CARCINOMA UNDER THE AGE OF THIRTY

BV

CHARLES GREENE CUMSTON, M.D.BOSTON, MASS.

Reprinted from the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal ofNovember 2 , iBgq

BOS T O IDAMRELL & UPHAM, PUBLISHERS '

283 Washington Street1899

S. J. PARnHILL & CO., BOSTON. U.S-A.P RI NTF.RS

CARCINOMA UNDER THE AGE OF THIRTY.CHARLES GREENE CCMSTON, M.D., BOSTON.

Although carcinoma, generally speaking, is a dis-ease of middle life, statistics have been able to demon-strate that a certain number of cases occurring in earlylife certainly do arise, and the object of this paper isto report three cases of this disease occurring in indi-viduals under the age of thirty and to report a fewcases gathered from the general medical literature.We have recently received, in reply to our inquiry, aletter from our friend, Dr. von Glasser, in which hehas been good enough to compile the following tableregarding the ages of 527 patients afflicted with carci-noma and on whom an autopsy was performed at thePathological Institute of the Universitv of Erlangenfrom 1862-1893.

Under 20 years of age .... 1 case 0.19%Between 20 and 30 years of age ... 16 cases = 3.30 “

“ 30 and 40 “ “

... 47 “

= 8.90 “

“ 40 and 50 “ “... 105 “

= 1930 “

“ 50 and 60 “ “

... 143 “= 27.10 “

“ 60 and 70 “ “

... 149 “= 28.30 “

“ 70 and 80 “ “... 58 “ =11.00“

“ 80 and 90 “ “. . . 8 “

= 1.50“

Carcinoma has been rather frequently found afflict-ing the ovary of young women or even girls, and Ols-hausen, in his “ Handbuch fiir Frauenkrankheiten,”Vol. 11, page 434, relates cases occurring in subjectsaged respectively twelve, nineteen, twenty-one, twenty-three and twenty-nine years. Out of 48 cases of carci-noma of the ovary he found 16 in subjects under thirtyvears of a ire. Leopold"reports- cages' Of "CfirCnioina of

2

the ovary in patients aged respectively twelve and one-half, fourteen, seventeen, nineteen and nine months,twenty, twenty-one, twenty-three and twenty-six years,and in another case of a twenty-four-year-old girl thedisease was present in both organs.

In a recent book entitled “ Etudes de gynecologicoperatoire,” by Dr. Phocas, of Lille (Paris, 1899),are to be found five cases of carcinoma of the ovaryin children varying in age from seven to fifteenyears.

Schroder, on page 341 of his “ Lehrbuch der Frau-enkrankheiten,” gives 83 instances of carcinoma of theuterus under thirty years out of 2,265 cases, and outof 492 cases of carcinoma of the uterus in which anautopsy was performed this same authority found 22cases in subjects less than thirty years of age. In theVienna Hospital Reports for 1886, cases of carcinomauteri occurring in patients aged twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five and twenty-eight are reported.

Carcinoma of the breast being an extremely fre-quent affection, it is interesting to find out how oftenthis occurs in young women. In the London Hospi-tal Reports, Vol. 111, will be found the case of a ser-vant girl of twenty years of age, who died at the hos-pital with a symmetrical carcinoma of the breasts andovaries. In a statistical table compiled by Bryant,amounting to 600 cases, 25 occurred in subjects underthirty years of age, and Birkett gives 19 cases betweenthe ages of twenty and thirty in the article he has con-tributed in Holmes’s “System of Surgery.” Gross-collected 642 cases derived from various sources andfound that 18 of them occurred between the ages oftwenty and thirty. Haycock reports a case of carci-noma in the breast in a single woman twenty-two years-old, and Bryant communicated another to Mr. Shieldof a young lady of twenty-one from whom he removed

3

a carcinoma of the breast, and who died a year after-wards from a secondary manifestation of the disease inthe lung. Of (54 cases of carcinoma of the breast op-erated on during the last five years at the surgicalclinic of Greifswald, two of the patients were undertwenty-six years of age. Professor Le Dentu re-moved a carcinoma from a young lady of twenty-fiveyears.

Of 51 cases of carcinoma of the testicle reported byLudlow and Lebert, we find that five were in subjectsunder five years of age, one in a patient fifteen yearsold, and in 11 patients the disease developed betweentwenty and thirty years. It is more than probablethat some were instances of sarcoma.

Carcinoma is also a frequent neoplasm of the diges-tive tract, and the stomach alone contributes about 33per cent, of all cases of carcinoma. Leber found threeper cent, out of 314 cases of cancer of the stomach,Hahn out of 166 cases only two per cent., and Reich-ert found only three per cent, of these cases occurringin subjects under thirty years of age. In a statisticmade at the clinic in Zurich, five cases out of 138 oc-curred in subjects under thirty years, while anotherseries of 120 cases reported from the clinic in Wiirz-burg gave three instances of this affection in subjectsunder thirty years of age. Scholtz relates the case ofcarcinoma of the stomach in a girl aged twenty-two,and Scheffer records another in a boy of fourteenyears. Hofmann describes a case of this affection in atwenty-year-old soldier, Reinbrecht that of a twenty-one-year-old girl, Muth one of a twenty-four-year-oldman, while Burger gives in a statistic of 357 cases ofcarcinoma of the stomach, 11 of the patients beingunder thirty years of age.

As to cases of carcinoma of the intestines occurringin subjects under thirty years of age, a certain number

4have been reported from time to time. The youngestthat we know of has been reported by Marchand, andwas that of a carcinoma of the rectum in a young girlof sixteen, and Mr. Cripps records another instance ina lad of seventeen. Billroth reports three cases ofcarcinoma of the intestine in patients between eighteenand twenty years old, while Raspe records a case ofcarcinoma recti in a woman twenty-eight years old.Sihla reports two cases of carcinoma of the intestinein patients under thirty years of age out of 46 caseswhich were operated on in Dorpat from 1880 to 1888.Schwieder found three cases of carcinoma of the intes-tine in patients under thirty years of age out of a totalof 49 cases. Burger found nine cases under thirty yearsof age out of 111 autopsies in which carcinoma of theintestine was found. Von Bary has described a caseof a patient aged twenty-five, in which a carcinoma de-veloped from an ulcus durum on the border of theanus. Out of a total of 126 cases of carcinoma of therectum observed by Kuster, two patients were underthe age of twenty years. Professor Rose operated ona case of carcinoma of the rectum in a subject twenty-six years old, while Professor Socin operated on afemale of twenty-seven years for a tumor of the colon,which proved on microscopical examination to be acylinder-cell carcinoma.

The following table compiled by Dr. Boulognerelative to the age at which carcinoma of the intestinehas been found is interesting:

From 1 to 9 years of age 5 eases“ 10 to 19 “ “ 4 “

“ 20 to 29 “ “ 24 “

“ 30 to 39 “ “ 38 “

“ 40 to 49 “ “ 46 “

“ 50 to 59 “ “ 51 “

“ 60 to 69 “ “ 31 “

“ 70 to 79 “ “ 16 “

“ 80 to 89 “ “ 2 “

5

Here are a few more cases gathered from the litera-ature and classified according to the location of theneoplasm:

Cecum and Ascending Colon.Male, aged 27 years (Morton: The Lancet, 1895).Female, aged 24 years (Hofrnolk: Wien. med. Presse, 1885).Male, aged 28 years (Tchouprow: Chirurg. Leitopis, 1893).Female, aged 25 years (Jacobs: Presse med. Beige, 1895).Female, aged 14 years (Hobson; British Medical Journal, 1895).Male, aged 24 years (McCosh: Presbyterian Hos. Reports, 1895).Female, aged 29 years (Shield: British Medical Journal, 1*96).Female, aged 29 years (Rolleston and Shield: Clinical Society

Transactions, vol. xxx).Transverse Colon and Flexures.

Female, aged 29 years (Eiselsberg: Wien. tned. Wooh., 1895).Female, aged 25 years (Laubieand Cactes; J. med. Bordeaux,lB9B)

Sigmoid Flexure.Male, aged 28 years (Ferranti: liiv. din. di Bologna, IS^.S).

Rose performed an exploratory laparotomy on asubject of twenty-one years ; the growth proved to bea carcinoma of the left kidney, with metastases in theretroperitoneal lymphatic glands. Isreal removed theleft kidney for carcinoma in a patient twenty-one yearsold. In an interesting paper on malignant tumors ofthe kidney Sutton mentions a case of carcinoma of thekidney in a female twenty-eight years of age. Theoperation was successful, but the patient died a yearlater from a recurrence of the neoplasm.

In a recent study entitled, “ Carcinome unter dreissigJahren,” Seitz related eight unpublished cases of con-siderable interest which were under observation at thesurgical clinic of the University of Munich. The firstwas a subject twenty-three years old afflicted with a car-cinoma of the rectum; the second was a patient twen-ty-three years old who had a carcinoma of the skin inthe left dorsal region ; the third was a subject twenty-four years of age, with carcinoma of the rectum ; thefourth, also aged twenty-four, carcinoma of the rec-

6

turn; the fifth, aged twenty-five, had carcinoma of theliver; the sixth was a twenty-seven-year-old subjectwho had a epithelioma of the lower lip; case seven,also twenty-seven years of age, had a carcinoma of thepylorus; case eight was a twenty-eight-year-old sub-ject, with carcinoma of the breast.

Dr. Fabre-Domergue, in his recent and splendidtreatise on “ Les cancers epitheliaux ” (Paris, 1898),mentions the case of an inoperable epithelioma of thethigh in a man aged thirty. The primary growthwas seated on the anterior aspect of the left thigh,ten centimetres from the groin. It was a flattenedfungous mass, having a diameterof ten centimetres andprojected above the surrounding skin about three cen-timetres. The surface was reddish and dimpled, andcovered with offensive pus. It had been present forfourteen months. In the corresponding groin a metas-tasis in the glands had taken place, the secondarytumor being the size of an apple; the skin coveringit was red and inflamed. All the lymphatics of thisregion appeared to be more or less indurated.

Carcinoma of the external genitals in young sub-jects must be very rare, as I have only been able tofind three recorded cases. The first was a youngwoman of twenty-eight years, who was operated onfor a carcinoma of the right labium majorum by Pro-fessor Sochi, of Basel, in 1890. The second case wasa male subject aged twenty-four years, who under-went amputation of the penis for an epithelioma ofthe organ; this case occurred in the service of Pro-fessor Weinlechner, of Vienna. The third case wasa man aged thirty, with a carcinoma of the penis, theorgan being amputated by Professor Rose at that timein Zurich.

As very rare we may mention the case of a femaleaged thirty years, who was operated on for an epithe-

7

iioma of the upper lip in the Vienna General Hospi-tal, and a patient of Professor Rose, aged thirtyyears, who presented a carcinoma of the tongue andsubmaxillary gland.

To the cases already mentioned I will relate a lit-tle more in detail three that have occurred in my prac-tice within the last four years.

Case I. Miss X., age nineteen, was kindly re-ferred by Dr. Charles W. Knowlton, of this city. Ayear previous to our seeing the patient, she had suf-fered from a typical attack of gall-stone colic, thesymptoms presented being pain in the region of thegall-bladder, yellow skin and conjunctiva, clay-coloredstools and anorexia. She recovered from this attackafter a few weeks of treatment, and although the cal-culi were searched for in the stools, none had beenfound.

We saw the patient in a second attack in May,1897, and made the following notes : The skin and

conjunctiva were of deep yellow; thickly coatedtongue and almost complete anorexia. Clay-coloredstools. Pulse 60 per minute. Pain in the region ofthe gall-bladder. Palpation revealed the presence ofa large globular tumor in the right hypochondriac re-gion, very sensitive to pressure, and, as near as wecould ascertain, might have been the size of a grape-fruit. A diagnosis of biliary calculi was made, but onaccount of the very distinct outline of the mass, it ap-peared to us that some other affection might possiblybe present, more particularly perhaps a hydatid cystof the liver, and before operating Dr. David W.Cheever and Dr. Edgar Garceau kindly saw the pa-tient in consultation and coincided in the diagnosis ofgall-stones.

After putting the patient on a course of medicaltreatment in order to relieve the jaundiced condition,

8

the patient was prepared for laparotomy, which wasdone a week or two later. The usual incision paral-lel with the outer border of the rectus muscle wasmade, and when the peritoneum was reached the fun-dus of the gall-bladder was distinctly felt adherent tothe serous membrane. The latter was picked up witha rat-tooth forceps and carefully incised to the extentof about four centimetres, and when this opening hadbeen made, it was found that the supposed gall-blad-der was adherent over quite an extent to the perito-neum. We carefully separated the organ from theperitoneum all around the edges of our incision intothe serous membrane, but as the organ was nicelywalled off, we found that packing with gauze wouldbe unnecessary.

The aspirating needle was slowly introduced forabout three or four centimetres, but did not come incontact with any stone, and a vigorous use of the as-pirator did not result in the withdrawal of any fluid ;

several attempts were made, but no gall-stones wereencountered by the needle, and nothing but a littledark blood would come away when the latter waswithdrawn.

Not understanding the nature of the condition ofaffairs present, the gall-bladder was separated fromthe peritoneum, when, to our surprise, in introducingthe hand into the peritoneal cavity we found a largemass the size of a fetal head extending from theunder surface of the liver and dipping down into thepelvic cavity. Raising up the borders of the abdomi-nal incision with a broad retractor, the cavity was in-spected and the gall-bladder was seen in its normalposition ; it was very small. The supposed gall-blad-der was the greatly hypertrophied liver. The diagno-sis of carcinoma of the liver, or more probably adeno-carcinoma, was made, ami the abdominal wound was

9

sutured. The patient died shortly after the operationand no autopsy could be obtained.

Case 11. The patient, age twenty-eight years,kindly referred by Dr. Joseph Garland, of Glouces-ter, Mass. The patient was the mother of two ormore children. The last few months she had beencomplaining of considerable vaginal discharge, whichwas rather foul-smelling and tinted with blood.

Examination revealed a cauliflower growth on thecervix which invaded the lateral culs-de-sac. Theuterus was somewhat enlarged and not very mov-able. The broad ligaments were considerably infil-trated. No enlargement of the inguinal or supra-clavicular glands. As the disease had extended toofar for a radical operation, the growth was freelyremoved with the scissors and thermocautery. Thepatient died nine months later from a general metastasisthroughout theabdominal viscera. Histological exami-nation of the neoplasm showed it to be epithelioma.

Case 111. A young man, age twenty-four years,applied to the writer, for constipation. He stated thatduring the last three months he had lost twenty-fourpounds. His skin was sallow and his eyes rathersunken. Thoracic organs negative. Palpation of theabdomen revealed the presence of a mass about thesize of a lemon in the right iliac region. This growthwas painless on pressure. The inguinal glands onthe right side were enlarged. Exploratory incisionrevealed an annular carcinoma of the ascending colon,and the mesentery was actually riddled with secondarylymphatic metastasis. Circular resection of the in-testine was done.

The patient died four months later, and histologicalexamination of the intestinal growth showed it to bean ordinary cylinder-cell carcinoma.

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