understanding children from birth to age two 5 © goodheart-willcox co., inc. permission granted to...
TRANSCRIPT
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Key Concepts
Children change very quickly during their first two years of life.
Infants develop physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally.
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Objectives
Chart the physical development of children in the first two years after birth.
Describe how children develop cognitively in the first two years after birth.
Explain how children in the first two years after birth develop socially and emotionally.
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Discuss
Why do you think it is important to study the growth and development of children?
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Reflect
Think about children who are the same age, yet their development is at different levels.
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Physical Development in the First Two Years
Growth is rapid during the first two years of life Size and shape changes Reflexes change, then disappear Motor sequence depends on the brain and
nerve development
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Size and Shape
Average weight At birth: 7½ pounds Five months: 15 pounds One year: 22 pounds Two years: almost 4 times
birth weight
continued
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Size and Shape
Average length At birth: 20 inches One year: 30 to 32 inches Two years: 32 to 36 inches
Height and weight differences between boys and girls by age two
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Reflexes
Two types of reflexes Survival reflexes are necessary for life
Breathing, sucking, and swallowing Primitive reflexes disappear with age
Babinski Moro Palmar stepping or walking reflex
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Did You Know?
Some reflexes occur only in specific periods of development.
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Motor Sequence
Motor sequence of infants Lifting head and moving it from side to side
when watching Rolling over Sitting upright Crawling or hitching Creeping Walking: first with support, then unassisted
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Brainstorm
Name some motor skills gained during the first two years of life.
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Cognitive Development in the First Two Years
Important development of the child’s senses occur during the following periods: birth to three months three to six months six to nine months nine to twelve months twelve to eighteen months eighteen to twenty-four months
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Birth to Three Months
During this period, infants start to focus on objects pay more attention to faces follow noises start to experiment with
reflex actions adapt reflexes to their
environments
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Three to Six Months
During this time, children start to focus on their surroundings Learn they can touch, shake, and hit objects Start to show judgment and preferences Increase their vocalizations Respond in new ways to touch Think with their senses and movements Begin to develop body awareness
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Six to Nine Months
At this stage, object permanence develops Objects continue to exist even if the infant
cannot see them Memory and goal-oriented thinking Understand that other people exist Communication skills expand Name recognition
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Nine to Twelve Months
During this stage, infants become more intentional about their goals Have definite ideas about what they want Begin to anticipate certain events
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Twelve to Eighteen Months
During this stage, infants’ hearing and speech continue to develop Like trial-and-error problem solving Experiment with objects for new uses Find cause and effect relationships fascinating Start to communicate using language Enjoy hearing books read
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Eighteen to Twenty-Four Months
Children change their approach to their environment nearing age two Think before taking action Apply learned problem-solving techniques Think in terms of actions Have improved thinking and motor skills Start to pretend; form of deferred imitation Use phrases, or telegraphic speech
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Discuss
Provide some examples of things children are able to do that demonstrate that they think before taking action.
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Social-Emotional Development in the First Two Years
In the first few months of life, the range of emotions include happiness: corners of the mouth
are pulled back, cheeks are raised
fear, anxiety, anger: mouth is opened with the corners pulled back, eyes widened, and eyebrows raised
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Temperament
Temperament is the quality and intensity of emotional reactions Passivity: how actively involved a child is
with his or her surroundings Irritability: tendency to feel distressed Activity patterns: levels of movements vary
by infant
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Attachment
Attachment is the strong emotional connection that develops between people Separation anxiety: an attachment behavior
shown by child protests when a familiar caregiver is leaving Six to eighteen months more prevalent Crying as distress
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Did You Know?
A child’s separation anxiety can be eased by transitioning with familiar items telling him where you will be while he is at
school explaining what's going to happen focusing on the positive
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Changes Over Time
Social and emotional changes Birth to three months: unrefined
emotions Three to six months: respond with
smile, laughter, and crying Six to twelve months: actively
involved with caregivers Twelve to twenty-four months:
show anxiety and self-awareness
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Review
True or false. Children change very slowly during their first two years of life.
What are the four primary ways that infants develop?
Describe Shaken Baby Syndrome. Why is it considered serious?
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Glossary
attachment. The strong emotional connection that develops between people.
deferred imitation. Watching another person’s behavior, then acting out that behavior. This occurs between eighteen and twenty-four months.
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Glossary
motor sequence. Order in which a child is able to perform new movements. Motor sequence depends on the development of the brain and nerves.
object permanence. An understanding that objects continue to exist even if a person cannot see them.
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Glossary
reflex. An automatic body response to a stimulus. At birth, an infant’s physical abilities are limited to reflexes.
separation anxiety. A child’s difficulty in separating from parents, often occurring between 6 and 15 months of age.
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Glossary
telegraphic speech. Two-word phrases used by toddlers when they first learn to combine words.
temperament. Quality and intensity of children’s emotional reactions to their environment, such as passivity, irritability, and activity patterns.