, 3

(http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Schelling,+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Joseph/System+des+transzendenten+Idealism

us/6.+Hauptabschnitt.+Deduktion+eines+allgemeinen+Organs+der+Philosophie,+oder+Haupts%C3%A4tze+der

Philosophie+der+Kunst+nach+Grunds%C3%A4tzen+des+transzendentalen+Idealismus/%C2%A7+3.+Folges%

3%A4tze)) and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge (in hisBiographiaLiteraria).[2][3]Some rare earlier instances of the term "unconsciousness" (Unbewutseyn) can be found in the

work of the 18th-century German physician and philosopher Ernst Platner.[7][8]

Influences on thinking that originate from outside of an individual's consciousness were reflected in the ancient idea

of temptation, divine inspiration, and the predominant role of the gods in affecting motives and actions. The idea of

internalised unconscious processes in the mind was also instigated in antiquity and has been explored across a wid

variety of cultures. Unconscious aspects of mentality were referred to between 2500 and 600 BC in the Hindu tex

known as the Vedas, found today in Ayurvedic medicine.[9][10][11][12]

Paracelsus is credited as the first to make mention of an unconscious aspect of cognition in his work Von den

Krankheiten(translates as "About illnesses", 1567), and his clinical methodology created a cogent system that is

regarded by some as the beginning of modern scientific psychology.[13]William Shakespeare explored the role of

the unconscious[14]in many of his plays, without naming it as such.[15][16][17]In addition, Western philosophers

such as Arthur Schopenhauer,[18][19]Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm

Friedrich Hegel, Sren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche developed a western view of the mind which

foreshadowed Freud's theories. Psychologist Jacques Van Rillaer points out that, "the unconscious was not

discovered by Freud. In 1890, when psychoanalysis was still unheard of, William James, in his monumental treatis

on psychology (The Principles of Psychology), examined the way Schopenhauer, von Hartmann, Janet, Binet an

others had used the term 'unconscious' and 'subconscious'".[20]Historian of psychology Mark Altschule observes

that, "It is difficultor perhaps impossibleto find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not

recognize unconscious cerebration as not only real but of the highest importance."[21]

Freud's view of the unconscious

Sigmund Freud and his followers developed an account of the unconscious mind. It plays an important role in

psychoanalysis.

Freud divided the mind into the conscious mind (or the ego) and the unconscious mind. The latter was then furtherdivided into the id (or instincts and drive) and the superego (or conscience). In this theory, the unconscious refers t

the mental processes of which individuals make themselves unaware.[22]Freud proposed a vertical and hierarchic

architecture of human consciousness: the conscious mind, the preconscious, and the unconscious mindeach lying

beneath the other. He believed that significant psychic events take place "below the surface" in the unconscious

mind,[23]like hidden messages from the unconscious. He interpreted such events as having both symbolic and

actual significance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schopenhauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographia_Literariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_Transcendental_Idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Platnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinozahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-egohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciencehttp://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Schelling,+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Joseph/System+des+transzendenten+Idealismus/6.+Hauptabschnitt.+Deduktion+eines+allgemeinen+Organs+der+Philosophie,+oder+Haupts%C3%A4tze+der+Philosophie+der+Kunst+nach+Grunds%C3%A4tzen+des+transzendentalen+Idealismus/%C2%A7+3.+Folges%C3%A4tzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Robert_Eduard_von_Hartmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda


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An iceberg is often (though misleadingly)

used to provide a visual representation of

Freud's theory that most of the human

mind operates unconsciously.

In psychoanalytic terms, the unconscious does not include all that is not conscious, but rather what is actively

repressed from conscious thought or what a person is averse to knowing consciously. Freud viewed the

unconscious as a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful

emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression. However, the contents did not necessarily

have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by it

effectsit expresses itself in the symptom. In a sense, this view places the conscious self as an adversary to its

unconscious, warring to keep the unconscious hidden. Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinar

introspection, but are supposed to be capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and

techniques such as meditation, free association (a method largely introduced by Freud), dream analysis, and verba

slips (commonly known as a Freudian slip), examined and conducted during psychoanalysis. Seeing as these

unconscious thoughts are normally cryptic, psychoanalysts are considered experts in interpreting their messages.

Freud based his concept of the unconscious on a variety of observations. For example, he considered "slips of the

tongue" to be related to the unconscious in that they often appeared to

show a person's true feelings on a subject. For example, "I decided to

take a summer curse". This example shows a slip of the word

"course" where the speaker accidentally used the word curse which

would show that they have negative feelings about having to do this.

Freud noticed that also his patient's dreams expressed importantfeelings they were unaware of. After these observations, he came to

the conclusion that psychological disturbances are largely caused by

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level. His psychoanalytic

theory acts to explain personality, motivation and mental disorders by

focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.[24]

Freud later used his notion of the unconscious in order to explain

certain kinds of neurotic behavior.[25]The theory of the unconscious

was substantially transformed by later psychiatrists, among them Carl

Jung and Jacques Lacan.

Jung's view of the unconscious

Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, developed the concept further.

He agreed with Freud that the unconscious is a determinant of

personality, but he proposed that the unconscious be divided into two layers: the personal unconscious and the

collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been

forgotten or suppressed, much like Freud's notion. The collective unconscious, however, is the deepest level of the

psyche, containing the accumulation of inherited psychic structures and archetypal experiences. Archetypes are nomemories but images with universal meanings that are apparent in the culture's use of symbols. The collective

unconscious is therefore said to be inherited and contain material of an entire species rather than of an individual. [2

Every person shares the collective unconscious with the entire human race, as Jung puts it: [the] "whole spiritual

heritage of mankind's evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual". [27]

In addition to the structure of the unconscious, Jung differed from Freud in that he did not believe that sexuality wa

at the base of all unconscious thoughts.[28]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetypalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Structural-Iceberg.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_repressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudian_sliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)


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Controversy

The notion that the unconscious mind exists at all has been disputed.

Franz Brentano rejected the concept of the unconscious in his 1874 bookPsychology from an Empirical

Standpoint, although his rejection followed largely from his definitions of consciousness and unconsciousness.[29]

Jean-Paul Sartre offers a critique of Freud's theory of the unconscious inBeing and Nothingness, based on theclaim that consciousness is essentially self-conscious. Sartre also argues that Freud's theory of repression is

internally flawed. Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre's argument is based on a misunderstanding of

Freud.[4]

Erich Fromm contends that, "The term 'the unconscious' is actually a mystification (even though one might use it fo

reasons of convenience, as I am guilty of doing in these pages). There is no such thing as theunconscious; there ar

only experiences of which we are aware, and others of which we are not aware, that is, of which we are

unconscious. If I hate a man because I am afraid of him, and if I am aware of my hate but not of my fear, we may

say that my hate is conscious and that my fear is unconscious; still my fear does not lie in that mysterious place: 'the

unconscious."[30]

John Searle has offered a critique of the Freudian unconscious. He contends that the very notion of a collection of

"thoughts" that exist in a privileged region of the mind such that they are in principle never accessibleto consciou

awareness, is incoherent. This is not to imply that there are not "nonconscious" processes that form the basis of

much of conscious life. Rather, Searle simply claims that to posit the existence of something that is like a "thought"

every way except for the fact that no one can ever be aware of it (can never, indeed, "think" it) is an incoherent

concept. To speak of "something" as a "thought" either implies that it is being thought by a thinker or that it could b

thought by a thinker. Processes that are not causally related to the phenomenon called thinking are more

appropriately called the nonconscious processes of the brain.[31]

Other critics of the Freudian unconscious include David Stannard,[5]Richard Webster,[6]Ethan Watters,[32]

Richard Ofshe,[32]and Eric Thomas Weber.[33]

David Holmes[34]examined sixty years of research about the Freudian concept of "repression", and concluded tha

there is no positive evidence for this concept. Given the lack of evidence for many Freudian hypotheses, some

scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian

ones. They speak of a "cognitive unconscious" (John Kihlstrom),[35][36]an "adaptive unconscious" (Timothy

Wilson),[37]or a "dumb unconscious" (Loftus & Klinger),[38]which executes automatic processes but lacks the

complex mechanisms of repression and symbolic return of the repressed.

In modern cognitive psychology, many researchers have sought to strip the notion of the unconscious from its

Freudian heritage, and alternative terms such as "implicit" or "automatic" have come into currency. These traditions

emphasize the degree to which cognitive processing happens outside the scope of cognitive awareness, and show

that things we are unaware of can nonetheless influence other cognitive processes as well as

behavior.[39][40][41][42][43]Active research traditions related to the unconscious include implicit memory (see

priming, implicit attitudes), and nonconscious acquisition of knowledge (see Lewicki, see also the section on

cognitive perspective, below).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Wattershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Nothingnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stannardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Frommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawel_Lewickihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webster_(British_author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baldwin_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_from_an_Empirical_Standpointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ofshe


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reams

Freud

In terms of the unconscious, the purpose of dreams, as stated by Freud, is to look in to unconscious urges and

unmet needs and seek to fulfill these wishes subconsciously. People seek to fulfill these urges through the process

dreaming since they cannot fulfill them in real life. For example, if someone was to rob a store and feel guilty about

it, they might dream about a scenario in which their actions were justified and renders them blameless. Freudasserted that the wish-fulfilling aspect of the dream may be disguised due to the difficulty in distinguishing between

manifest content and latent content. The manifest content consists of the plot of a dream at the surface level. The

latent content refers to the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in the plot. The latent content of the dream is

what supports the idea of wish fulfillment. It represents the intimate information in the dreamer's current issues and

childhood conflict.[44]

Opposing theories

In response to Freud's theory on dreams, other psychologists have come up with theories to counter his argument.

Theorist Rosalind Cartwright proposed that dreams provide people with the opportunity to act out and work

through everyday problems and emotional issues in a non real setting with no consequences. According to her

cognitive problem solving view, a large amount of continuity exists between our waking thought and the thoughts

that exist in dreams. Proponents of this view believe that dreams allow participation in creative thinking and

alternate ways to handle situations when dealing with personal issues because dreams are not restrained by logic o

realism.[44]

In addition to this, Allan Hobson and colleagues came up with the activation-synthesis hypothesis which proposes

that dreams are simply the side effects of the neural activity in the brain that produces beta brain waves during REM

sleep that are associated with wakefulness. According to this hypothesis, neurons fire periodically during sleep in

the lower brain levels and thus send random signals to the cortex. The cortex then synthesizes a dream in reaction t

these signals in order to try and make sense of why the brain is sending them. However, the hypothesis does not

state that dreams are meaningless, it just downplays the role that emotional factors play in determining dreams.[44]

Unconscious mind in contemporary cognitive psychology

Research

While, historically, the psychoanalytic research tradition was the first to focus on the phenomenon of unconscious

mental activity, there is an extensive body of conclusive research and knowledge in contemporary cognitive

psychology devoted to the mental activity that is not mediated by conscious awareness.

Most of that (cognitive) research on unconscious processes has been done in the mainstream, academic tradition o

the information processing paradigm. As opposed to the psychoanalytic tradition, driven by the relatively

speculative (in the sense of being hard to empirically verify) theoretical concepts such as the Oedipus complex or

Electra complex, the cognitive tradition of research on unconscious processes is based on relatively few theoretica

assumptions and is very empirically oriented (i.e., it is mostly data driven). Cognitive research has revealed that
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automatically, and clearly outside of conscious awareness, individuals register and acquire more information than

what they can experience through their conscious thoughts. (See Augusto, 2010, for a recent comprehensive

survey.)[45]

Unconscious processing of information about frequency

For example, an extensive line of research conducted by Hasher and Zacks[46]has demonstrated that individuals

register information about the frequency of events automatically (i.e., outside of conscious awareness and withoutengaging conscious information processing resources). Moreover, perceivers do this unintentionally, truly

"automatically," regardless of the instructions they receive, and regardless of the information processing goals they

have. Interestingly, the ability to unconsciously and relatively accurately tally the frequency of events appears to

have little or no relation to the individual's age,[47]education, intelligence, or personality, thus it may represent one

of the fundamental building blocks of human orientation in the environment and possibly the acquisition of

procedural knowledge and experience, in general.

See also

Adaptive unconscious

Consciousness

Ernst Platner

Introspection illusion

List of thought processes

Mind's eye

Minimally conscious state

Neuroscience of free will

Philosophy of mind

Preconscious

Transpersonal psychology

Unconscious cognition

Unconscious communication

Instinct

Books

Psyche(1846)

The Philosophy of the Unconscious(1869)

Notes

1. Westen, Drew (1999). "The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes: Is Freud Really Dead?"

(http://apa.sagepub.com/content/47/4/1061). Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association47(4): 1061

1106. doi:10.1177/000306519904700404 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F000306519904700404). Retrieved June

2012.

2. Bynum; Browne; Porter (1981). The Macmillan Dictionary of the History of Science. London. p. 292.

3. Christopher John Murray,Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850(Taylor & Francis, 2004: ISBN 1-5795

422-5), pp. 100102.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Platnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_cognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%27s_eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection_illusionhttp://apa.sagepub.com/content/47/4/1061http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thought_processeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Porterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579584225http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally_conscious_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_the_Unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_knowledgehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F000306519904700404


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4. Thomas Baldwin (1995). Ted Honderich, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University

Press. p. 792. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.

5. See "The Problem of Logic", Chapter 3 of Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory,

published by Oxford University Press, 1980

6. See "Exploring the Unconscious: Self-Analysis and Oedipus", Chapter 11 of Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science

and Psychoanalysis, published by The Orwell Press, 2005

7. Ernst Platner,Philosophische Aphorismen nebst einigen Anleitungen zur philosophischen Geschichte

(http://books.google.com/books?id=4748AAAAYAAJ&vq=Unbewu%C3%9Ftseyn), Vol. 1 (Leipzig:

Schwickertscher Verlag, 1793 [1776]), p. 86.

8. Angus Nicholls and Martin Liebscher, Thinking the Unconscious: Nineteenth-Century German Thought

(http://books.google.com/books/about/Thinking_the_Unconscious.html?id=MCJzE-SxDUgC&redir_esc=y) (2010

Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 9.

9. Alexander, C. N. 1990. Growth of Higher Stages of Consciousness: Maharishi's Vedic Psychology of Human

Development. C. N. Alexander and E.J. Langer (eds.). Higher Stages of Human Development. Perspectives on

Human Growth. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press

10. Meyer-Dinkgrfe, D. (1996). Consciousness and the Actor. A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to

the Actor's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology. Peter Lang. ISBN 0-8204-3180-X.

11. Haney, W.S. II (1991). "Unity in Vedic aesthetics: the self-interacting dynamics of the knower, the known, and th

process of knowing".Analecta Husserliana233: 295319.

12. Geraldine Coster 'Yoga and Western Psychology: A comparison' 1934

13. Harms, Ernest., Origins of Modern Psychiatry, Thomas 1967 ASIN: B000NR852U, p. 2014. The Design Within: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Shakespeare: Edited by M. D. Faber. New York: Science Hous

1970 An anthology of 33 papers on Shakespearean plays by psychoanalysts and literary critics whose work has

been influenced by psychoanalysis

15. Meyer-Dinkgrfe, Daniel "Hamlet's Procrastination: A Parallel to the Bhagavad-Gita, in Hamlet East West, edited b

Marta Gibinska and Jerzy Limon. Gdansk: Theatrum Gedanese Foundation, 1998e, pp. 187-195

16. Meyer-Dinkgrfe, Daniel 'Consciousness and the Actor: A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to th

Actor's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology.' Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996

(Series 30: Theatre, Film and Television, Vol. 67)

17. Yarrow, Ralph (JulyDecember 1997). "Identity and Consciousness East and West: the case of Russell Hoban".

Journal of Literature & Aesthetics5(2): 1926.

18. Ellenberger, H. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic PsychiatryNewYork: Basic Books, p. 542

19. Young, Christopher and Brook, Andrew (1994) Schopenhauer and Freud(http://http-

server.carleton.ca/~abrook/SCHOPENY.htm) quotation:

Ellenberger, in his classic 1970 history of dynamic psychology. He remarks on Schopenhauer's

psychological doctrines several times, crediting him for example with recognizing parapraxes,

and urges that Schopenhauer "was definitely among the ancestors of modern dynamic

psychiatry." (1970, p. 205). He also cites with approval Foerster's interesting claim that "no one

should deal with psychoanalysis before having thoroughly studied Schopenhauer." (1970, p.

542). In general, he views Schopenhauer as the first and most important of the many

nineteenth-century philosophers of the unconscious, and concludes that "there cannot be theslightest doubt that Freud's thought echoes theirs." (1970, p. 542).

20. Meyer, Catherine (edited by).Le livre noir de la psychanalyse: Vivre, penser et aller mieux sans Freud. Paris: Les

Arnes, 2005, p.217

21. Altschule, Mark. Origins of Concepts in Human Behavior. New York: Wiley, 1977, p.199
http://books.google.com/books?id=4748AAAAYAAJ&vq=Unbewu%C3%9Ftseynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866132-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_the_Unconscious:_The_History_and_Evolution_of_Dynamic_Psychiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Ellenbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books/about/Thinking_the_Unconscious.html?id=MCJzE-SxDUgC&redir_esc=yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-3180-Xhttp://http-server.carleton.ca/~abrook/SCHOPENY.htm


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22. Geraskov, Emil Asenov (November 1, 1994). "The internal contradiction and the unconscious sources of activity

(http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16528826.html). Journal of Psychology. "This article is an attempt to give

new meaning to well-known experimental studies, analysis of which may allow us to discover unconscious

behavior that has so far remained unnoticed by researchers. Those studies confirm many of the statements by

Freud, but they also reveal new aspects of the unconscious psychic. The first global psychological concept of the

internal contradiction as an unconscious factor influencing human behavior was developed by Sigmund Freud. In

his opinion, this contradiction is expressed in the struggle between the biological instincts and the self."

23. For example, dreaming: Freud called dream symbols the "royal road to the unconscious"

24. Wayne Weiten (2011).Psychology: Themes and Variations(http://books.google.se/books?

id=Wnr7vEjB7NAC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=After+these+observations,+he+came+to+the+conclusion+that+psyc

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25. Jung, Carl et al. (1964). "Man and His Symbols". "Sigmund Freud was the pioneer who first tried to explore

empirically the unconscious background of consciousness. He worked on the general assumption that dreams are

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least arbitrary. It was based upon the conclusion of eminent neurologists (for instance, Pierre Janet) that neurotic

symptoms are related to some conscious experience. They even appear to be split-off areas of the conscious mind

which, at another time and under different conditions, can be conscious."26. "collective unconscious (psychology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online

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27. Campbell, J. (1971). Hero with a thousand faces. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

28. "Jung, Carl Gustav." The Columbia encyclopedia. 6th. ed. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2000. 1490. Prin

29. Vitz, Paul C. (1988). Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 5354. ISBN 0

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31. Searle, John. The Rediscovery of the Mind. MIT Press, 1994, pp. 151-173

32. See "A Profession in Crisis", Chapter 1 of Therapy's Delusions: The Myth of the Unconscious and the Exploitatioof Today's Walking Worried, published by Scribner, 1999

33. Weber, Eric Thomas (2012) "James's Critiques of the Freudian Unconscious 25 Years Earlier,"

(http://williamjamesstudies.org/9.1/weber.pdf) William James Studies9, 94119.

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April 18, 2007

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36. Kihlstrom, J.F.; Beer, J.S.; Klein, S.B. (2002). "Self and identity as memory". In Leary, M.R.; Tangney, J.

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References

Jon Mills, Underworlds: Philosophies of the Unconscious from Psychoanalysis to Metaphysics.

(http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415660525/)Routledge, 2014

Matt Ffytche, The Foundation of the Unconscious: Schelling, Freud and the Birth of the Modern

Psyche (http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Foundation_of_the_Unconscious.html?

id=1bsGIr_YyiEC&redir_esc=y), Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Jon Mills, The Unconscious Abyss: Hegel's Anticipation of Psychoanalysis

(http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Unconscious_Abyss.html?id=k92QmWYmzsMC&redir_esc=y), SUNY Press, 2002.

S. J. McGrath, The Dark Ground of Spirit: Schelling and the Unconscious

(http://books.google.com/books?id=G4HabwAACAAJ&dq=), Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

External links

Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind, "Implicit Memory"

(http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/implicitmem.html)

Nonconscious Acquisition of Information (a reprint from American Psychologist, 1992)

40. Gaillard R, Del Cul A, Naccache L, Vinckier F, Cohen L, Dehaene S (May 2006). "Nonconscious semantic

processing of emotional words modulates conscious access" (http://www.pnas.org/content/102/21/7713.long).

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.103(19): 75249. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600584103

(https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600584103). PMC 1464371

(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464371). PMID 16648261


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from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm"

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doi:10.1162/089892906775783688 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1162%2F089892906775783688). PMID 16494680


42. Naccache L, Gaillard R, Adam C et al. (May 2005). "A direct intracranial record of emotions evoked by sublimina

words" (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15897465). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102

(21): 77137. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500542102 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0500542102). PMC 1140423

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Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems".Personality and Social Psychology Review4(2): 10813

doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327957PSPR0402_01).

44. Wayne Weiten (2011).Psychology: Themes and Variations. Cengage Learning. pp. 166167.

ISBN 9780495813101.

45. Augusto, L.M. (2010). "Unconscious knowledge: A survey" (http://www.ac-psych.org/?id=2&rok=2010).

Advances in Cognitive Psychology6: 116141. doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0081-5

(https://dx.doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10053-008-0081-5).

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of occurrence".Am Psychol39(12): 137288. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.12.1372

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47. Connolly, Deborah Ann (1993).A developmental evaluation of frequency information in lists, scripts, and stories

(http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/636/)(M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University
http://cogprints.org/722/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15897465http://dx.doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327957PSPR0402_01http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/implicitmem.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books/about/The_Unconscious_Abyss.html?id=k92QmWYmzsMC&redir_esc=yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1140423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495813101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648261http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15897465http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1162%2F089892906775783688http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://books.google.com/books/about/The_Foundation_of_the_Unconscious.html?id=1bsGIr_YyiEC&redir_esc=yhttp://books.google.com/books?id=G4HabwAACAAJ&dq=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464371http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0500542102http://www.ac-psych.org/?id=2&rok=2010http://cogprints.org/722/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494680http://dx.doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10053-008-0081-5http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.39.12.1372http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600584103http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/636/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415660525/http://www.pnas.org/content/102/21/7713.longhttp://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/089892906775783688http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6395744


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htt // iki di / iki/U i i d 10

(http://cogprints.org/722/)

The Rediscovery of the Unconscious (http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/rediscovery.htm)

Nonconscious Acquisition of Information (a reprint from American Psychologist, 1992)

(http://cogprints.org/722/)

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