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USE AND USERS OF INFORMATION

LIS 391D.1

Unique Number #45525

Dr. Philip DotySchool of Information

University of Texas at Austin

Spring 2003

Class time: Friday 2:00 – 5:00 PM

Place: SZB 556

Office: SZB 570

Office hrs: Thursday 1:00 – 2:00 PMFriday 11:30 AM - 12:30 PM

By appointment other times

Telephone: (512) 471-3746 (Direct line)(512) 471-3821 (Main iSchool office)

Internet: [email protected]://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~pdoty/index.htm

Class URL: http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~lis391pd/sp2003

TA: Elena [email protected]

Office hours: TBA

Copyright Philip Doty & Danielle Plumer, UT-Austin, October 2002

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~lis391pd/sp

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction to the course 3

Assignment descriptions 5

Expectations of PhD students’ performance 9

Standards for written work 10

Editing conventions 14

Grading 15

Texts 16

List of assignments 17

Outline of course 18

Schedule 20

References 25

Readings in the class schedule

Selected ARIST “use and users” chapters 1966-2002

Selected important serial and other sources about users

Additional sources


INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

LIS 391D.1, Use and Users of Information, is one of the seminars currently required in the School of Information doctoral program. The purpose of the course, most broadly construed, is to consider some of the many ways in which users and information interact and create each other.

As such, the course has these goals:

To consider what information is and to examine the many ways that our field and others have identified information – at the same time, however, we will also discuss how the idea of information as a noun, a substantive, is a useful fiction, but only a fiction.

To discuss what a “user” is and how we have (unfortunately) naturalized our highly contingent, historicized judgments about that question.

To explore the concept of “the document” and how that concept both limits and offers clarity to our understanding of users.

To understand the increased cognitivist emphasis of research into users’ behavior, and then undermine a purely cognitive understanding of the use of information. To this end, we will consider some of the literature on communities of practice and the formative role that knowledge plays in forming communities.

To identify and evaluate major efforts to understand and model what we might informally but usefully call “users’ information behaviors.”

To consider the meaning and use of models in research.

To see how empirical user-based research leads to theory development and how theory leads to empirical research.

To examine closely some of the research methods used to understand users.

To understand the important concepts of information retrieval and relevance in their various historical permutations, especially how they grew out of an emphasis on scientific and technical communication and the documentation movement.

To explore important terms and authors from many disciplines and to determine how these terms and authors can help us in trying to understand users.

Most importantly, to immerse students in the very large interdisciplinary literatures related to information users.

As we all know, research and theory about users have evolved from system-centric to user-centric perspectives, an important and essential step in the maturity of the information disciplines. Despite the rich results of such efforts, we cannot fall prey to their limitations, i.e., we cannot regard users as simply cognitive and atomistic beings. To avoid such a (tempting) mistake, we will self-consciously consider some of the contexts, meanings, and cultural productions important to understanding how


it is that people define and use “information.” At the same time, however, we will not focus on user groups per se or on information institutions qua institutions. Further, we will not rely on the supposed hierarchy of “facts” data information knowledge wisdom for reasons we will discuss throughout the semester.

Structurally, the course comprises three units:

Unit 1: Empirical and conceptual foundations (classes 1-7)

Unit 2: Examining the research of others (classes 8-12)

Unit 3: Students’ presentations of their own research and course summary (classes 13-15).

As I tell the students in the Master’s users class, all of the topics we address this semester deserve more attention than we can give them and there are a number of ideas that are especially pertinent that we cannot explore in any depth. A partial list of such important topics includes:

Browsing Gender Resistance to technology Cognitive authority and the evaluation of information Versioning Digital libraries Problem-solving and bounded rationality Collection development The value-added model Formal evaluation of information systems Epistemology The contribution of the American pragmatist philosophers to the study of

information users Censorship Human-computer interaction Information policy Scientific and technical communication Information overload Scholarly communication Information equity Usability Collaboratories Information infrastructures Marketing “Information literacy,” itself a highly contested concept.

Students are encouraged, however, to engage these and other topics as their interests and professional goals dictate. This imperative is especially strong for doctoral students.


ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTIONS

I will provide you more specific information about each assignment as the semester proceeds.

1. Students in the seminar will engage some important terms and concepts in a variety of literatures of interest to our understanding users. To help us engage these terms more profitably, each student will choose a minimum of three of the following terms and contribute to the class Web glossary. No more than two students can choose any term. These terms are sprinkled through the schedule for the first seven classes, and students will post their working definitions at various times of the semester as indicated in the class schedule.

epistemologysub-textontologygenre and genre studiestheorypraxis/practicecommunity of practiceconstructivismethnographycritical incidentthink aloud protocolshermeneuticsstrong program(me) of sociology of scienceintersubjectivityphenomenologythick descriptioninvisible collegequasi-experimentsemioticsindexicalitytheories of the middle rangeconstructivismliteracydramaturgical view of selfsocial informaticsloose tiesintertextualitydiscourse.

Each student will prepare working definitions of his/her three terms. Each definition will:

Be one or two double-spaced pages long Include a personal interpretation of the term Include a discussion of its importance in our domain Provide examples of how researchers who study users employ the term.

The parroting of definitions from encyclopedias, dictionaries, or other sources will not suffice for this assignment. Instead, each student is expected to provide a scholarly level, value-added explanation of the term for us all. This assignment is worth 10% of your class grade.


2. You will write two or three double-spaced pages on which of the two major “schools” in research you find more powerful: (1) the qualitative approach or (2) the quantitative approach. You should indicate specifically what you mean by “qualitative” and “quantitative” in your paper. You should also identify factors in your life (especially in your previous education and work experience) that have led you to that particular choice while avoiding the easy dichotomies that often result from this kind of contrast. As we know, methodologically diverse studies that combine qualitative and quantitative methods are increasingly common. This assignment is due on January 24, the second class meeting and has no credit associated with it.

3. For five classes of the semester, students will work in self-selected groups of two or three, depending on the number of students enrolled in the course. These teams will determine what we will read and how we will discuss those readings for those classes. Each student team will choose the work of one of the 15 researchers in List A below as the focus of the class discussion. With approval of the instructor, a team could choose another researcher.

Each team will be responsible for leading discussion for the entire class period and will

have at least one formal meeting with the instructor three weeks before the class in which

it facilitates the discussion to discuss plans for the readings, presentation, and other

elements of the class. Thus, the team that leads discussion on March 7, the date of the

first class led entirely by students, must have provided all appropriate materials and met

with the instructor no later than February 14, preferably earlier.

List A

Gary MarchioniniPhilip AgreReijo SavolainenChristine BorgmanRaya FidelRobert S. TaylorPertti VakkariNicholas BelkinBrenda DervinMichael BucklandMarcia BatesTefko SaracevicElfreda ChatmanCarol KuhlthauThomas Wilson

List B

Paul OtletBen Schneiderman


Nancy van HouseCyril CleverdonDavid LevyFritz Machlup (Bertram) Chip BruceDonald SwansonCathy MarshallDerek de Solla PriceJ.C.R. LickliderPeter IngwersenKimmo TuominenClaude Shannon and Warren WeaverDouglas EnglebartCarol TenopirAmanda SpinkMichael EisenbergBruce CroftAnn Peterson BishopRob KlingGerald SaltonCarol Berry and Linda SchamberJesse SheraCorinne JörgensenDavid EllisSanda Erdelez

Each presenting team will identify two or more readings written by or about the work of the person(s) we are considering for that particular day (about 75-100 pp. of reading in toto).

It is important that you emphasize the research methods these researchers have used in order to investigate what we can broadly call information behavior and information. Thus, one of the major criteria used for evaluating your work will be how clearly and substantially you engage these research methods and help your colleagues do the same.

One of these readings should be empirical. At least one of the readings should be available in hard copy. Each student team will provide hard copies of the print materials to the

instructor no later than three weeks ahead of the class in question; provide URL’s for the material available online at the same time.

Be sure to contextualize these researchers’ work in their fields and in the study of information users and use.

Prepare discussion questions, emphasizing at least three points in each piece we will be reading for the week. These questions will help us discuss the works read.

Facilitate discussion in class about that person and his/her work, starting with a 45-60 minute presentation, then moving to a more general discussion focusing on the particular discussion questions developed for the remainder of class.

This assignment is worth 25% of your class grade.

4. Each student will act as a member of a two- or three-member team responding to one of the other student teams’ presentations and discussions. These respondents, like the presenters, will also be expected to facilitate the discussion for the day.


The respondents as a group will be expected to produce an annotated bibliography of works pertinent to the topic(s) of the presentations, up to approximately 30 items with one or two paragraph annotations for each item and an introductory, discursive overview of the works of six or seven double-spaced pages. This bibliography can include but must go beyond the works of the researcher(s) being discussed to focus more generally on research methods (data collection and data analysis in particular) and topics. As appropriate, I strongly encourage you to include works by one or more of the 28 researchers from List B above as well as at least one ARIST chapter we have not read as a class. The bibliography is due the day of the presentation. This assignment is worth 15% of your semester grade.

5. Each participant in the seminar will respond to an appropriate call for papers for a professional conference, with an emphasis on users. For those students with the interest, the instructor strongly encourages them to perform and report an empirical investigation of users to satisfy this course requirement. Such a choice, however, requires early planning and writing, especially to meet Institutional Review Board requirements related to research involving human beings. Such experience, however, is invaluable.


Generally all students will:

Write and submit an abstract in response to the call for papers. Write a full draft of the paper (10-12 double-spaced pages long), even if

the abstract is rejected or if you have not heard from the organizers by the time the paper is due.

Act as a peer editor for another student’s draft. Each student will write a paper two or three (2-3) double-spaced pages long reacting to another student’s paper. This effort is worth 10% of your final grade. The goal of this review is to help the author of the paper under review to improve that paper.

Present the final version of the paper publicly. We will emulate the logistics of a professional conference, with each student having about 20 minutes to present, with another 10 minutes for questions. This schedule will probably result in two classes with four papers discussed and one class with five papers discussed. The presentation will be worth 5% of your semester grade.

Members of the seminar, with a minimal amount of guidance from the instructor, will reserve an appropriate room in the Sánchez building for the presentations, ensure that all presentation equipment is reserved and there, be sure that the room is set up properly, and so on. Members of the Master’s users class (LIS 382L.20, Understanding and Serving Users), as well as the iSchool faculty, doctoral students, and others, will be invited to attend.

A final 15-page draft of the paper will be handed in on May 9 (25% of grade).

The students who sit in the class rather than enrolling will perform several tasks. They will:

a. Act as the initial evaluators of the abstracts submitted, offering advice and direction to the members of the seminar

b. Organize the papers into thematic groups for the three class periods used for these presentations

c. Moderate the sessions.

The instructor will try to ensure that students will be able to submit abstracts to real conferences. If that is not possible, then the students sitting in will develop their own call for papers focusing on users and their behavior to which the enrollees’ papers will respond.


EXPECTATIONS OF PHD STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE

PhD students are especially expected to be involved, creative, and vigorous participants in class discussions and in the overall conduct of the class. In addition, students are expected to:

• Attend all class sessions; if a student misses a class, it is his or her responsibility to arrange with another student to obtain all notes, handouts, and assignment sheets

• Read all material prior to class

• Spend at least 5-6 hours in preparation for each hour in the classroom of a PhD seminar; therefore, a 3-credit hour course requires a minimum of 15 hours per week of work outside the classroom

• Participate in all class discussions

• Hand in all assignments fully and on time -- late assignments will not be accepted except in the particular circumstances noted below

• Be responsible with collective property, especially books and other material on reserve

• Ask for any explanation and help from the instructor or the Teaching Assistant, either in class, during office hours, on the telephone, through email, or in any other appropriate way. Email is especially appropriate for information questions but please recall that I do not do email at home and that I try to stay home two days a week. It may be several days after you send email before I even see it.

Academic or scholastic dishonesty, such as plagiarism, cheating, or academic fraud, will not be tolerated and will incur the most severe penalties, including failure for the course. Naturally, PhD students are held to the highest academic standards.

If there is any concern about behavior that may be academically dishonest, please consult the instructor. Students are also encouraged to refer to the UT General Information Bulletin, Appendix C, Sections 11-304 and 11-802 and the brochure Texas is the Best . . . HONESTLY! (1988) by the Cabinet of College Councils and the Office of the Dean of Students.


STANDARDS FOR WRITTEN WORK

Review the standards for written work both before and after writing; they are used to evaluate your work.

You will be expected to meet professional standards of maturity, clarity, grammar, spelling, and organization in your written work for this class, and, to that end, I offer the following remarks. Every writer is faced with the problem of not knowing what his or her audience knows about the topic at hand; therefore, effective communication depends upon maximizing clarity. As Wolcott reminds us in Writing Up Qualitative Research (1990, p. 47): "Address . . . the many who do not know, not the few who do." It is also important to remember that clarity of ideas, clarity of language, and clarity of syntax are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. Good writing makes for good thinking and vice versa.

All written work for the class must be done on a word-processor and double-spaced, with 1" margins all the way around and in either 10 or 12 pt. font.

Certain assignments will demand the use of notes (either footnotes or endnotes) and references. It is particularly important in professional schools such as the School of Information that notes and references are impeccably done. Please use APA (American Psychological Association) standards. There are other standard bibliographic and note formats, for example, in engineering and law, but social scientists and a growing number of humanists use APA. Familiarity with standard formats is essential for understanding others' work and for preparing submissions to journals, professional conferences, and the like. You may also consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001, 5th ed.) and http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_index.htm (a useful if non-canonical source).

Never use a general dictionary or encyclopedia for defining terms in graduate school or in professional writing. If you want to use a reference source to define a term, a better choice would be a specialized dictionary or subject-specific encyclopedia. The best alternative, however, is having an understanding of the literature related to the term sufficient to provide a definition in the context of that literature.

Use the spell checker in your word processing package to review your documents, but be aware that spell checking dictionaries: do not include most proper nouns, including personal and place names; omit most technical terms; include very few foreign words and phrases; and cannot identify the error in using homophones, e.g., writing "there" instead of "their," or in writing "the" instead of "them."

It is imperative that you proofread your work thoroughly and be precise in editing it. It is often helpful to have someone else read your writing, to eliminate errors and to increase clarity. Finally, each assignment should be handed in with a title page containing your full name, the date, the title of the assignment, and the class number (LIS 391D.1). If you have any questions about these standards, I will be pleased to discuss them with you at any time.

Remember, every assignment must include a title page with

• The title of the assignment


http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_index.htm

• Your name

• The date

• The class number.CONTINUED


STANDARDS FOR WRITTEN WORK (CONTINUED)

Doctoral students must be especially sensitive to words and their meanings, as well as to the canons of good writing. As we know, however, what constitutes good writing and what constitutes permissible use of words in professional situations can vary widely. What follows are reminders to help you prepare professional-level work appropriate to any situation. Note the asterisked errors in #'s 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, and 25 (some have more than one error).

Since the production of professional-level written work is one of the aims of the class, I will read and edit your work as the editor of a professional journal or the moderator of a technical session at a professional conference would. Your colleagues expect the same from you when you review their work. Attention to the writing of others is an essential skill, no matter what your professional ambitions might be.

1. Staple all papers for this class in the upper left-hand corner. Do not use covers, binders, or other means of keeping the pages together.

2. Number all pages after the title page. Ordinarily, notes and references do NOT count against page limits.

3. Use formal, academic prose. Avoid colloquial language, *you know?* It is essential in graduate work and in professional communication to avoid failures in diction -- be serious and academic when called for, be informal and relaxed when called for, and be everything in between as necessary. For this course, avoid words and phrases such as "agenda," "problem with," "deal with," "handle," "window of," "goes into," "broken down into," "viable," and "option."

4. Avoid clichés. They are vague, *fail to "push the envelope," and do not provide "relevant input."*

5. Avoid computer technospeak like "input," "feedback," or "processing information" except when using such terms in specific technical ways; similarly avoid using “content” as a noun.

6. Do not use the term "relevant" except in its information retrieval sense. Ordinarily, it is a colloquial cliché, but it also has a strict technical meaning in Information Studies.

7. Do not use "quality" as an adjective; it is vague, cliché, and colloquial. Instead use "high-quality," "excellent," "superior," or whatever more formal phrase you deem appropriate.

8. Study the APA style convention for the proper use of ellipsis*. . . .*

9. Avoid using the terms "objective" and "subjective" in their evidentiary senses; these terms entail major philosophical, epistemological controversy. Avoid terms such as "facts," "factual," "proven," and related constructions for similar reasons.

10. Avoid contractions. *Don't* use them in formal writing.


11. Be circumspect in using the term "this," especially in the beginning of a sentence. *THIS* is often a problem because the referent is unclear. Pay strict attention to providing clear referents for all pronouns. Especially ensure that pronouns and their referents agree in number; i.e., "each person went to their home" is a poor construction because "each" is a singular form, as is the noun "person," while "their" is a plural form. Therefore, either the referent or the pronoun must change in number.

CONTINUED

STANDARDS FOR WRITTEN WORK (CONTINUED)

12. “If" ordinarily takes the subjunctive mood, e.g., "If he were [not "was"] only taller."

13. Put "only" in its appropriate place, near the word it modifies. For example, it is appropriate in spoken English to say that "he only goes to Antone's" when you mean that "the only place he frequents is Antone's." In written English, however, the sentence should read "he goes only to Antone's."

14. Do not confuse possessive, plural, or contracted forms, especially of pronouns. *Its* bad.

15. Do not confuse affect/effect, compliment/complement, or principle/principal. Readers will not *complement* your work or *it's* *principle* *affect* on them.

16. Avoid misplaced modifiers; e.g., it is inappropriate to write the following sentence: As someone interested in the history of Mesoamerica, it was important for me to attend the lecture. The sentence is inappropriate because the phrase "As someone interested in the history of Mesoamerica" is meant to modify the next immediate word, which should then, obviously, be both a person and the subject of the sentence. It should modify the word "I" by preceding it immediately. One good alternative for the sentence is: As someone interested in the history of Mesoamerica, I was especially eager to attend the lecture.

17. Avoid use of "valid," "parameter," "bias," "reliability," and "paradigm," except in limited technical ways. These are important terms and should be used with care and precision.

18. Remember that the words "data," "media," "criteria," "strata," and "phenomena" are all PLURAL forms. They *TAKES* plural verbs. If you use any of these plural forms in a singular construction, e.g., "the data is," you will make the instructor very unhappy :-(.

19. "Number," "many," and "fewer" are used with plural nouns (a number of horses, many horses, and fewer horses). “Amount," "much," and "less" are used with singular nouns (an amount of hydrogen, much hydrogen, and less hydrogen). Another useful way to make this distinction is to recall that "many" is used for countable nouns, while "much" is used for uncountable nouns.

20. *The passive voice should generally not be used.*


21. "Between" is used with two alternatives, while "among" is used with three or more.

22. Generally avoid the use of honorifics such as Mister, Doctor, Ms., and so on when referring to persons in your writing, especially when citing their written work. Use last names and dates as appropriate.

23. There is no generally accepted standard for citing electronic resources. If you cite them, give an indication, as specifically as possible, of:

- responsibility (who?)- title (what?)- date of creation (when?)- date viewed (when?)- place to find the source (where? how?).

See the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001, 5th ed., pp. 213-214, 231, and 268-281) for a discussion of citing electronic material and useful examples. Also see Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) at http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/#SCRIBE

CONTINUEDSTANDARDS FOR WRITTEN WORK (CONTINUED)

24. "Cite" is a verb, "citation" is a noun; similarly, "quote" is a verb, "quotation" is a noun.

25. *PROFREAD! PROOFREED! PROOOFREAD!*

26. Use double quotation marks (“abc.”), not single quotation marks (‘xyz.’), as a matter of course. Single quotation marks are to be used only to indicate quotations within quotations.

27. Provide a specific page number for all direct quotations. If the quotation is from a Web page or other digital source, provide at least the paragraph number.

28. As ≠ because.

29. Use "about" instead of the tortured locution "as to."

30. In much of social science and humanistic study, the term "issue" is used in a technical way to identify sources of public controversy or dissensus. Please use the term to refer to topics about which there is substantial public disagreement, NOT synonymously with general terms such as "area," "topic," or the like.


http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/#SCRIBE

SOME EDITING CONVENTIONS FOR STUDENT PAPERS

Symbol Meaning

# number OR insert a space; context will help you decipher its meaning

AWK awkward; and usually compromises clarity as well

block make into a block quotation without external quotation marks; do so with quotations ≥ 4 lines

caps capitalize

COLLOQ colloquial and to be avoided

dB database

FRAG sentence fragment; often that means that the verb and/or subject of the sentence is missing

ITAL italicize

j journal

lc make into lower case

lib'ship librarianship

org, org’l organization, organizational

PL plural

Q question

REF? what is the referent of this pronoun? to what or whom does it refer?

SING singular

sp spelling

w/ with

w.c.? word choice?


GRADING

The grading system for this class includes the grades of:

A+ Extraordinarily high achievementA SuperiorA- ExcellentB+ GoodB SatisfactoryB- Barely satisfactoryC+ UnsatisfactoryC UnsatisfactoryC- UnsatisfactoryD UnacceptableF Unacceptable and failing.

Please see the memorandum from former Dean Brooke Sheldon dated August 13, 1991, and the notice in the student orientation packets for explanations of this system. Students should consult the ISchool Web site (http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/programs/information.html) and the Graduate School Catalogue (e.g., http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad99-01/ch1/ch1a.html#nature and http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad99-01/ch1/ch1b.html#student) for more on standards of work. The University of Texas does not use the +/- grading system that we do at the iSchool; UT accepts only full letter grades. Therefore, for example, a B- and B+ final grade at the School of Information both translate to a final grade of B at the University level.

A grade of B signals acceptable, satisfactory performance in graduate school. In this class, the grade of A is reserved for students who demonstrate not only a command of the concepts and techniques discussed but also an ability to synthesize and integrate them in a professional manner and communicate them effectively.

The grade of incomplete (X) is reserved for students in extraordinary circumstances and must be negotiated with the instructor before the end of the semester. See the former Dean's memorandum of August 13, 1991, available from the main iSchool office.

I use points to evaluate assignments, not letter grades. Points on any assignment are determined using an arithmetic not a proportional algorithm. For example, 14/20 points on an assignment does NOT translate to 70% of the credit, or a D. Instead 14/20 points is very roughly equivalent to a B. If any student's semester point total > 90 (is equal to or greater than 90), then s/he will have earned an A of some kind. If the semester point total > 80, then s/he will have earned at least a B of some kind. Whether these are A+, A, A-, B+, B, or B- depends upon the comparison of point totals for all students. For example, if a student earns 90 points and the highest point total in the class is 98, the student earns an A-. If, on the other hand, a student earns 90 points and the highest point total in the class is 91,


http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad99-01/ch1/ch1b.html#student

http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad99-01/ch1/ch1a.html#nature

http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad99-01/ch1/ch1a.html#nature

http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/programs/information.html

then the student earns an A. This system will be further explained throughout the semester.

The presumption is that all students, especially doctoral students, will earn A unless they demonstrate otherwise.


TEXTS

There are two required texts for this class. The New Review can be purchased from the instructor, while the reading packets can be purchased from University Duplicating Service at the Graduate School of Business, GSB 3.136 (471-8281). The required texts will also be on Reserve at PCL.

The required texts are:

Höglund, Lars, & Wilson, Tom. (Eds.). (2000). Studies of information seeking in context.

The New Review of Information Behaviour Research 2000. Volume 1. Taylor Graham

Publishing.

A packet of readings (in two volumes).

The 2000 issue of The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, like the 2001 issue, publishes papers from ISIC III, the third International Conference on Information Seeking in Context held in Göteborg, Sweden.

I also recommend these texts:

Allen, Bryce. (1996). Information tasks: Toward a user-centered approach to information systems. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Bloch, R. Howard, & Hesse, Carla. (Eds.). (1993). Future libraries. Berkeley, CA:

University of California Press.

Bruce, Harry, Fidel, Raya, Ingwersen, Peter, & Vakkari, Pertti. (Eds.). (2002). Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of library and information science (CoLIS4). Greenwood Village, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Höglund, Lars, & Wilson, Tom. (Eds.). (2001). Studies of information seeking in context.

The New Review of Information Behaviour Research 2001. Volume 2. Taylor Graham

Publishing.

Ingwersen, Peter, & Pors, Niels Ole. (Eds.). (1995). Information science: Integration in perspective. Copenhagen: Royal School of Librarianship.

Marchionini, Gary. (1995). Information seeking in electronic environments. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Nunberg, Geoffrey. (Ed.). (1996). The future of the book. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Rice, Ronald E., McCreadie, Maureen, & Chang, Shan-Ju. (2001). Accessing and browsing information and communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.


The required texts, recommended texts, and other material will be on Reserve in PCL to the extent that they are available. While at PCL, you should also make a point of diving into the current periodicals. Doing so will help you further develop the habit of systematically checking the journal literature as well as browsing in journal collections. It is also imperative to develop such strategies for online journal material, given that so many journal titles exist only in electronic form, that many titles exist in both print and electronic form, and that UT-Austin gets many journals in this second category only in electronic form. As you know, consortial arrangements, which major academic libraries like ours have developed, are often the major sources of online journal materials of all kinds.


LIST OF ASSIGNMENTS

The instructor will provide additional information about each assignment (also see pp. 5-8 of this syllabus). Written assignments are to be word-processed and double-spaced in 10- or 12-point font, with 1" margins. Assignments are due in class unless otherwise indicated. GRP indicates a group assignment.

Assignment Date Due Percent of Grade

Preparation and participation ----- 10%

Qualitative/quantitative orientation paper JAN 24 ---(2-3 double-spaced pp.)

Contribution to class Web glossary various dates 10(three terms, 1-2 double-spaced pp. each)

Choice of researcher for class presentation FEB 7 --- GRP

Choice of date for acting as presentation FEB 7 ---respondent

Class presentation and discussion GRP various dates 25

Annotated bibliography (c. 30 items and various dates15

overview of 6-7 double-spaced pp.) GRP

Abstract of “conference” paper MAR 21 ---

Full draft of “conference” paper (10-12 double- APR 18---

spaced pp.)

Peer review of full draft of “conference” paper MAY 2 10(2-3 double-spaced pp.)

Presentation of “conference” paper various dates 5

Final version of “conference” paper (15 double- MAY 9 25spaced pp.)

All assignments must be handed in on time, and the instructor reserves the right to issue a course grade of F if any assignment is not completed. Late assignments will not be accepted unless three criteria are met:

1. At least 24 hours before the date due, the instructor gives explicit permission to the student to hand the assignment in late.

2. At the same time, a specific date and time are agreed upon for the late submission.


3. The assignment is then submitted on or before the agreed-upon date and time.

The first criterion can be met only in the most serious of health, family, or personal situations.


OUTLINE OF COURSE

Meeting Date Topics

Unit 1 Empirical and conceptual foundations (classes 1-7)

1 Jan 17 Introduction to the course and each otherBrief review of the syllabus

What is information? How can we conceptualize this important term better without reifying it? Why does doing so matter?

2 Jan 24 What are models? How and why are they useful? What do we

think of important models of information behavior we have

seen? What is the “traditional” reference interview, what are

models of that interaction, and how can understanding the

reference process help us understand users?

DUE: Qualitative/quantitative orientation paper (2-3 double-

spaced pp.)

3 Jan 31 What is theory? What is practice? What theories have we seen

in our readings about information behavior? How are models

and theories related?

4 Feb 7 How can information retrieval research, and the concept of

relevance, help us understand users? What, if anything, do

researchers interested in users owe to the documentation

movement, especially as it developed in Great Britain and

elsewhere in Europe? How can we avoid the cognitivistic,

solipsistic bias of much information retrieval research?

DUE: Choice of researcher and date for class presentation


Choice of date for acting as presentation respondent

5 Feb 14 What are the ways that empirical and other research methods we

have read about can help us understand information and

information users? What is a user? What is a reader?

6 Feb 21 What is everyday life information seeking (ELIS)? How is it like

other forms of information use? How do researchers investigate

ELIS? What is information use?

7 Feb 28 How can the concepts of communities of practice and shared

cognition help us in thinking about users? What about the

concept of genre?

Unit 2 Examining the research of others (classes 8-12)

8 Mar 7 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work

Mar 14 Spring break – no class!


DUE: Abstract of “conference” paper


11 Apr 4 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work

12 Apr 11 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work


Unit 3 Students’ presentations of their research and course summary (classes 13-15)

13 Apr 18 Students’ presentations of “conference papers” 5%

DUE: Full draft of “conference” paper (10-12 double-spaced

pp.)

14 Apr 25 Students’ presentations of “conference papers” 5%

15 May 2 Summary and course evaluationStudents’ presentations of “conference papers” 5%Information narratives . . .

DUE: Peer review of another student’s draft of “conference”

paper (2-3 double-spaced pp.) (10%)

May 9 DUE: Final version of “conference” paper (15 double-spaced

pp.) (25%)


SCHEDULE

The schedule is tentative and may be adjusted slightly as we progress through the semester. Those sources with “(2000) [New Review]” appended to them are in the textbook, the 2000 issue of The New Review of Information Behaviour Research. Several required and other readings are available online as indicated.

DATE TOPICS, ASSIGNMENTS, AND REQUIRED READINGS

Unit 1 Empirical and conceptual foundations (classes 1-7)

Jan 17 Introduction to the course and each otherBrief review of the syllabus

What is information? How can we conceptualize this important term better without reifying it? Why does doing so matter?

READ: Buckland (1991) [online]Chatman (2000) [New Review]Cole & Kuhlthau (2000) [New Review]Cornelius (2002)Högland & Wilson (2000) [New Review]Reddy (1993)Rowley (1998) [online]Schiller (1988)Weaver (1949)Wilson et al. (2000) [New Review]

AS: Braman (1989)Buckland (1999)Capurro (2000)Cole (1994)Cool & Belkin (2002)Cooper (2002)Harmon (1987)Losee (1990a)Losee (1997)MacMullin & Taylor (1984)Norton (2000b)Roberts (1982)Scarrott (1994)

Discussion topic -- Choose three of the papers listed above that we have all

read and identify two important similarities and two important differences between them. Such differences might be in their conceptualizations of information, their models of how human beings learn and live together, how the authors analyze users, or other topics. These are only suggestions; please develop your own description of the papers’ attributes and differences, and come to class prepared to discuss them explicitly. Be sure to be ready to explain why the attributes and differences matter specifically.


While these are very complex questions and can be answered neither comprehensively nor easily, I am particularly interested in what you think about them. Please recall that reasonable people can disagree about the questions and how to address them.


Jan 24 What are models? How and why are they useful? What do we think of important models of information behavior we have seen? What is the “traditional” reference interview, what are models of that interaction,

and how can understanding the reference process help us understand users?

GLOSSARY TERM: model

READ: Allen (1990)Christian (2001) [handout]Dervin & Nilan (1986)Gordon (1993a)Hurst (2001) [handout]Sonnenwald et al. (2001)Taylor (1968)Wilson (1999)

AS: Berring (1993)Dervin (1976)Dewdney & Gillian (1997)Frohmann (1992c)Hoskisson (1997)Janes (2001)Maher (1986) Nardi & O’Day (1999), 7 (“Librarians: A Keystone Species,”

pp. 79-104)Ortega y Gassett (1975)Tissing (1984)Wilson (2000)

DUE: Qualitative/quantitative orientation paper (2-3 double-spaced pp.)

Jan 31 What is theory? What is practice? What theories have we seen in our readings

about information behavior? How are models and theories related?

GLOSSARY TERMS: theory, praxis/practice

READ: Day (1996)Glazier and Grover (2002)Grover and Glazier (1986)Hjørland (1998)Kuhlthau & Vakkari (1999) [online]McGrath (2002) [online]McKechnie et al. (2001)McKechnie and Pettigrew (2002) [online]Pettigrew and McKechnie (2001)Tuominen et al. (2002)Zwadlo (1997) [online]

AS: Åström (2002)Chatman (1996)Conway (1986)Frohmann (1992b)


Marchionini (1995)Gardner (1983)Granovetter (1973)Talja et al. (1999)Taylor (1986b)Taylor (1986c)Westbrook (1993)


Feb 7 How can information retrieval research and the concept of relevance help us

understand users? What, if anything, do researchers interested in users owe to the documentation movement, especially as it developed in Great Britain and elsewhere in Europe? How can we avoid the cognitivistic, solipsistic bias of much information retrieval research?

GLOSSARY TERMS: epistemology, phenomenology, constructivism

READ: Anderson (2000) [New Review]Bates (1989) [online]Belkin, Oddy, & Brooks (1982a)Belkin, Oddy, & Brooks (1982b)Bush (1945) [online]Ellis (1998) [online]Frohmann (1992a)Kuhlthau (1991)Schamber, Eisenberg, & Nilan (1990) [online]

AS: Allen (1991)Barry & Schamber (1998) [online]Belkin (1990)Frohmann (2000)Harris & Dewdney (1994b)Kuhlthau (1993a)Losee (1990b)Mizzaro (1998)Norton (2000c)Schamber (1994)Swanson (1988)Vakkari (1999)

DUE: Choice of researcher and date for class presentationChoice of date for acting as presentation respondent

Feb 14 What are the ways that empirical and other research methods we have read

about can help us understand information and information users? What is a

user? What is a reader?

GLOSSARY TERMS: semiotics, discourse, hermeneutics, sub-text

READ: Buckland (1998)Dervin (1989)Eco (1984)Gordon (1993b)Hernon & Schwartz (2002) [online]Hjørland (2000) [New Review]Limberg (2000) [New Review]Lincoln (2002) [online]O’Connor & Park (2001) [online]Thomas & Nyce (2001)


AS: Berg (1996)Chang & Rice (1993)Ellis (1993)Long (1993)Mick et al. (1980)Talja (1997)Tuominen & Savolainen (1997)


Feb 21 What is everyday life information seeking (ELIS)? How is it like other forms of

information use? How do researchers investigate ELIS? What is information

use?

GLOSSARY TERMS: ethnography, intersubjectivity, social informatics,

thick description, grounded theory

READ: Byström (2000) [New Review]Carey et al. (2001) [online]Cool (2001)Dervin (1999) [online]Huotari and Chatman (2001) [online]Savolainen (1995) [online]Savolainen (2000) [New Review]Solomon (2002)Spink & Cole (2001) [online]

AS: Bishop (1999) [online]Spivey & King (1994)Wang & White (1999)

Feb 28 How can the concepts of communities of practice and shared cognition help us in

thinking about users? What about the concept of genre?

GLOSSARY TERMS: genre, communities of practice, invisible college

READ: Brown & Duguid (1991) [online]Brown & Duguid (1996) [online]Chartier (1995a)Chartier (1995b)Davenport & Hall (2002)Erdelez & Rioux (2000) [New Review]Fidel et al. (2000) [New Review]Kenner (1986)Orlikowski & Yates (1994)Perry (1993)Star & Griesemer (1989)

AS: Brown & Duguid (2000)Granovetter (1982)Hertzum (2000) [New Review]Mutch (2000) [New Review]Sonnenwald (1999)Taylor (1991)

Unit 2Examining the research of others (classes 8-12)Mar 7 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work


Mar 14 Spring break – no class!

Mar 21 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work

DUE: Abstract of “conference” paper

Mar 28 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work

Apr 4 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work

Apr 11 Student-led discussions of other researchers’ work

Unit 3Students’ presentations of their research and course summary (classes 13-15)

Apr 18 Students’ presentations of “conference papers” 5%

DUE: Full draft of “conference” paper (10-12 double-spaced pp.)

Apr 25 Students’ presentations of “conference papers” 5%

May 2 Summary and course evaluationStudents’ presentations of “conference papers” 5%Information narratives . . .

READ: Borges (1964) [online]Chatman (1999) [online]Chatman (2000) [New Review] -- repriseHaraway (1991) [online]Pettigrew et al. (2001)

AS: Benoît (2002) [online]Brittain (1982)Yoon & Nilan (1999)

DUE: Peer review of another student’s draft of “conference” paper (2-3

double-spaced pp.) (10%)

May 9 DUE: Final version of “conference” paper (15 double-spaced pp.) (25%)


REFERENCES

I. Readings in the class schedule and assignments

Allen, Robert B. (1990). User models: Theory, method, and practice. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 32(5), 511-543.

Anderson, Theresa Dirndorfer. (2000). Doing relevance research: An ethnographic exploration of relevance assessment. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 201-218.

Bates, Marcia J. (1989). The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface. Online Review, 13(5), 407-424. Also available at http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/berrypicking.html

Belkin, Nicholas, Oddy, Robert, & Brooks, Helen M. (1982a). ASK for information retrieval I. Journal of Documentation, 38(2), 61-71.

Belkin, Nicholas, Oddy, Robert, & Brooks, Helen M. (1982b). ASK for information retrieval II. Journal of Documentation, 38(3), 145-164.

Borges, Jorge Luis. (1964). The library of Babel. In Donald A. Yates & James E. Irby (Eds.), Labyrinths: Selected stories & other writings (pp. 51-58). (James E. Irby, Trans.). New York: New Directions Paperback. Also available http://jubal.westnet.com/hyperdiscordia/library_of_babel.html

Brown, John Seely, & Duguid, Paul. (1991). Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 40-57. Also available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=buh&jn=%222VO%22&scope=site

Brown, John Seely, & Duguid, Paul. (1996). The social life of documents. First Monday, 1 Available at http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue1/documents/index.html

Buckland, Michael K. (1991). Information as thing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 351-360. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Buckland, Michael K. (1998). What is a “document”? In Trudi Bellardo Hahn & Michael Buckland (Eds.), Historical studies in information science (pp. 215-220). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Bush, Vannevar. (1945). As we may think. Atlantic Monthly, 176(1), 101-108. Also available http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm

Byström, Katriina. (2000). The effects of task complexity on the relationship between information types acquired and information sources used. The New Review of Information Behaviour, 1, 85-101.

Carey, Robert F., McKechnie, Lynne E.F., & McKenzie, Pamela J. (2001). Gaining access to everyday life information seeking. Library & Information Science


http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm

Research, 23(4), 319-334. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Chartier, Roger. (1995a). Introduction. In Forms and meanings: Texts, performances, and audiences from codex to computer (pp. 1-5). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Chartier, Roger. (1995b). Representations of the written word. Chapter 1 in Forms and meanings: Texts, performances, and audiences from codex to computer (pp. 6-24). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Chatman, Elfreda A. (1999). A theory of life in the round. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(3), 207-217. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Chatman, Elfreda. (2000). Framing social life in theory and research. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 3-17.

Christian, Eliot. (2001). Making a global information locator service. In Richard Saul Wurman, Information anxiety2 (pp. 176-177). Indianapolis, IN: Que.

Cole, Charles, & Kuhlthau, Carol. (2000). Information and information seeking of novice expert lawyers: How experts add value. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 103-115.

Cool, Coleen. (2001). The concept of situation in information science. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 35, pp. 5-42). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Cornelius, Ian. (2002). Theorizing information for information science. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 393-425). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Davenport, Elisabeth, & Hall, Hazel. (2002). Organizational knowledge and communities of practice. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 171-227). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Day, Ronald. (1996). LIS, method, and postmodern science. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 37(4), 317-324.

Dervin, Brenda. (1989). Users as research inventions. Journal of Communication, 39(3), 216-232.

Dervin, Brenda. (1999). On studying information seeking methodologically: The implications of connecting methatheory to method. Information Processing & Management, 35(6), 727-750. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Dervin, Brenda, & Nilan, Michael. (1986). Information needs and uses. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (pp. 3-33). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Eco, Umberto. (1984). Introduction: The role of the reader. In The role of the reader: Explorations in the semiotics of texts (pp. 3-43). Bloomington, IN: Bloomington University Press.


Ellis, David. (1998). Paradigms and research traditions in information retrieval research. Information Services and Use, 18(4), 225-241. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22ISU%22&scope=site

Erdelez, Sanda, &Rioux, Kevin. (2000). Sharing information encountered for others on the Web. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 219-233.

Fidel, Raya, Bruce, Harry, Pejtersen, Annelise Mark, Dumais, Susan, Grudin, Jonathan, & Poltrock, Steven. (2000). Collaborative information retrieval (CIR). The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 235-247.

Frohmann, Bernd. (1992a). Knowledge and power in library and information science: Toward a discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint. In Peter Vakkari & Blaise Cronin (Eds.), Conceptions of library and information science: Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives (pp. 135-148). Los Angeles: Taylor Graham.

Glazier, Jack D., & Grover, Robert. (2002). A multidisciplinary framework for theory building. Library Trends, 50(3), 317-329. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

Gordon, Scott. (1993a). Some features of models. In The history and philosophy of social science (pp. 106-110). London: Routledge. (Original published 1991)

Gordon, Scott. (1993b). [Selection from] The philosophy of science. In The history and philosophy of social science (pp. 604-624). London: Routledge. (Original published 1991)

Grover, Robert, & Glazier Jack D. (1986). A conceptual framework for theory building in library and information science. Library & Information Science Research, 8(3), 227-242.

Haraway, Donna. (1991). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the 1980s. In Simians, cyborgs and women: The reinvention of nature (pp. 149-181). New York: Routledge. Also available http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Haraway/CyborgManifesto.html

Hernon, Peter, & Schwartz, Candy. (2002). Editorial: The word “research”: Having to live with a misunderstanding. Library & Information Science Research, 24(4), 207-208. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Hjørland, Birger. (1998). Theory and metatheory of information science: A new interpretation. Journal of Documentation, 54(5), 606-621.

Hjørland, Birger. (2000). Information seeking behaviour: What should a general theory look like? The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 19-33.

Höglund, Lars, & Wilson, Tom. (2000). Introduction. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 1-2.

Huotari, Maija-Leena, & Chatman, Elfreda. (2001). Using everyday life information seeking to explain organizational behavior. Library & Information Science Research, 23(4), 351-366. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188


Hurst, Mark. (2001). Bit literacy. In Richard Saul Wurman, Information anxiety2 (pp. 6-7). Indianapolis, IN: Que.

Kenner, Hugh. (1986). Libraries and glowlamps: A strategy of reassurance. Scholarly Publishing, 18(1), 17-22.

Kuhlthau, Carol C. (1991). Inside the search process: Information seeking from the user’s perspective. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 361-371.

Kuhlthau, Carol C., & Vakkari, Pertti. (1999). Information seeking in context (ISIC). Information Processing & Management, 35(6), 723-725. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Lincoln, Yvonna S. (2002). Insights into library services and users from qualitative research. Library & Information Science Research, 24(1), 3-16. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

McGrath, William E. (2002). Introduction [to special issue on theory]. Library Trends, 50(3), 309-316. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

McKechnie, Lynne (E.F.), & Pettigrew, Karen E. (2002). Surveying the use of theory in library and information science research: A disciplinary perspective. Library Trends, 50(3), 406-417. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

McKechnie, Lynne (E.F.), Pettigrew, Karen E., & Joyce, Steven L. (2001). The origins and contextual use of theory in human information behaviour research. The New Review of Information Behavior Research 2001, 2, 47-63.

O’Connor, Daniel O., & Park, Soyeon. (2001). Guest editorial: Crisis in LIS research capacity. Library & Information Science Research, 23(2), 103-106. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Orlikowski, W., & Yates, JoAnne. (1994). Genre repertoire: The structuring of communicative practices in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 541-574.

Perry, Ruth. (1993, Spring). Embodied knowledge. Harvard Library Bulletin, 4(1), 57-62.

Pettigrew, Karen, Fidel, Raya, & Bruce, Harry. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 35, pp. 43-78). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Pettigrew, Karen E., & McKechnie, Lynne (E.F.). (2001). The use of theory in information science research. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(1), 62-73. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76501873

Reddy, Michael J. (1993). The conduit metaphor: A case of frame conflict in our language about language. In Andrew Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.) (pp. 164-201). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


Rowley, Jennifer. (1998). What is information? Information Services and Use, 18(4), 243-254. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22ISU%22&scope=site

Savolainen, Reijo. (1995). Everyday life information seeking: Approaching information seeking in the context of “way of life.” Library & Information Science Research, 17(3), 259-294. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Savolainen, Reijo. (2000). Incorporating small parts and gap-bridging: Two metaphorical approaches to information use. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 35-49.

Schamber, Linda, Eisenberg, Michael B., & Nilan, Michael S. (1990). A re-examination of relevance: Toward a dynamic, situational definition. Information Processing & Management, 26(6), 755-776. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Schiller, Dan. (1988). How to think about information. In Vinnie Mosco & Janet Wasco (Eds.), The political economy of information (pp. 27-43). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Solomon, Paul. (2002). Discovering information in context. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 229-264). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Sonnenwald, Diane, Wildemuth, Barbara M., & Harmon, Gary L. (2001). A research method to investigate information seeking using the concept of information horizons: An example from a study of lower socio-economic students’ information seeking behaviour. The New Review of Information Behavior Research 2001, 2, 65-86.

Spink, Amanda, & Cole, Charles. (2001). Introduction to the special issue: Everyday life information-seeking research. Library & Information Science Research, 23(4), 301-304. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Star, S. Leigh, & Griesemer, James R. (1989). Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387-420.

Taylor, Robert S. (1968). Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & Research Libraries, 29(3), 178-194.

Thomas, Nancy P., & Nyce, James M. (2001). Context as category: Opportunities for ethnographic analysis in library and information science research. The New Review of Information Behavior Research 2001, 2, 105-118.

Tuominen, Kimmo, Talja, Sanna, & Savolainen, Reijo. (2002). Discourse, cognition and reality: Toward a social constructionist metatheory for library and information science. In Bruce, Harry, Fidel, Raya, Ingwersen, Peter, & Vakkari, Pertti (Eds.), Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of library and information science (CoLIS4) (pp. 271-283). Greenwood Village, CO: Libraries Unlimited.


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_issn=07408188&_auth=y&_acct=C000004378&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=108429&md5=6d0fbd0ecd0115ef9e535819b74d8f18

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_issn=07408188&_auth=y&_acct=C000004378&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=108429&md5=6d0fbd0ecd0115ef9e535819b74d8f18

Weaver, Warren. (1949). The mathematics of communication. Scientific American, 181(1), 11-15.

Wilson, Thomas D. (1981). On user studies and information needs. Journal of Documentation, 37(1), 3-15.

Wilson, Thomas D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249-270.

Wilson, Thomas D., Ford, N.J., Ellis, D., Foster, A.E., & Spink, Amanda. (2000). Uncertainty and its correlates. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 69-84.

Zwadlo, Jim. (1997). We don’t need a philosophy of library and information science: We’re confused enough already. Library Quarterly, 67(2), 103-121. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIQ%22&scope=site

II. Selected ARIST “use and users” chapters 1966-2002

Allen, Bryce L. (1991). Cognitive research in information science: Implications for design. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 26, pp. 3-37). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Allen, Thomas J. (1969). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-29). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Bishop, Ann P., & Star, Susan Leigh. (1996). Social informatics of digital library use and infrastructure. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 31, pp. 301-401). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Burt, Patricia V., & Kinnucan, Mark T. (1990). Information models and modeling techniques for information systems. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 25, pp. 175-208). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Chang, Shan-Ju, & Rice, Ronald E. (1993). Browsing: A multidimensional framework. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 28, pp. 231-276). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Cool, Coleen. (2001). The concept of situation in information science. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 35, pp. 5-42). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Cornelius, Ian. (2002). Theorizing information for information science. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 393-425). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Crane, Diana. (1971). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 6, pp. 3-39). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Crawford, Susan. (1978). Information needs and uses. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 13, pp. 61-81). Medford, NJ: Knowledge Industry.


Davenport, Elisabeth, & Hall, Hazel. (2002). Organizational knowledge and communities of practice. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 171-227). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Dervin, Brenda, & Nilan, Michael. (1986). Information needs and uses. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 21, pp. 3-33). Medford, NJ: Knowledge Industry.

Dillon, Andrew, & Morris, Michael G. (1996). User acceptance of information technology: Theories and models. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 31, pp. 3-32). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Doctor, Ronald D. (1992). Social equity and information technologies: Moving toward information democracy. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 27, pp. 43-96). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Eisenberg, Michael B., & Spitzer, Kathleen L. (1991). Information technology and services in schools. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 26, pp. 243-285). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Harter, Stephen P., & Hert, Carol A. (1997). Evaluation of information retrieval systems: Approaches, issues, and methods. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 32, pp. 3-94). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Herner, Saul, & Herner, Mary. (1967). Information needs and uses in science and technology. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 2, pp. 1-34). New York: Wiley Interscience.

Hewins, Elizabeth T. (1990). Information needs and use studies. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 25, pp. 145-172). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Lin, Nan, & Garvey, William. (1972). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 7, pp. 5-37). Washington, DC: American Society for Information Science.

Lipetz, Ben-Ami. (1970). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 5, pp. 3-32). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Marchionini, Gary, & Komlodi, Anita. (1998). Design of interfaces for information seeking. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 33, pp. 89-120). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Martyn, John. (1974). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 9, pp. 3-22). Washington, DC: American Society for Information Science.

Menzel, Herbert. (1966). Information needs and uses in science and technology. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 1, pp. 41-69). New York: Wiley Interscience.


Paisley, William J. (1968). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 3, pp. 1-30). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Palmquist, Ruth Ann. (1992). The impact of information technology on the individual. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 27, pp. 3-42). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Pettigrew, Karen, Fidel, Raya, & Bruce, Harry. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 35, pp. 43-78). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Rorvig, Mark E. (1988). Psychometric measurement and information retrieval. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 23, pp. 157-189). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Schamber, Linda. (1994). Relevance and information behavior. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 29, pp. 3-48). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Solomon, Paul. (2002). Discovering information in context. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 229-264). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Spink, Amanda, & Losee, Robert M. (1996). Feedback in information retrieval. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 31, pp. 33-78). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Sugar, William. (1995). User-centered perspective of information retrieval research and analysis methods. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 30, pp. 77-109). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Tibbo, Helen R. (1991). Information systems, services, and technology for the humanities. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 26, pp. 287-346). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

III. Selected Important Serial and Other Sources about Users

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology

Journals

Those journals available online are available for only part of their publication run; further, UT often has more than one arrangement through which to get these journals online, so there may be more than one URL for each journal.

Administrative Science Quarterly

http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=buh&jn=%22ASQ%22&scope=site

Canadian Journal of Information Science/ Revue canadienne des sciences de l'information


College & Research Libraries

http://hwwilsonweb.com/login/?sp.username=AVE06&sp.password=UNTX045919&sp.dbid.p=S(Y6)&sp.nextfform=advsrch.htm

Information Processing & Management

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

The Information Society

http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%221HQ%22&scope=site

Journal of Communication

http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=buh&bquery=is+00219916&scope=site

Journal of Documentation

Journal of Education for Library and Information Science

Journal of Information Science

http://ejournals.ebsco.com/Journal.asp?JournalID=103633

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76501873

formerly the Journal of the American Society for Information Science

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Library & Information Science Research

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Library Quarterly

http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIQ%22&scope=site

Library Trends

http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

Libri

New Review of Information Behaviour Research: Studies of Information Seeking in Context


http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/0/1/1/purl=rc3_EAIM_0__jn+%5C

Organization Science

http://pubsonline.informs.org/main/index.php?user=52882


http://pubsonline.informs.org/main/index.php?user=52882

Electronic journals

D-Lib Magazine -- http://www.dlib.org/

First Monday -- http://www.firstmonday.dk/

Information Research -- http://InformationR.net/ir/index.html

Proceedings of important meetings

Annual meeting of ASIST – the American Society for Information Science and Technology

CoLIS – Conference on the Future of Library and Information Science

DL 9x, DL 0x – Conferences on digital libraries

ISIC – Conferences on Information Seeking in Context

IV. Additional sources

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Agada, John. (1999). Inner-city gatekeepers: An exploratory survey of their information use environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(1), 74-85.

Allen, Bryce. (1996). Information tasks: Toward a user-centered approach to information systems. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Asheim, Lester. (1953). Not censorship but selection. Wilson Library Bulletin, 28(1), 63-67.

Asheim, Lester. (1983). Selection and censorship: A reappraisal. Wilson Library Bulletin, 58(3), 180-184.

Åström, Fredrik. (2002). Visualizing library and information science concept spaces through keyword and citation based maps and clusters. In Bruce, Harry, Fidel, Raya, Ingwersen, Peter, & Vakkari, Pertti (Eds.), Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of library and information science (CoLIS4) (pp. 185-197). Greenwood Village, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Autrey, Pamela Sanders. (1980). Using information skills. In Betty-Carol Sellen (Ed.), What else you can do with a library degree (pp. 10-16). Syracuse, NY: Gaylord Professional Publications.


Baecker, R., Grudin, J., Buxton, W., & Greenberg, S. (1995). Readings in human-computer interaction: Toward the year 2000. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

Barlow, J.P. (1995, March/April). Is there a there in cyberspace? Utne Reader, 68, 52-56. Also available http://www.eff.org/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/utne_community.html

Barry, Carol L., & Schamber, Linda. (1998). Users' criteria for relevance evaluation: A cross-situational comparison. Information Processing & Management, 34(2/3), 219-236. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Barton, Daniel, & Hamilton, Mary. (1998a). Understanding literacy as social practice. In Local literacies (pp. 3-22). London: Routledge.

Barton, Daniel, & Hamilton, Mary. (1998b). Becoming expert: Literacy and sense making. In Local literacies (pp. 231-246). London: Routledge.

Barton, Daniel, & Hamilton, Mary. (1998c). Vernacular literacies. In Local literacies (pp. 247-262). London: Routledge.

Barzun, Jacques, & Graff, Henry F. (1992). The modern researcher (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Bates, Marcia J. (1984). The fallacy of the perfect thirty-item search. RQ, 24(1), 43-50.

Bates, Marcia J. (1999). A tour of information science through the pages of JASIS. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(11), 975-993.

Bates, Mary Ellen. (1998). Finding the question behind the question. Information Outlook, 2(7), 19-21. http://www.sla.org/pubs/serial/io/1998/jul98/bates.html

Baum, Christina D. (1992). Feminist thought in American librarianship. Jeffrey, NC: McFarland.

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Berring, Robert C. (1993). Future librarians. In R. Howard Bloch & Carla Hesse (Eds.), Future libraries (pp. 94-115). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

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Bielawski, Ellen. (1996). Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic. In Laura Nader (Ed.), Naked science: Anthropological inquiry into boundaries, power and knowledge (pp. 216-227). New York: Routledge.

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Bilal, D. (2000). Children’s use of the Yahooligans! Web search engine. I. Cognitive, physical, and affective behaviors on fact-based search tasks. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(7), 646-665.

Bishop, Ann P. (1994). The role of computer networks in aerospace engineering. Library Trends, 42(4), 624-729. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

Bishop, Ann P. (1999). Document structure and digital libraries: How researchers mobilize information in journal articles. Information Processing & Management, 35(3), 255-279. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Bishop, Ann Peterson, Mehra, Bharat, Bazzell, Imani, & Smith, Cynthia. (2001). Scenarios in the design and evaluation of networked information services: An example from community health. In Charles R. McClure & John Carlo Bertot (Eds.), Evaluating networked information services: Techniques, policy, and issues (pp. 45-66). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Bishop, Ann P., Neumann, Laura J., Star, Susan Leigh, Merkel, C., Ignacio, E., & Sandusky, R.J. (2000). Digital libraries: Situating use in changing information infrastructure. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(4), 394-413. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Borgman, Christine L. (1989). All users of information retrieval systems are not created equal: An exploration into individual differences. Information Processing & Management, 25(3), 237-251. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573


Borgman, Christine L., Hirsh, Sandra G., Walter, Virginia A., & Gallagher Andrea L. (1995). Children’s searching behavior on browsing and keyword online catalogs: The science library catalog project. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 46(9), 663-684. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Borgmann, Albert. (1999). Holding on to reality: The nature of information at the turn of the millennium. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Braman, Sandra. (1989). Defining information: An approach for policymakers. Telecommunications Policy, 13(3), 233-242. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03085961

Branscomb, Anne Wells. (1994). Who owns information?: From privacy to public access. s.l.: Basic Books.

Brittain, J.M. (1982). Pitfalls of user research, and some neglected areas. Social Science Information Studies, 2, 139-148.

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Brown, John Seely, & Duguid, Paul. (2000). The social life of information. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Bruce, Bertram C. [Chip]. (2000). Credibility of the Web: Why we need dialectical reading. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 34(1), 97-109. Also available http://www.lis.uiuc.edu/%7Echip/pubs/credibility.shtml

Bruner, Jerome. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Buckland, Michael K. (1999). The landscape of information science: The American Society for Information Science at 62. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(11), 970-974. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Bunch, A. (1982). Community information: Meanings and origins. In Community information services (pp. 1-20). London: Clive Bingley.

Capurro, Rafael. (1992). What is information science for? A philosophical reflection. In Peter Vakkari & Blaise Cronin (Eds.), Conceptions of library and information science: Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives (pp. 82-96). Los Angeles: Taylor Graham.

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Capurro, Rafael. (2000). Hermeneutics and the phenomenon of information. In Carl Mitcham (Ed.), Metaphysics, epistemology, and technology: Research in philosophy and technology (Vol. 19, pp. 79-85). Available at http://www.capurrode/ny86.htm


http://www.lis.uiuc.edu/~chip/pubs/credibility.shtml

Carvin, Andy. (2000). More than just access: Fitting literacy and content [sic] into the digital divide equation. Educause Review, 35(6), 29-36. Also available http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM0063.pdf

Chartier, Roger. (1993). Libraries without walls. In R. Howard Bloch & Carla Hesse (Eds.), Future libraries (pp. 39-52). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Chatman, Elfreda. (1987). Alienation theory: Application of a conceptual framework to a study of information among janitors. RQ, 29(2), 355-368.

Chatman, Elfreda. (1991). Channels to a larger social world: Older women staying in contact with the great society. Library & Information Science Research, 13(3), 281-300. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188

Chatman, Elfreda. (1991). Life in a small world: Applicability of gratification theory to information-seeking behavior. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(6), 265-283. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Chatman, Elfreda. (1996). Impoverished life world of outsiders. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(3), 193-206. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Choo, Chun Wei, Detlor, Brian, & Turnbull, Don. (2000). Information seeking on the Web: An integrated model of browsing and searching. First Monday, 5(2). http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_2/choo/index.html

Cobbledick, Susie. (1996). The information-seeking behavior of artists: Exploratory interviews. Library Quarterly, 66(4), 343-372. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIQ%22&scope=site

Cockburn, Cynthia. (1988). Machinery of dominance: Women, men, and technical know-how. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Cole, Charles. (1994). Operationalizing the notion of information as a subjective construct. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(7), 465-476. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Cole, Charles, Cantero, P., & Ungar, A. (2000). The development of a diagnostic-prescriptive tool for undergraduates seeking information for a social science/humanities assignment. III. Enabling devices. Information Processing & Management, 36(3), 481-500. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Conway, Paul. (1986). Research in presidential libraries: A user survey. The Midwestern Archivist, XI(1), 35-56.

Cool, Coleen, & Belkin, Nicholas J. (2002). A classification of interactions with information. In Bruce, Harry, Fidel, Raya, Ingwersen, Peter, & Vakkari, Pertti (Eds.), Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of library and information science (CoLIS4) (pp. 1-15). Greenwood Village, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Cooper, Linda. (2002). A study of the relationships between categories of library information as typified by young children. In Bruce, Harry, Fidel, Raya, Ingwersen,


http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_2/choo/index.html

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Peter, & Vakkari, Pertti (Eds.), Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of library and information science (CoLIS4) (pp. 17-31). Greenwood Village, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Cornelius, Ian. (1996). Meaning and method in information studies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Crane, Gregory. (1991). The authority of an electronic text. Current Anthropology, 32(3), 293-311.

Crawford, Walt. (1998). Uncommon knowledge: Mythbreaking for the future. In Cheryl LaGuardia & Barbara A. Mitchell (Eds.), Finding common ground: Creating the library of the future without diminishing the library of the past (pp. 16-24). New York: Neal-Schuman.

Crawford, Walt, & Gorman, Michael. (1995). Deconstructing dreams of the all-electronic future. In Future libraries: Dreams, madness & reality (pp. 88-103). Chicago: American Library Association.

Cronin, Blaise. (1982). Invisible colleges and information transfer: A review and commentary with particular reference to the social sciences. Journal of Documentation, 38(3), 212-236.

Crowder, Robert G., & Wegner, Richard K. (1992). The psychology of reading: An introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

Davenport, Thomas H. (1997). Information ecology: Mastering the information and knowledge environment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Derrida, Jacques. (1995). Archive fever (Eric Prenowitz, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dervin, Brenda. (1976). The everyday information needs of the average citizen: A taxonomy for analysis. In M. Rochen and J.C. Donohue (Eds.), Information for the community (pp. 19-38). Chicago: American Library Association.

Dervin, Brenda. (1977). Useful theory for librarianship: Communication, not information. Drexel Library Quarterly, 13(3), 16-32.

Dewdney, Patricia, & Gillian, Michell. (1997). Asking “why” questions in the reference interview: A theoretical justification. Library Quarterly, 67(1), 50-71. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIQ%22&scope=site

Dresang, Eliza, & Gross, Melissa. (2001). Evaluating children’s resources and services in a networked environment. In Charles R. McClure & John Carlo Bertot (Eds.), Evaluating networked information services: Techniques, policy, and issues (pp. 23-44). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Eisenberg, Michael B., & Berkowitz, Robert E. (1988). Curriculum initiatives: An agenda and strategy for library media programs. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Eisenberg, Michael B., & Berkowitz, Robert E. (n.d.). Big6 skills overview. http://www.big6.com/overview.htm


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Ellen, Deborah. (2001). Bridging the digital divide: Is access enough? ASSIGNation, 18(2), 32ff.Busha, Charles H., & Wedgeworth, Robert. (1993). Censorship and intellectual freedom. In Robert Wedgeworth (Ed.), World encyclopedia of library and information services (3rd ed.) (pp. 182-185). Chicago: American Library Association.

Ellis, David. (1993). Modeling the information seeking patterns of academic researchers: A grounded theory approach. Library Quarterly, 63(4), 469-486. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIQ%22&scope=site

Fidel, Raya, Davies, Rachel K., Douglass, Mary H., Holder, Jenny K., Hopkins, Carla J., Kushner, Elisabeth J., Miyagishima, Bryan K., & Toney, Christina D. (1999). A visit to the information mall: Web searching behavior of high school students. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(1), 24-37. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Ford, Nigel. (2000). Cognitive styles and virtual environments. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(6), 543-557. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

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Frohmann, Bernd. (1992c). The power of images: A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint. Journal of Documentation, 48, 365-386.

Frohmann, Bernd. (1994). Communication technologies and the politics of postmodern information science. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 19(2), 1-22.

Frohmann, Bernd. (2000). Discourse and documentation: Some implications for pedagogy and research. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 42, 13-28.

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Garfinkel, Harold. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.


Garrison, Dee. (1979). Apostles of culture: The public librarian and American society, 1876-1920. New York: Macmillan.

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Gorman, Paul N. (1995). Information needs of physicians. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 46(10), 729-736. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

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Granovetter, Mark S. (1982). The strength of loose ties: A network theory revisited. In Marsden, Peter V., & Lin, Nan (Eds.), Social structure and network analysis (pp. 105-130) Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

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Harmon, E. Glynn. (1987). The interdisciplinary study of information: A review essay [Review of The study of information: Interdisciplinary messages]. The Journal of Library History, 22(2), 206-227.

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Harris, Roma, & Dewdney, Patricia. (1994a). Information transfer failures, or why it’s so hard to locate the information you need. In Barriers to information: How formal help systems fail battered women (pp. 1-6). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Harris, Roma, & Dewdney, Patricia. (1994b). Theory and research on information seeking. In Barriers to information: How formal help systems fail battered women (pp. 7-34). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.


Hauptman, Robert. (Ed.). (1991a). Ethics and the dissemination of information [Special Issue]. Library Trends, 40(2). Also available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

Hauptman, Robert. (1991b). Five assaults on our integrity. In F.W. Lancaster (Ed.), Ethics and the librarian (pp. 83-91). Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Graduate School of Library and Information Science.

Hayes, Robert M. (1992). Measurement of information. In Peter Vakkari & Blaise Cronin (Eds.), Conceptions of library and information science: Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives (pp. 268-285). Los Angeles: Taylor Graham.

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Henderson, Kathryn. (1996). The visual culture of engineers. In Susan Leigh Star (Ed.), The cultures of computing (pp. 196-218). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Hendry, D.G., & Harper, D.J. (1997). An informal information-seeking environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(1), 1036-1048. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981

Hert, Carol. (2001). User-centered evaluation and connection to design. In Charles R. McClure & John Carlo Bertot (Eds.), Evaluating networked information services: Techniques, policy, and issues (pp. 155-173). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Heins, Marjorie, & Cho, Christina. (2001). Internet filters: A public policy report. National Coalition Against Censorship. Available at http://www.ncac.org/issues/internetfilters.html

Hertzum, Morten. (2000). People as carriers of experience and sources of commitment: Information seeking in a software design project. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 135-149.

Hertzum, M., & Pejtersen, A.M. (2000). The information-seeking practices of engineers: Searching for documents as well as for people. Information Processing & Management, 36(5), 761-778. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573

Hinnebusch, Nicole. (1998). Restricting Internet access in public libraries. The Yale Political Quarterly, 19(4). Also available at http://www.yale.edu/ypq/articles/may98/may98a.html

Hirsh, Sandra G. (1997). How do children find information on different types of tasks? Children’s user of the science library catalog. Library Trends, 45(4), 725-745. Available at http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site

Hobart, Michael E., & Schiffman, Zachary S. (1998). Information ages: Literacy, numeracy, and the computer revolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hofstadter, Richard. (1963a). On the unpopularity of intellect. In Anti-intellectualism in American life (pp. 24-51). New York: Knopf.


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Hofstadter, Richard. (1963b). The school and the teacher. In Anti-intellectualism in American life (pp. 299-322). New York: Knopf.

Hoskisson, Tam. (1997). Making the right assumptions: Know your user and improve the reference interview. The Reference Librarian, 59, 67-75.

Hutchins, Edwin. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Information. (1966, September). [Special issue]. Scientific American, 215(3).

Janes, Joseph. (2001). Digital reference services in public and academic libraries. In Charles R. McClure & John Carlo Bertot (Eds.), Evaluating networked information services: Techniques, policy, and issues (pp. 175-196). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Jansen, Sue Curry. (1991). Censorship: The knot that binds power and knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jeavons, Thomas H. (1994). Ethics in nonprofit management: Creating a culture of integrity. In Robert D. Herman & Associates (Eds.), The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management (pp. 184-207). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

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