undergraduate final year project - laboratory book excerpt

7/28/2019 Undergraduate Final Year Project - Laboratory Book excerpt

1/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

;

Ak`brktbry @bbe

Grnfky Ibvmc`mr 6to 08;; ;4:88 Cmmtnil

Furnil k ;4:88 cmmtnil wnto cy supmrvnsbr! Fr Pkdoma Ttu``niltbi! k prmancnikry sntm gbr tom prbjmdt wks

nivmstnlktmf) Vom prbpbsmf sntm! Gknrokc @rbbe! wks k ibrtowkrf gabwnil @rbbe! wnto k tbtka wktmrdbursmamilto bg just bvmr ?ec! vmry dabsm tb tom dbigaumidm wnto tom imkr`y Pnvmr Vrmit) Vom rmdmit dkikansktnbi bg

tom @rbbe oks fmdrmksmf bvmrkaa wnafangm vkaum! `ut nivmrtm`rktms okvm gaburnsomf) Vom `rbbe wks obcm tb k

wnfm vkrnmty bg nivmrtm`rktms wondo wnaa dbabinsm cy `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams) Vom lrkssakif wks rkie kif

rmpakdmf `y \naabw sdru`! `ut sbcm gabrk rmcknis nidaufnil frbpwbrt kif tbrcmitna) Tbcm krmks bg fry rmmf

`mf kasb mxnst wntoni tom `rbbe) Vom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams amgt tomrm wmrm kasb uianemay tb `m fnstur`mf `y

kitorbpblmind kdtnvnty)

Gnlurm ; Fnlntka ckp onloanlotnil tom dbivninmit fnstkidm mtwmmi sntm kif Dangtbi Dkcpus

Vom prmancnikry sntm wks rbuloay 0ec kwky grbc Dangtbi dkcpus! wondo ckfm nt ablnstndkaay dbivminmit tb `rnil

skcpams tb kif grbc tom sntm tb tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry) Vom ckp `mabw /gnlurm ;. sobws tom dbivminmit

prbxncnty bg tom sntm tb Dangtbi dkcpus) Vom sntm wks onloanlotmf `y tom rmf rmdtkilam ni tom cnffam bg tom

ncklm kif Dangtbi dkcpus wks onloanlotmf `y tom brkilm rmdtkilam kt tom `bttbc bg tom ncklm) Vom sktmaantm

ncklm `mabw /gnlurm 0. zbbcs bi tom sntm onloanlotmf ni gnlurm ;! sobwnil tom abdktnbi ni cbrm fmtkna) Vom

krrbw amkfs tb k sckaamr ncklm wondo oks `mmi gurtomr miokidmf tb sobw tom gbbt`rnflm bvmr tom @rbbe)

Gnlurm 0 Dabsm up Tktmaantm ncklm bg sntm wnto zbbcmf ncklm bg gbbt`rnflm


2/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

0

Grnfky ;;to Ibvmc`mr 08;; 8>:48 Ak`brktbry

Vom kpprbprnktm rnse kssmsscmit gbrc wks gnaamf but `mgbrm pakiinil tom gnrst trnp tb tom sntm) N cmt cy

supmrvnsbr kt tom ak`brktbry kt 8>:48 kif wm lktomrmf kaa tom mqunpcmit immfmf gbr misurnil omkato kif

skgmty! skcpanil nivmrtm`rktms kif akynil prmancnikry su`strktm kt tom sntm)

Vb misurm pmrsbika omkato! skgmty kif dbcgbrt wonast kt tom sntm! pmrsbika prbtmdtnvm mqunpcmit wks wbri)

Vonlo amilto wkfnil `bbts! abil ru``mr labvms kif gk`rnd labvms wmrm abkimf grbc Ibttnilokc Vrmit

]invmrsnty) Vom wkfnil `bbts kif abil ru``mr labvms prmvmitmf bur dabtoms lmttnil wmt! tous fmdrmksnil tom

rnse bg oypbtomrcnk grbc su`cmrsnbi) Vom gk`rnd labvms prbtmdtmf bur okifs grbc su`strktm furnil tom sur`mr

skcpanil) Vom suntk`am gbbtwmkr kif kpprbprnktm dabtonil wks wbri tb emmp us wkrc ni kiy wmktomr sdmikrnb!

nt kasb kaabwmf us tb skcpam mggndnmitay kt tom prmancnikry sntm) Cy supmrvnsbr kasb prbvnfmf kitn`kdtmrnka lma

usmf tb damki bur okifs kif gkdms kgtmrwkrfs! tb prmvmit dktdonil \mnas fnsmksm)

Gbr skcpanil tom nivmrtm`rktms! twb typms bg skcpanil cmtobf wmrm usmf kt Gknrokc @rbbe) Vom gnrst skcpanil

cmtobf wks Tur`mr skcpanil! gbr wondo = skcpams wmrm tkemi tb misurm tom rmamvkit krmk wks skcpamf! wondo

kaabwmf us tb kssmss tom fnvmrsnty bg ckdrbnivmrtm`rktms ni tom mitnrm @rbbe) Ks spmdnms rndoimss wks k emy pkrtbg tons prbjmdt! cuatn ok`ntkt skcpams wmrm tkemi) Vom smdbif cmtobf wks ende skcpanil! gbr wondo ; skcpam

wks tkemi kabil kpprbxncktmay k 68 cmtrm trkismdt) Vom 0cc sur`mr skcpanil imt /gnlurm 4 amgt.! 0cc ende

skcpanil imt /gnlurm 4 rnlot. kif pakstnd skcpam `kls wmrm prbvnfmf `y Ibttnilokc Vrmit ]invmrsnty)

Kgtmr cudo fman`mrktnbi! N fmdnfmf tom `mst `nbtnd su`strktm tb usm gbr tons prbjmdt wks pbre) Xbre okf k fnstnidt

kfvkitklm bvmr tom katmriktnvms sudo ks dondemi! `mmg kif akc` ks pnl gamso oks tom dabsmst `nbablndka

rmsmc`akidm tb oucki gamso) Ni tom prmancnikry mxpmrncmit! twb 688l lkccbi stmkes wmrm usmf ks `nbtnd

su`strktm) Vom twb dklms tom su`strktm wks pakdmf ni! tom 7 tmit pmls wondo kidobrmf tom dklms kif tom ckaamt

tb smdurm tom pmls ni wmrm prbvnfmf cy supmrvnsbr) Vom lkccbi stmkes wmrm dut nitb kpprbxncktmay ;88l

qukrtmrs kif ; stmke pakdmf ni mkdo dklm) /Tmm gnlurm 6).

Gnlurm 6 Ncklm sobwnil nbtnd su`strktm skcpams ni dklms

Gnlurm 4

Tur`mr skcpanil imt /amgt.! Ende skcpanil imt /rnlot.


3/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

4

Grnfky ;;to Ibvmc`mr ;8:88 Gknrokc @rbbe

\m krrnvmf kt tom sntm kt ;8)88! puttnil bi tom prbtmdtnvm wkfnil `bbts kif abil ru``mr labvms wnto gk`rnd

labvms bvmr tom tbp! wondo ckfm nt mksnmr tb dkrry mqunpcmit nitb tom `rbbe) Nt wks k dabufy fky5 tom

tmcpmrkturm wks >D! wnto wnifs kt krbuif 08ec"po) \m cbvmf fbwi tom `kie nitb tom @rbbe! wondo okf

wmaa `mabw kvmrklm gabw gbr tokt tncm bg ymkr! vkrynil grbc kpprbxncktmay ;8cc kt nts sokaabwmst pbnits tbkpprbxncktmay


4/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

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6

N_) Vom imt wks vnsukaay nispmdtmf! misurnil kaa nivmrtm`rktms okf `mmi dbaamdtmf grbc nt)_) Vons cmtobfbably wks rmpmktmf kt mkdo bg tom gnvm sntms)

Vom smdbif skcpanil cmtobf wks ende skcpanil) Vons wks fbim kabil k 68 cmtrm trkismdt bg tom @rbbe! bi

`bto snfms bg tom gbbt`rnflm) Vons trkismdt wks smamdtmf ks nt dbitknimf kaa bg tom fnggmrmit ok`ntkt typms

prmsmit) Tbcm bg tom trkismdt ende skcpamf kif tom fnrmdtnbi bg tom durrmit dki `m smmi ni gnlurm 7! tkemifbwistrmkc bg tom gbbt`rnflm)

Gnlurm 7 Ncklm tkemi gkdnil upstrmkc! sobwnil ende skcpanil trkismdt kif fnrmdtnbi bg durrmit

N) Vom 0cc ende skcpanil imt wks omaf vmrtndkaay kif pakdmf bi tom `mf bg tom @rbbe! tom gakt mflmrmstnil klknist tom `mf) Vons misurmf kaa fnstur`mf brlkinscs wmrm dkpturmf! sb fnvmrsnty"kùifkidm

wks ibt uifmrmstncktmf)

NN) Vom imt wks pbsntnbimf fbwistrmkc! sb tom gabw bg tom wktmr dkrrnmf kaa tom cktmrnka kif `mitondnivmrtm`rktms fnstur`mf nitb tom dbaamdtnil imt)

NNN) Ttkifnil upstrmkc bg tom imt! tom `mitond su`strktm wks fnstur`mf `y endenil tom cktmrnka bi tom`mf tbwkrfs kif kwky grbc tom imt abilntufnikaay /wnto strmkc gabw.! kaabwnil tom fnsabflmf cktmrnka

tb `m dkrrnmf fbwistrmkc nitb tom imt)

NW) Vons wks fbim gbr k tbtka bg 4 cniutms! tobsm 4 cniutms fnvnfmf `mtwmmi fnggmrmit ok`ntkts kabil tomtrkismdt! sudo ks sokaabw lrkvmaay rnggams! sokaabw pm`àmf wktmr kif fmmp! sabwmr cbvnil pbbas)

W) N cbvmf upstrmkc kabil tom trkismdt furnil tomsm 4 cniutms tb skcpam tom fnggmrmit ok`ntkts ni tom@rbbe! sudo ks sokaabw lrkvmaay rnggams! sokaabw pm`àmf wktmr kif sabw fmmp pbbas) Vons misurmf tokt

tom guaa dbcpamcmit bg nivmrtm`rktms prmsmit kabil tom trkismdt wks rmprmsmitmf ni tom skcpam) Vom

tncm wks fnvnfmf up prbpbrtnbikaay tb tom ok`ntkt! gbr mxkcpam! ng k tonrf bg tom sntm wks ckfm up bg

lrkvmaay rnggams! k tonrf bg tom tncm /; cniutm. wks spmit endenil ni lrkvmaay rnggams)

WN) Vom `bttbc bg tom imt wks fnppmf nitb tom @rbbe k gmw tncms! lukrkitmmnil kaa tom cktmrnka wksdbaamdtmf kt tom `bttbc bg tom imt)


5/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

=

WNN) Lrk``nil tom dbaamdtmf cktmrnka grbc tom butsnfm bg tom imt! kaa tom cktmrnka kif nivmrtm`rktms wmrmrmcbvmf grbc tom imt nitb tom ak`maamf pakstnd skcpam `kls)

WNNN) Vom imt wks vnsukaay nispmdtmf! misurnil kaa nivmrtm`rktms okf `mmi dbaamdtmf grbc nt)\m smamdtmf twb suntk`am spbts gbr tom twb prmancnikry `nbtnd su`strktm dklms) Vom sntms wmrm dobsmi gbr twb

ckni rmksbis) Vom gnrst wks tomnr fnsdrmtm abdktnbi! wondo rmfudmf tom rnse bg nitmrgmrmidm ks k rmsuat bgkitorbpblmind kdtnvnty) Vom smdbif rmksbi wks tom vkrnktnbi `mtwmmi tom twb sntms) Ks tons wks k prmancnikry

rui kt tom prbjmdt! twb dbitrkstnil sntms wmrm dobsmi) Tntm K okf k fmpto bg kpprbxncktmay ;88cc kif wks ni k

gkst gabwnil rnggam! Tntm @ wks fmmpmr wnto k fmpto bg kpprbxncktmay 688cc kif tom gabw wks sabwmr cbvnil)

Vons vkrnktnbi kaabwmf cm tb fmtmrcnim ng dmrtkni dbifntnbis wmrm cbrm gkvburk`am tb kttrkdtnil nivmrtm`rktms

toki btomrs)

Gnlurm


6/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

7

Gnlurm >

Ncklm sobwnil nbtnd su`strktm skcpam kt Tntm @

Gnlurm > /k`bvm. sobws tom abdktnbi bg tom `nbtnd su`strktm dbitkninil dklm kt sntm @! nt kasb sobws obw cudo

fmmpmr kif sabwmr cbvnil tom wktmr dbcpkrmf tb sntm K) /Tmm gnlurm ?). Vom dklm kt sntm @ wks kidobrmf ni

wnto tmit pmls! wondo wmrm klkni obbemf bitb tom dklm /onloanlotmf `y rmf squkrm gnlurm ;8. kif okccmrmf ni

wnto k ckaamt) Vom pmls wmrm ibt guaay nismrtmf obwmvmr! wondo amgt tom dklm rbuloay =8cc bgg tom `bttbc bg

tom @rbbe `mf) Ks tomsm wmrm prmancnikry su`strktm dklms! tom akde bg dbitkdt tons dklm okf wnto tom su`strktm

bi tom @rbbe `mf wks kibtomr kibckay wondo wks mxpmrncmitmf wnto tb smm wondo ynmafmf tom `mst rmsuats)

Gnlurm ;8 Dabsm up ncklm bg nbtnd su`strktm skcpam kt sntm @! zbbcnil ni bi kidobrnil pml


7/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

460;.! wob kddbcpkinmf cm tb tom rnvmr gbr omkato kif

skgmty rmksbis) N kasb tbbe 0 damkr pakstnd skcpam `kls! wondo mkdo ;88l su`strktm skcpam wks dbaamdtmf ni)

Vumsfky 00if Ibvmc`mr 08;; ;4:48 Gknrokc @rbbe

\m krrnvmf kt Gknrokc @rbbe kt ;4)48 kif put bi kaa tom pmrsbika prbtmdtnvm mqunpcmit) Vom tmcpmrkturm wks

;;D! wnto wnif spmmf kt krbuif ;8ec"po) Nt wks damkr! ùt tomrm okf `mmi sbcm anlot prmdnpntktnbi mkranmr ni

tom fky)

\m mitmrmf tom @rbbe! abbenil gbr cy su`strktm dklms kt tom twb sntms tomy okf `mmi kidobrmf kt) N usmf tom

ncklms tkemi kt cy prmvnbus vnsnt ks k lunfm! ùt dbuaf ibt abdktm tom dklms) \m spmit k gurtomr obur abbenil

ùt tb ib kvkna) \m amgt tom @rbbe! rmcbvmf kaa pmrsbika prbtmdtnvm mqunpcmit kif usmf kitn`kdtmrnka lma tb

damkism bur okifs kif gkdms) \m amgt tom sntm kt ;6)6=) N rmturimf kaa abkimf mqunpcmit tb tom ak`brktbry kif

nigbrcmf cy supmrvnsbr tokt tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams wmrm cnssnil)


9/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

>

Grnfky >to Fmdmc`mr 08;; ;;:88 Cmmtnil

Kgtmr N tbaf cy supmrvnsbr k`but tom cnssnil su`strktm dklms! wm tombrnzmf tokt tomy cbst anemay wmit cnssnil

ks k rmsuat bg prmfktnbi grbc cnie br omrbi) \m fnsdussmf k pbtmitnka imw prbjmdt sntm! tom 0 pbifs abdktmf bi

Dangtbi dkcpus) Vom sntm wks cudo dabsmr tb tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry toki Gknrokc @rbbe! ckenil nt cbrm

ablnstndkaay dbivminmit) Vons dki `m smmi nignlurm ;; `mabw! tom rmf rmdtkilam onloanlotnil tom pbifs kif tombrkilm rmdtkilam tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry) Vomrm wks kasb amss rnse bg prmfktnbi grbc kinckas ks tom surgkdm

bg `bto pbifs bgtmi grbzm bvmr furnil tom wnitmr cbitos)

Gnlurm ;; Tktmaantm ncklm onloanlotnil tom dbivninmit fnstkidm mtwmmi tom pbifs kif tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry

Vom prb`k`nanty bg tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams `mnil wksomf kwky `y gkst gabwnil wktmr wks mancniktmf! ks

tom pbifs krm `bto amitnd wktmr `bfnms)Vom pbifs okf kasb `mmi skcpamf gbr nivmrtm`rktms `mgbrm kif wmrmgbuif tb okvm k nivmrtm`rktm dbccuinty prmsmit) Vom dbccuinty wks suggndnmit mibulo tb cmmt tom

rmqunrmcmits bg tom prbjmdt! tom dbabinsktnbi bg tom k`nbtnd su`strktm skcpams) Gnlurm ;0 `mabw sobwmf tom

dabsm prbxncnty bg `bto pbifs tb mkdo btomr) Vons wks ibt dbisnfmrmf k fnskfvkitklm ks `bto pbifs okvm

sanlotay fnggmrmit dbccuintnms wondo wbuaf knf dbcpkrnsbi) Ks k rmsuat bg tom ckiy kfvkitklms tom dkcpus

pbifs omaf bvmr Gknrokc @rbbe! wm klrmmf tb tom dokilm bg sntm)

Gnlurm ;0 Ak`maamf sktmaantm ncklm zbbcnil ni bi tom 0 pbifs kt Dangtbi Dkcpus


10/10

Tkt`nr Jkifu

I80;0880

;8

Grnfky ;4to Jkiukry 08;0 ;;:48 Mckna Cmmtnil

Ki mxpmrncmitka fmsnli wks drmktmf gbr tom prbjmdt) Nt wks fmdnfmf tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams wmrm tb `m

pakdmf ni `bto pbifs! sb fnggmrmit dbccuintnms dbuaf `m dbaamdtmf kif sanlotay fnggmrmit ok`ntkt typms

dbcpkrmf) Vom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpam usmf wks pbre! dobsmi gbr tom skcm rmksbis ks womi nt wks prmvnbusay

usmf furnil prmancnikry tmsts kt Gknrokc @rbbe /smm pklm 0.) Vom `nbtnd su`strktm wks dut nitb kpprbxncktmay;88l pnmdms! kif = skcpam pnmdms pakdmf ni mkdo wnrm cmso dklm) Gbr nidrmksmf kddurkdy 7 rmpandktm wnrm cmso

dklms wmrm pakdmf ni mkdo pbif! mkdo dklm dbitkninil = kpprbxncktmay ;88l `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams)

Vom wnrm cmso dklms wmrm imdmsskry tb prmvmit tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams grbc gabktnil kif emmpnil tomc

su`cmrlmf furnil tom mitnrm prbjmdt) Mkdo wnrm dklm wks kidobrmf fnrmdtay bitb tom pbif su`strktm usnil twb

;88cc kaucninuc tmit pmls! misurnil mkdo dklm fnf ibt cbvm)

K ;88l `nbtnd su`strktm skcpam wks dbaamdtmf grbc mkdo dklm kt = dmrtkni nitmrvkas furnil tom prbjmdt furktnbi)

Vom nitmrvkas kt wondo ;88l `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams wmrm rmcbvmf nidaufmf: ; fky! ; wmme! 0 wmmes! 6 wmmes

kif 7 wmmes) Vomsm nitmrvkas wmrm smamdtmf ks tomy rmprmsmitmf vkrnbus stklms bg uifmrwktmr fmdbcpbsntnbi

kif sobwmf nivmrtm`rktm dbabinsktnbi kabil tomsm stklms! kaabwnil pkttmris bg pbssnàm suddmssnbi tb `mcbintbrmf)

Ki k`nbtnd dbitrba wks usmf! = k`nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm pakdmf ni k wnrm cmso dklm! ; dklm

pakdmf ni mkdo pbif) Vom k`nbtnd su`strktm skcpams fnf ibt immf tb `m ni k dklm ks tomy suie! uianem tom `nbtnd

su`strktm skcpams wondo wbuaf okvm gabktmf kt dmrtkni furktnbis wntobut tom wnrm cmso dklms) Obwmvmr! tom

k`nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm pakdmf ni wnrm cmso dklms gbr tom purpbsms bg dbitniunty) Vom k`nbtnd

su`strktm usmf wks `rmmzm àbde smdtnbis! rbuloay tom skcm snzm ks tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams gbr kddurkdy

kif dbitniunty) Vom k`nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams kaabwmf gbr dbabinsktnbi dbcpkrnsbi `mtwmmi k`nbtnd kif

`nbtnd skcpams)

K `nbtnd dbitrba wks kasb usmf5 `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm pakdmf ni mkdo pbif) Gnvm ;88l `nbtnd

su`strktm dbitrba skcpam wmrm pakdmf ni k wnrm cmso dklm ni tom skcm abdktnbi ks tom btomr `nbtnd kif k`nbtnd

su`strktm skcpams) Kgtmr tom smdbif `nbtnd su`strktm skcpam wks dbaamdtmf grbc mkdo dklm kt tom smdbif

nitmrvka! tom dklms dbitkninil tom `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm dbcpamtmay obusmf wntoni k 0cc toni

cmso dklm) Vom rmckninil `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm rmcbvmf kt tom skcm nitmrvkas ks tom `nbtnd

su`strktm skcpams)

Vom purpbsm bg tons smdbif dklm wks tb stbp nivmrtm`rktms pkssnil torbulo nt kif dbabinsnil tom `nbtnd

su`strktm kgtmr tom wmme nitmrvka) Vons àbdemf tom vmrtndka dbabinsktnbi pktowkys /vnk tom pbif su`strktm. kif

àbdemf tom aktmrka dbabinsktnbi pktowkys /vnk tom wktmr.! tous stbppnil nivmrtm`rktm dbabinsktnbi dokilnil

kgtmr tom wmme nitmrvka kif prmvmitnil suddmssnbi upbi tom `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams) Vom `nbtnd

su`strktm dbitrba skcpams kaabwmf gbr nivmrtm`rktm dbcpkrnsbi `mtwmmi tom dbitrba `nbtnd skcpams kif tomibi#dbitrba `nbtnd skcpams)

Bidm dbaamdtmf! kaa rmamvkit su`strktm skcpams wmrm prbdmssmf kt tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry) Gurtomr fmtknas bi

tom dbaamdtnbi kif prbdmssnil cmtobfs dki `m gbuif aktmr ni tons ak`brktbry `bbe)

undergraduate final year project - laboratory book excerpt

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