understanding hearing impairment
DESCRIPTION
Learning Characteristics, Prevalence and Communicating with the HITRANSCRIPT
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Understanding Hearing Impairment
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3
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4-5
The Basics of Hearing Impairment: Learning
CharacteristicsDealing with a Hearing Impaired Student in an
Inclusive ClassroomPractical Teaching
Strategies
Communicating with the H.I.
Training Outline
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MODULE 1
Understanding Hearing Impairment:Myths and Facts of
Hearing Impairment
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Over 5% of the world’s population – 360 million people – has disabling
hearing loss.
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Living with hearing loss is not a big deal.
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If someone has a hearing impairment, he’d certainly know
about it
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Deaf people are good lipreaders.
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Hearing aids can restore hearing.
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Sign Language is a universal or
international language.
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If I shout, the deaf person can understand
me more clearly.
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The deaf sometimes seem to hear me only when they feel like it.
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People who are deaf lead totally different lives
than other people
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Noise is a major avoidable cause of
hearing loss
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People who are deaf cannot appreciate the
arts because they can’t hear music, movies.
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People who are deaf are less intelligent.
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All people who are deaf use sign language to
communicate
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Gradual hearing loss can affect people of all ages .
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Over 5% of the world’s population – 360 million people – has disabling
hearing loss.
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Living with hearing loss is not a big deal.
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If someone has a hearing impairment, he’d certainly know
about it
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Deaf people are good lipreaders.
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Hearing aids can restore hearing.
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Sign Language is a universal or
international language.
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If I shout, the deaf person can understand
me more clearly.
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The deaf sometimes seem to hear me only when they feel like it.
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People who are deaf lead totally different lives
than other people
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All people who are deaf are mute.
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Noise is a major avoidable cause of
hearing loss
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People who are deaf cannot appreciate the
arts because they can’t hear music, movies.
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People who are deaf are less intelligent.
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All people who are deaf use sign language to
communicate
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Gradual hearing loss can affect people of all ages .
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HEARING IMPAIRMENT
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There are 360 million persons in the world with disabling hearing loss
DATA: PREVALENCE
This is 5.3% of the world’s population - 32 million of these are children. Disabling hearing loss is defined as:• adults (15 years and older):
hearing loss greater than 40 dB in the better hearing ear;
• children (0 – 14 years of age): hearing loss greater than 30 dB in the better hearing ear.
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• Approximately 0.5-5 of every 1000 infants are born with or develop in early childhood disabling hearing loss
• Early detection and management is important in providing appropriate support for deaf and hearing-impaired babies that will help them enjoy equal opportunities in society.
DATA: PREVALENCE
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• Nearly one out of every three persons over 65 are affected by hearing loss.
• Age-related hearing loss can be managed effectively through a variety of means, including hearing aids
DATA: PREVALENCE
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HEARING IMPAIRMENT AND DEAFNESS
• A person who is not able to hear as well as someone with normal hearing – hearing thresholds of 25dB or better in both ears – is said to have hearing loss.
• ‘Hard of hearing’ refers to people with hearing loss ranging from mild to severe.
• ‘Deaf’ people mostly have profound hearing loss, which implies very little or no hearing.
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•deaf- audiological condition of not hearing.
•Deaf – particular group of people who share a language and culture
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CLASSIFICATION OF H.I.
1. According to the age at onset of deafness
• Congenitally deaf – born deaf
• Adventitiously deaf – born with normal hearing and became deaf through accident/illness
2. According to language development
• Prelingually deaf – born deaf oer lost hearing before speech and language were developed
• Post lingually deaf- lost hearing after development of spontaneous speech and language
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Classification
3. According to place of impairment
• conductive hearing loss – hearing loss due to the interference in the transmission of sound to and through the sense organ (outer or middle ear)
• Sensory-neural hearing loss – due to the abnormality of the inner ear or the auditory nerve, or both
• mixed hearing loss - combination of both; sometimes called a flat loss
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Classification
4. According to degree of hearing loss
Classification Degree of Hearing Loss
Slight 27-40 dB
Mild 41-55 dB
Moderate 56-70 dB
Severe 71-90 dB
Profound 91 dB or more
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CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS
• The causes of hearing loss and deafness can be divided into congenital causes and acquired causes
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CONGENITAL CAUSES• Congenital causes lead to hearing loss being
present at or acquired soon after birth. • Hearing loss can be caused by hereditary and
non-hereditary genetic factors or by certain complications during pregnancy and childbirth, including:• maternal rubella, syphilis or certain other
infections during pregnancy;• low birth weight;• birth asphyxia (a lack of oxygen at the time
of birth);• inappropriate use of ototoxic drugs during
pregnancy; and• severe jaundice in the neonatal period,
which can damage the hearing nerve in a newborn infant.
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ACQUIRED CAUSES• Infectious diseases• Chronic ear infection• Collection of fluid in the ear (otitis media) can cause hearing
loss. • Use of ototoxic drugs at any age, such as some antibiotic and
antimalarial medicines for example, can damage the inner ear. • Head injury or injury to the ear can cause hearing loss.• Excessive noise• Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is caused by
degeneration of sensory cells. • Wax or foreign bodies blocking the ear canal
Among children, chronic otitis media is the leading cause of hearing loss.
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Half of all cases of hearing loss are avoidable through primary
prevention.
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PRIMARY PREVENTION
• Immunization• Early screening and treatment• Improving antenatal and perinatal
care• Referring babies with high risk
factors • Reducing exposure (both
occupational and recreational) to loud noises
• Healthy ear and hearing care practices
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ASSESSMENT OF HEARING LOSS
In the absence of an AUDIOMETER, the following simple tests may be administered:
• Noise Maker Test • Whisper Test
• Calling Name Test
• Watch-Tick Test
• Ballpen-Click Test
• Command Test
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Significant Observations1. Watches face, especially the mouth of the
speaker when talked to
2. Makes use of more natural gestures, signs, movements to express himself
3. Shows strained expression when listening
4. Cocks ear/tilts head at an angle towards the source of the sound
5. Pays more attention to vibration and vibrating objects
6. Often asks for repetition of questions or statements
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Assessment-observations7. Fails to respond immediately
8. Has blank facial expression when talked to
9. Often unable to follow oral directions/instructions
10. Is less responsive to noise, voice or music
11. Shows marked imitativeness at work/play
12. Has difficulty associating concrete with abstract ideas
13. Has poor general learning performance
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MODULE 2
Understanding Hearing Impairment:
Learning Characteristics
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IMPACT OF HEARING LOSS
“ Hearing impairment is not only the handicap of not being able to hear. It encompasses
emotional problems, problems in socialization, in learning
disabilities…”
Helen Keller says…
“ The problems of deafness are deeper and more complex. It is a much
worse misfortune for it means the loss of the most vital stimulus, the sound of voice, that brings language,
sets thoughts astir and keeps us in the company of
man. “
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Vocabulary Deficits
• May see a word but not be able to understand its meaning
• Vocabulary develops more slowly in children who have hearing loss. The gap between the vocabulary of children with normal hearing and those with hearing loss widens with age
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Improper use of words and their meanings
• Difficulties with figurative language (such as alliteration, similes, metaphors, personification, and idioms)
• Difficulty understanding abstract concepts
• Has difficulty with concepts of time, space, quantity, size, and measurement
• Word knowledge may be below expectancy
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Asks questions and/or responds inappropriately
• Is slow to respond during verbal interaction or following verbal cues• may also closely watch
their peers to emulate behavior and body language (echopraxia)
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Inappropriate use of grammar when talking or writing
Teacher, Why no class? Have sun. PAGASA said typhoon where?
• Has problems understanding rules and patterns for sentence formation
• Grammar follows different syntax and order
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Has difficulty breaking words into sounds and syllable
• Poor spelling skills• Has problems understanding rules and
patterns for word formation• Word substitutions may occur frequently in reading and writing HonseBananaAppelBirtday
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May isolate themselves from social situations
• Hesitates or refuses to participate in activities where speaking is required
• Is inattentive and has difficulty with concentration
• May not initiate or maintain eye contact • May become easily frustrated
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IMPACT OF HEARING LOSS
1. It causes delay in the development of receptive and expressive communication skills (speech and language).
2. The language deficit causes learning problems that result in reduced academic achievement.
3. Communication difficulties often lead to social isolation and poor self-concept.
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MODULE 3
HOW DO DEAF CHILDREN DEVELOP
CONCEPTS?
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Deaf people are VISUAL learners
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Eye Movement
Jumps (saccade
s)Jumps
(saccades) Pauses
(Fixations)Pauses
(Fixations)
Take in important visual information
Regressive- to check/confirm
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Help children become more rapid and automatic in unlocking the meaning of words
TEACHER’S CHALLENGE:
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Enrich the child’s language “experience”.
TEACHER’S CHALLENGE:
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LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
LITERAL LEVEL-basic facts are understood
INFERENTIAL LEVEL-adds meaning, draws conclusions
CRITICAL LEVEL-assesses the good sense (clarity, accuracy , etc..)
CREATIVE LEVEL-develop new ideas
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Factors influencing comprehension
motivation
Reasoning ability
interestsvocabulary
Prior knowledgeskills
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In text Supports for vocabulary building
Semantic Cues: cues that come from the meaning of what we are reading (contextual)
Syntactic cues: cues that enable us to draw upon our own experience of language
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MODULE 4
Communicating with the Deaf
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I CANI can live, I can love
I can reach the heaven’s above
I can right what is wrong, I can sing just any song
I can dance, I can fly
And touch the rainbow in the sky
I can be your good friend
I can love you until the end.
What took you so long to make me feel
I can give love, a love so real
What took you so long to let me know
What took you so long to make me see
How lucky I am cause I am free
Free to do the things I want to be
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The Sign Language Continuum
1. Non-verbal Communication
-natural gestures, mimes, facial expressions
- used by Deaf without formal education
2. Sign Language
-concept-oriented
- syntax: most important concept first
1 52 3 4
3. Signed English
- follows English syntax
- used by hearing persons who learned sign language
4. Finger Spelling
- letters of the alphabet thru hand signs
5.Simultaneous Method
- speech in conjunction with manual communication
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The Nature of the Language of Signs
1. It is a language of natural gestures and pantomimes
2. Signs are made within the signing area: top of the head and just above the waist
3. The sight-line is an imaginary line between the signer and the observer
4. The body of the signer greatly aids in manual signs (ex: tenses, tone, gender)
5. When the basic sign is initialized, it attains a special meaning
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Nature of Signs
6. Reduplication of signs denotes plurality or continuous action
7. Signs are directional
8. Synonyms are signed lightly or forcefully according to the intent of the word
9. Antonyms are signed mostly in reverse of the synonym
10.Very large signs are equivalent to shouting
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Conduct in Communicating By Signs
1. Get the deaf person’s attention before signing
2. Keep your hands and face toward the deaf person with whom you are speaking
3. Keep your signs and finger spelling smooth and flowing with appropriate pauses and rhythm
4. Adjust your signs and finger spelling within the language level of the deaf with whom you are conversing
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Conduct
5. Put across the proper amount of facial expressions, body movements and emphasis
6. Don’t get upset or confused when you find that there are multiple variations in a given sign
7. Be patient with the deaf when their signs appear to be brutally frank in their expressions.
8. Enjoy signing!
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Conduct
5. Put across the proper amount of facial expressions, body movements and emphasis
6. Don’t get upset or confused when you find that there are multiple variations in a given sign
7. Be patient with the deaf when their signs appear to be brutally frank in their expressions.
8. Enjoy signing!
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“Children with a hearing loss are normal children who do not
hear well. Though this handicap may have a profound
effect on their overall development, they develop
ways to compensate and may sometimes have a unique way of assimilating what they see
and learn…
So don’t forget to enjoy your teaching experience. And by
the end of the school year, you will have made a friend for
life.”
-Amanda Mangiardi, SPED Teacher