understanding coping in context updated
TRANSCRIPT
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RISK PROCESS (risk factors) correlatedwith problematic individual outcomes such
as personal distress, mental disorders or
behavior problems.
PROTECTIVE PROCESS
- which are strengths or resources associatedwith positive individual outcomes.
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DISTAL FACTORS
are predisposing processes ,
which directly and indirectly shape
stressors, resources, coping
processes and outcomes.
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DISTAL CONTEXTUAL FACTORS
it includes environmental conditions in
various life domains.- it can also cause chronic stressors that
involve long term scarcity.
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DISTAL PERSONAL FACTORS - these includes genetic and
biological factors, personality traits such as shyness or
extraversion.
PROXIMAL PROCESSES more immediately related tostress and coping.
* MAJOR LIFE EVENTS EACH EVENT IS A
ASSIGNED A POINT VALUE TO ESTIMATE THE AMOUNT OFCHANGE OR ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRES OF THE
INDIVIDUAL.
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PROXIMAL STRESSORS:
PROXIMAL: their precipitating, relatively direct relationship to
stress and coping.
STRESSORS: risk factors involving both individuals and
environments. They vary in severity, personal meaning, andpoint of impact.
Stressors act as antecedents, prior to appraisal and coping.
However, stressors and coping responses shape each otherto some extent.
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* LIFE TRANSITIONS THESE PRODUCE AN ENDURINGCHANGE IN PERSONS LIFE CONTEXT, REQUIRING THE
LEARNING OF NEW SKILLS OR ASSUMPTION OF NEWROLES.
* DAILY HASSLES IT INCLUDES FAMILY ARGUMENTSAND TRAFFIC JAMS.
* DISASTERS THESE AFFECT ENTIRE COMMUNITIES ,REGIONS AND NATIONS.
* VICIOUS SPIRALS CASCADING PATTERNS OFMULTIPLE STRESSORS, SET IN MOTION WHEN THE LOSS OFONE RESOUCRCE TRIGGERS OTHER LOSSES.
PROXIMAL STRESSORS
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STRESS REACTION: the personal experience of stressincludes physiological, emotional and cognitivecomponents which are interdependent andoften cyclical.
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL it is the ongoing processof constructing the meaning of stressful situationor event.
emotional experienced and expression areinfluenced by culture, gender roles and context.
STRESS REACTIONS
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RESOURCES ACTIVATED for COPING:
1. Material resources: money, employment, housing, food, clothing,transportation, and health insurances
2. Socio-emotional competencies: major focus of prevention-promotionprogram in community psychology.
Personal competencies for coping: self-regulation skills: managing emotions,motivations, cognitions, and other intrapersonal processes.
Social competencies: needed in order to connect with others and make use ofthe resources they offer. EMPATHY, the most basic social skill, involves
accurate understanding of the emotions of others. Making personal
connections, building relationships, and managing conflicts are crucial.
ASSERTIVENESS also matters.
3. Social resources: It takes a village to raise a child4. Cultural resources: traditions, rituals, beliefs, and narratives provides systems
of meaning for interpreting stressors
5. Social support: social settings as youth groups, mutual help organizations, and
religious congregations.
6. Mutual help groups
7. Spiritual resources:
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COPING PROCESSES: responses or processes ( e.g. actions, cognitions, self-regulatory
practices ) that a person uses to reduce stress.
COPING: a dynamic process that fluctuates over time according to the demands of the
situation, the available resources and the ongoing appraisal and emotions.
APPRAISAL: the ongoing process of constructing the meaning of stressful
situation of event. . The most relevant aspects of appraisal include the extent
to which the situation is seen as challenging or threatening, expected or
unexpected, and largely controllable or not.
REAPPRAISAL: or REFRAMING a problem involves altering ones perception of the
situation or its meaning.
CATEGORIES OF COPIN:
A. Problem focused: coping involves addressing a problem situation directly, especially by
making a plan to change the situation and following that plan.
B. Emotion-focused: coping that addresses the emotions that accompany the problem
rather than the stressor itself. Example is exercising or meditating to reduce anxiety, or
seeking emotional support from friends or family.
C. Meaning-focused coping that involves finding meaning in the stressor by reappraising it,
especially if this leads to growth or learning of important lessons. It maybe based on
deeper values, whether secular or spiritual, as when suffering is interpreted as leading
to growth.
COPING PROCESSES
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NOTES:
1. These categories may OVERLAP.2. Each category contains diverse subtypes.
COPING IS CONTEXTUAL: From an ecological perspective, coping is contextual
wise coping choices are based on the context and the person, not on
generalities. There is no coping style or strategy that is always superior.
Societal and cultural factors, gender and other forms of diversity, ecological
level, and the stressor itself must all be taken into account.
COPING IS DYNAMIC and CONTEXTUAL: Outcomes are not end states but
simply one more step in the cyclical processes of coping.
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COPING OUTCOMES:
1. WELLNESS: not only the absence of symptoms of disorders or distress; it is the
experience of positive outcomes in health and subjective well-being. Life satisfaction,
job satisfaction, positive affect, self-esteem, and academic achievement are wellnessoutcomes.
2. RESILIENCE: maintaining or returning to a prior level of health during stressful
circumstances. It arises from the interplay of environmental and individual factors.
3. THRIVING: process of growth that takes them beyond their prior level of functioning
RESILIENCE PLUS: in the face of stressors, not only holding ones ground butgrowing through experience.
4. SOCIAL EMBEDDEDNESS: many positive outcomes involve closer ties to family,
friends, community or other social groupings. These ties provide meaningful
relationships and psychological sense of community meaningful in themselves as well
as allies for pursuing goals and coping resources for future stressors. Negative
outcomes such as family discord and community fragmentation also can occur.5. EMPOWERNESS: gaining access to valued resources. It involves actually gaining
power in some way, not simply feeling more powerful. Increased access to resources
may be an important outcome of coping.
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INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE COPING
1. SOCIAL and POLICY ADVOCACY: It may involve working to raise public
awareness of an issue, such as gaining media attention for the needs ofdisaster victims. It may involve social action, such as protesting cuts in
mental health or youth development programs.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL CONSULTATION: Community and organizational
psychologists consult with these settings, seeking to: change organizational
policies; alter organizational roles, decision making, or communication; ordeal with issues such as work-family relationships, human diversity, and
inter-group conflict.
3. ALTERNATIVE SETTINGS: At times, the limitations of an agency, clinic, or
other setting may be so great that citizens or professionals form an
alternative setting to serve clients in a different way.
4. COMMUNITY COALITION: This approach involves bringing together
representatives from a local community to address issues such as
preventing drug abuse or promoting health or youth development.
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5. PREVENTION and PROMOTION PROGRAMS: These seek to reduce the
incidence of personal problems in living, mental disorders, and illness, or
to promote health, personal development or academic achievement.
6. CRISIS INTERVENTION: The most promising crisis intervention
approaches immediately after traumatic events focus on providing
emotional support, practical assistance, information about coping, andencouraging later use of ones own sources of support and treatment if
needed.
7. COLLABORATION with COMMUNITY RESOURCES: Community
resources are outside treatment system. These include mutual help
groups, consumer advocates, womens services, spiritual and religioussettings, indigenous healers and elders, and holistic health practitioners.
8. CASE MANAGEMENT: Complementing professional treatment are
innovations in casework and client advocacy.
INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE COPING
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SOCIAL SUPPORT
NOTE: It is a key resource for strengthening coping and well-being.
1. GENERALIZED SUPPORT: occur in interpersonal relationships sustainedover time, providing the individual with a secure base for living and coping. It
is not tailored to one specific stressor and does not necessarily involve
behavioral helping in a specific situation. It involves individual perceptions and
environmental support, the presence of meaningful others in ones life. Itrefers to caring and attachment in close personal relationships, such as a
strong marriage, parent-child relationship, or friendship.
It is measured in terms of PERCEIVED SUPPORT, in which research
participants are asked about the general quality or availability of support in
their lives.2. SPECIFIC SUPPORT or ENACTED SUPPORT: is a behavioral help provided
to people coping with a particular stressor. It maybe emotional
encouragement, information or advice, or tangible assistance such as loaning
money. It concerns distress already present in the recipients life, specific
support is discernible only when a person needs it, and is tailored to a specific
stressor.
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SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS
Social support occurs within networks of relationships:
1. MULTIDIMENSIONALITY: Multidimensional relationships are those in whichthe two persons involved do a number of things together and share a number
of role relationships.
2. DENSITY: Your social network also contains relationships between thepersons in your network other than you. Network density refers to the extent
of these relationships.
High-density network: when many ties exist between network members.
Low-density network: when few of the members are closely connected to
each other.
3. RECIPROCITY: the extent to which the individual both receives support fromothers and provides it to others. It may be the most important aspect of
friendship across the life span
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MUTUAL HELP GROUPS
Mutual help, self-help, and mutual support groups are voluntary associations of
persons who share soma status that results in difficulties with which the group tries
to deal.
It is based on peer relationships. It involves an exchange of helping based on
interpersonal norms of reciprocity rather than a professional service provided for a
fee. Each member both provides aid and receives it.
HELPER TEHRAPY PRINCIPLE:providing aid to others promotes ones own well-being.
SELF-HELP GROUP: facilitates by a person in recovery from the focal problem,
and do not have professional involvement.
MUTUAL SUPORT GROUPS: are peer led, with some professional involvement,and others involve training and supervision by professionals while also using some
elements of mutual support.
MUTUAL HELP: it is used to provide focus on the communal aspect of these
settings.
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DISTINCTIVE FEATURES of MUTUAL HELP GROUPS
1. A focal concern: a problem, life crisis, or issue affecting all members.2. Peer relationships rather than, or in addition to, a professional-client
relationship.
3. Reciprocity of helping: each member both receives and provides help
4. Experiential knowledge for coping. This knowledge is based on thepersonal experiences of group members who have coped with the
focal concern.
5. A community narrative that embodies the experiences of its members.
These narratives are expressed in story form a description and
explanation of the focal problem, and an explicit guide to recovery orto coping.