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    UnderstandingLightResourceGuideforTeachers

    AshleighGuest

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    Contents:

    P3Introduction

    P4:StudentLearningOutcomes

    P5-22:Experiment1,BridgeLight,IncludingGlossary.

    P23-32:Experiment2,LaserJello,IncludingGlossary.

    P33-38:Experiment3,MakingaRainbow

    P39:References

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    ResourceGuide

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    UnderstandingLightandWaves

    Introduction

    Thisresourceguideisgoingtogiveyouinformationtoteacha

    grade6classaboutlightandhowlightmovesinwaves.Inregardsto

    waves,youllbeableto(withthehelpofthisresourceguide)beable

    toteachthekidsthatlightwavesdifferinfrequency,wavelengthand

    amplitude.Theywillalsobeabletounderstandthatdifferentcolors

    arentjustpretty,theyhavemeaning,andthatcertaincolorshave

    differentfrequenciesthatmakethemmoredangeroustohumans

    thenothers.Itwillalsoincludeinformationaboutatomsand

    electronsandtheirroleinlightabsorption,andalsotheconceptsof

    lightbeingabletomoveindifferentwaves.(convex,converging,

    concaveetc)

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    StudentLearningOutcomes

    Exp1+3:Understandingthatlighttravelsaswaves Exp1+3:Understandingthatthesewavestravelin

    differentfrequencies,wavelengths,andamplitudes.

    Exp2:Understandthatlightbouncesoffdifferentsurfacesindifferentways.

    Exp2:Thesesurfacesbeingsmooth(specualar)andrough(diffuse)surfaces.Aswellasunderstanding

    differenttypesofreflection,concave,convexetc.

    Exp2:Basicunderstandingoftheabilityoflighttobend. Exp2:Understanddivergenceandconvergencewhen

    travellingthroughconcaveandconvexlenses.

    Exp2:Understandthebasicsofrefraction Exp1+3:Understandingthespectrumofcolorsand

    understandwhichcolorsandwhytheyaredangerousto

    humans.

    Exp2:Understandthereareconstructiveanddestructivewavesoflightandthesewillenableyouto

    seedifferentcolorswhendifferenttypesofwavesarein

    use.

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    Experiment1:BridgeLight

    Aim:

    Studentsbytheendofthisexperimentwillbeabletounderstandthebasicsof

    lightreflectingandthebasicsofconstructiveanddestructiveinterferenceof

    lightwaves.

    Theyshouldalsobeabletounderstandwhitelightisamake-upofalldifferent

    colorsoflightandwhenlightwavesofdifferentcolorsmeettheycancanceleachotherandthecomplementarycolorofthecolorthathasbeencancelledoutisthe

    onethatislefttosee.Eg;(ifblueiscancelledout,youllseeyellow)

    Althoughthisisatoughask,theycouldalsobegintounderstandthecolor

    spectrumandatdifferentthicknessesofthegapyouwillbeabletoseedifferent

    colors.

    Backgroundfortheteacher:Tostartoffwith,asateacheryouneedtounderstandthatlighttravelsinawave

    ofelectromagneticenergy.Thereisadisturbance(electriccurrent)inthe

    magneticfield,whichcreatedanelectric/magneticfield.Lightistherefore

    electromagneticradiation.Studentsdontneedtoknowallthesetermsin

    primaryschool.

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    Thehighertheamplitudeofthewavesinthetwofieldsthemoreintenseor

    brightthelightis.Waveshavetheabilitytosplit,overlap,andinterferewith

    otherwaves.

    Frequencyinlightwavesdeterminesthecolor,thehigherthefrequencythemoredangerousthecoloris.

    Imagefrom:http://www.ambulancevisibility.com/index.php?p=1_16

    Thereisacertainamountofcolorthatisvisibletothehumaneye,andthehigher

    orlowerthewavelengthistherelessvisibleandmoredangerousthecolour

    becomes.Asyoucanseeultra-violetlight(UV)isthemostwellknown

    dangerouslight.

    Image:http://students.ed.uiuc.edu/ljgriffi/project/grifunit7/About%20the%20wavelengths.htm

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    Theabovediagramshowsthedifferentwavelengthsthatdeterminewhichtype

    oflightweareabletosee.WhenusingGammalightsforgood,itallowsustokill

    offcancerouscells.Wavesareabletointerferewitheachother,thereareconstructiveinterferences

    anddestructiveinterferences.Iftwowavesoflightmeetandaretheirhighsand

    lowsofthewavematchthentheycancombinetocreateahigheramplitude,this

    iscalledconstructivewave.Iftwowavesmeetandtheydontmatchthenthey

    canceleachotheroutandtherewillbenowaveleftatall.

    Image:http://www.kirksville.k12.mo.us/khs/Teacher_Web/alternative/waves.

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    BackgroundforStudents:

    Lighttravelsinelectricalwaves,thesewavescandifferin;

    Length:whichisthedistancebetweeneachtroughofawave. Amplitude:theheightofeachwave. Frequency:howclosetogetherandhowoftenthewavesare.

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    Thesedifferenttypesofwaves,producedifferentcolorsofthecolor

    spectrum.

    Asyoucanseeintheabovediagram,thereisvisiblelight,butthe

    coloursbeforethese,andthecoloursafterthesecannotbeseenand

    canbedangeroustothehumanbody.UVlightiswaterweprotect

    ourselvesfromwithsunscreen,hatsandsunglasses.Thehigher

    colourscanbeusedtokillcancercellsinradiationtherapy.

    Wavescanalsoworktogethertoproducebiggerwaves,iftwowaves

    meetandtheyarethesame,thentheiramplitudewillgrowbigger,

    andthewaveswillbecomestronger,thereforetheyareconstructive

    waves.

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    Ifthetwowavesmeetandtheyarentthesamethentheywontwork

    togethertobecomebigger,theywillbothstopmoving,thereforethey

    aredestructivewaves.

    Definitions:

    Amplitude:Thehigherthewaveis.

    Constructivewaves:Wavestheworktogethertomakebigger

    waves.

    Destructivewaves:Wavesthatdontworktogetherandtherefore

    dontmakebiggerwaves.

    Frequency:Themorewavesthereareandtheyreclosertogether.

    Length:Thedistancebetweeneachtroughofawave.

    Lightwave:electricwavethatproduceslight.

    Trough:Thelowestpointofawave.

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    Materials:

    Youwillneed:

    Twosheetsofplexiglass,whichneedtobeinch,or1/8inchthickandapproximatelya30cmx30cm,square.(sizeisnotcritical)You

    canfindthesesheetsatanysortofhomeimprovementshopsuchas

    bunnings.

    1pieceofdarkconstructionpaper. One8x13cmpieceoftransparentredplastic Electricaltape

    Alightsource,canbeanysortofdesklamp.Theteachershouldcuteverythingtosizeasitcanbedangerousforkidsto

    dothis.

    Also,forbestresultsthisshouldbedoneinlowlighttoobservethe

    rainbowsandcolours.

    Method:

    Peelpaperofftheplexiglassandcleansurfaceproperlywithalcoholandasoftcloth.

    Presstheplatestightlytogetherandtapethemtogether. Tapethepieceofdarkpaperontooneoftheplates. Holdingtheplates,withthedarksideonthebottomunderthe

    strongwhitelightandyouwillobservetherainbowcoloured

    patterns.

    Youcanmovetheplatesaroundandnoticethechangesinthepatterns.

    Nextplacetheredplasticbetweenthelightandtheplatesandyouwillnoticethatthepatternsarenowjustredandblackasopposed

    toarainbow.

    Youcanmovetheglassindifferentwaysandiftheredlightisinterferedwiththenyouwillonlyseeblack.

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    Extension;youcanmovethetwopiecesofglassapartandholdthemunderlightandseewhatlightmakesitthroughatdifferent

    gaps.

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    Glossaryforteacher:

    Amplitude:PhysicsOnehalfthefullextentofavibration,oscillation,orwave.

    Theamplitudeofanoceanwaveisthemaximumheightofthewavecrestabove

    thelevelofcalmwater,orthemaximumdepthofthewavetroughbelowthelevelofcalmwater.

    Constructiveinterference:Whentwolightwavessuperposewitheachotherin

    suchawaythatthecrestofonewavefallsonthecrestofthesecondwave,and

    troughofonewavefallsonthetroughofthesecondwave,thentheresultant

    wavehaslargeramplitudeanditiscalledconstructiveinterference.

    Destructiveinterference:Whentwolightwavessuperposewitheachotherin

    suchawaythatthecrestofonewavecoincidesthetroughofthesecondwave,thentheamplitudeofresultantwavebecomeszeroanditiscalleddestructive

    interference.

    Electricfield:regionofspacewhereelectricallychargedparticlesexperiencea

    force.

    Electromagneticradiation:atypeofenergythatisdefinedbyanoscillating

    electricandmagneticfield.(light)

    Frequency:Therateatwhicharepeatingeventoccurs,suchasthefullcycleofawave.

    Magneticfield:regionofspacewhereamagneticparticleexperiencesaforce.

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    QuestionsandAnswers:

    1)Whatisawave?Lighttravelsinawaveofelectromagneticenergy.Thereisadisturbance

    (electriccurrent)inthemagneticfield,whichcreatedanelectric/magneticfield.Lightisthereforeelectromagneticradiation.Studentsdontneedto

    knowallthesetermsinprimaryschool.Thereforeawaveisachangeinthe

    magneticfieldbyanelectricalcurrent.Studentsdonothavetohavesucha

    detailedanswer,grade6studentsshouldbeabletounderstanditisan

    electricalcurrentandnothingfurther.

    2)Definefrequency:Therateatwhicharepeatingeventoccurs,suchasthefullcycleofawave.

    3)DefineAmplitude:PhysicsOnehalfthefullextentofavibration,oscillation,orwave.Theamplitudeofanoceanwaveisthemaximumheight

    ofthewavecrestabovethelevelofcalmwater,orthemaximumdepthofthe

    wavetroughbelowthelevelofcalmwater.

    4)Definelength:Thedistancebetweeneachtroughofawave.5)Whatisthenameofthelightthatcandamagehumanskin?

    UVlight

    6)WhatdoesUVstandfor?Ultravioletlight.

    7) Ifyouareholdingtheredplasticunderthelight,whatcolourscouldyousee?

    Redandblack.

    8)Whathappensiftwowavesthesamemeet?Constructiveinterference.

    9)Howdoesadestructiveinterferencehappen?Twowavesmeetthatarentthesame.

    10) Ifacolourisdangerousisithigherfrequencyorlowerfrequency?

    Higher.

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    11) Whyhaveweputblackpaperontheback?Sowecanseethecoloursproducedaloteasierandclearer.

    12) Whydoweusewhitelight?Becausewhenweusewhitelightweareabletoseethefullspectrumof

    thecolours,usingcertaincolouredlightsallowustoonlyseecertain

    colours.

    13) Whydidwecleantheglassproperlybeforewestartedtheexperiment?

    Fingerprintsandanyremainingresiduecanimpacttheangleofthe

    lightbouncingoffandwewanttogetaclearcolourandpicturetosee.

    Thesecanbeincludedwithoneoftheworksheetsoraskedtothe

    entireclassattheendoftheexperiment.

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    Worksheet1:

    Multiplechoice:

    1)Whenlookingatawavethetroughis;a)Thetopofawaveb)Thebottomofawavec) Thedistancebetweeneachwaved)Thehigherthewaveis

    2)UVlightis;a)Ultravioletlightb)Ultraviolentlightc) Univiolentlightd)Univioletlight

    TrueorFalse:

    1)UVlightcanbeseewiththehumaneye;a)Trueb)False

    2)Awaveismadeupofelectricity;a)Trueb)False

    Fillintheblanks;

    1)Whenawavemeetsanotherwaveandtheyrethesameatincreasetheamplitudeoftheirwavewhencombineditscalled

    ___________________interference.Whentheymeetandtheyrenotthe

    sameitscalled____________________interference.

    2)The_______________isthedistancebetweeneachwave,the________________istheheightofthewavesandthe________________is

    howmanyandclosetheyaretogether.

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    Worksheet2:

    1)Labelthisdiagramwith:a)Lengthb)Ampitudec) Trough

    2)Onthisspectrumoflight,drawtwolinesatthetwoendswhere

    humansstopbeingabletoseethecolour:

    2)Lookingattheaboveimage,whichcolourswouldbemostdangerous?

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    3)Labelthisdiagramwithwhichtypesofinterferencethesewavesareexperiencing.

    4)Whatisthenameofthecolouroflightthatweprotectourselvesfromusingsunscreenandhats?

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    5)Labelthisdiagramwithasmuchinformationasyou.

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    AnswerstoWorkSheet1:

    1)a2)b3)False4)True5) ConstructiveandDestructive6)Length,amplitudeandfrequency.

    AnswerstoWorkSheet2:

    1) label2)VioletRed3)Constructiveandthendestructive4)Ultraviolet5)Highfrequency,highamplitude

    Mediumfrequency,mediumwavelength

    Lowfrequency,highwavelength

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    Experiment2:LaserJello

    Aim:Studentsbytheendofthisexperimentwillbeabletounderstandthe

    conceptofrefraction,theywillalsoneedtolearnaboutreflectionbutthat

    isnotshownthroughdoingthisexperiment.Therearedifferentsurfaces

    whichimpactthewaythelighttravelsandthiswillalsobeexploredbut

    studentsatagrade6levelswillnothavetorememberthescientific

    names.Theywillbeabletounderstandwhythereisachangeindirection

    oflightwhenpassingthroughthejello.Theywillbeabletounderstand

    thatwhenlighttravelsthroughasubstanceanditslowsdown,itwill

    changedirectionwhenitcomesbackouttoafastermedium(refraction).

    Theywillbeabletogetanunderstandingofconvexandconcaveandhow

    lighttravelswhenpassingthroughthedifferenttypesoflensesalthough

    thisexperimentdoesnotcoverit.

    Backgroundfortheteacher:

    Reflection:Whenlightisproducedittravelsthroughtheairandbounces

    offobjects,whentheybounceoftheobjectsandenteroureyestheyare

    abletobeseen,thisiscalledreflection.Whenthelightisabsorbedbythe

    objectitappearsasadullblack,andwhenitisreflected(bouncesoff),

    appearsasthesamecolour,soifitwhitelight,itisseenaswhite.

    Thesurfacethelightisbouncingoffalsoeffectsthewayitisseen;if

    itisaroughsurfaceandthelighthasirregularscatteringthenitiscalled

    diffusereflection.Ifthesurfaceissmooththenthelightwillreflectinonly

    onedirectionandthisisreferredtoasregularorspecularreflection.

    Examplescanbefoundonthenextpage.

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    Refraction:whenlightpassesfromonesubstancetoanotheritisgoingto

    changespeed,whenitstravellingthroughtheairitismovingat

    approximately300,000kmpersecond.WhenlightisinwaterImoves

    significantlyslowerat225,000kmpersecond.Ifthelightistraveling

    throughairatarightangletothewateritwillcontinuemovinginthe

    samedownwardsdirection,howeverifitisenteringasubstanceatan

    angleitwillslowdownandbend,andthisiscalledrefraction.Egoflight

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    refractingare,whenyouseewateronadryroad,orwhystarslooklike

    theyretwinkling.

    Insayingthat,oncethelightmovesintothewater,itbends,and

    onceitleavesbackintotheairitbendsbacktotheangleitoriginallywent

    inwith.Thisisseeninthefollowingdiagram.

    From:http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/lightandcolor/refraction.html

    Lenses:

    Alensisatransparentobjectwithacurvedsurface,usuallymadefrom

    glassortoughplastics.Lensesiswhatmakesamagnifiedorreduced

    imageandcanalsobeusedtoconcentrateorspreadlightrays.Eg;

    spectacles,contactlenses,andopticalinstrumentssuchasmicroscopes,

    telescopesandcameras.

    Therearepositivelenses,andnegativelenses.Positivelensesarecalled

    convex,andwillfocuslight,whilstnegativeareconcaveandspreadout

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    lightrays.Whichcanbeseenvisuallyinthefollowingdiagram.

    Thisexperimentdoesnotshowthis,howeverthestudentscanlearnthis

    inaclassroomandisanimportantpartoflighttheyneedtounderstand.

    Backgroundforstudents:

    Reflection:asyouallknow,whenyoulookinamirroryoucansee

    yourself,thisiscalledreflection.Althoughyoumaynotknowit,reflection

    ishappeningallaroundyou,wheneveryoulookatanything,lightisbeing

    reflectedoffitwhichmeansyoureabletoseeit.Iknowthisisahard

    concepttograsp,butallyouneedtoknowisthat,whenlightisproduce,

    therayshitasurface,andbounceoffthatsurfaceandintoyoureyeswhich

    meansyoucanseeit.Ifthelighthitsasurface,itisabletoabsorbsomeof

    thoselightrays,whichmeansyouseecertaincolours.Soforexample,to

    seethecolourblack,itmeansallofthoselightrayshavebeenabsorbed,

    andtoseethecolourwhite,itmeansthatallthelightwaveshavebeen

    reflected!

    Thetypeofsurfacethatlightisbouncingalsoaffectswherethelight

    goes.Asyoucanimagine,iflightbouncesontoasmoothsurfaceitwillall

    bounceoffinthesameway(specularreflection).Butifthelighthitsa

    roughsurface,whatdoyouthinkwillhappen?Itwillbounceinall

    differentdirections(diffusereflection)!Tounderstandthis,thinkofwhen

    yourewalkingalongtheroadonahotdayandyouthinkyoucansee

    waterontheroadaheadofyou,thisiscalledamirage,butactuallyitisthe

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    lightraysbouncingofftheroadinalldifferentdirections!Another

    exampleofitiswhenyouseestarstwinkling!Picturescanbeseenbelow!

    Refraction:Althoughthisisahardtopic,onceyouunderstandit,itisvery

    simpletounderstand,whenlightistravellingthroughtheairitismoving

    at300,000kmpersecond!(VERYFAST!)Whenitistravellingthrough

    waterisismovingat225,000kmpersecond,sostillveryfastbutalot

    slowerthenthroughtheair!

    Whenthelightmovesintothewater,orthroughanyother

    substance,itwillbendatacertainangle,becauseithasbecomeslower,

    however,onceitpassesbackoutofthewater,itspeedsbackupandbends

    backtoitsoriginalangle!

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    Next!

    Lenses:Offthetopofyourheadcanyouthinkofanylensesthatyousee

    peopleuseeveryday?Contactlenses?Spectacles?Lensesarealsousedin

    telescopes(tolookatthestars),microscopes(tolookatreallylittlethings

    inscienceclasses!),andcameras(totakephotos!).Wellyoureright,these

    arelensesbutdoyouknowhowtheywork?

    Thereare2differenttypesoflenses,thereisconcave,andconvex,asyou

    cantellbythename,concavelensesmakeacaveandconvexlensespush

    outwards!

    Whenlightentersthesetwotypesoflenses,theydodifferentthingstothe

    light,convexlensesmakethelightgointoonedirection,whereasa

    concavelensesspreadsthelightindifferentdirections!

    Thefollowingexperimentmainlylooksatrefraction,andyouwillgetto

    seehowlightbendswhenenteringthroughadifferentsubstance!

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    ResourceGuide

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    Materials:

    Petridishes Agar Water Kettle Heatingpad Stirringtablet Foil Dyes(redandbluepreferably+oneother)

    LaserTeachersneedtosupervisortheproductionoftheagarjelly!

    Method:

    1) TomaketheagarJelly,youwillneed1literofboilingwater,and5gramsofagar!

    2) Putthewateronaheatingbad,andputstirringtabletinthewater3) Nextaddtheagar,andturnontheheatandthespin4) Putthefoiloverthetop!5) Onceithasalldissolvedproper,fill4petridishestothetop.6) Addbluedyetoone,reddyetoother,leaveonewithnormalandthe

    otherwithyourchosencolour.

    7) Youneedtolettheseset!8)

    Oncetheyhaveset,takethemintoadarkroom,andusingyourlasershineitthrougheachotherthedifferentcoloursandseewhat

    happens!

    9) Youwillnoticerefractionhappening,andindifferentcoloursyouwillhavetorecordandnoticedifferentanglesofthelight!

    10) Onceyouhavedonethis,youcancutaconcaveandconvexshapeintotheagarandshinethelaserthrough,youwillnotice

    whichwayeachbendthelight!

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    Glossary:

    Concavelens:Alensthatiscurvedinwards,andspreadslightoutwards.

    Convexlens:Alensthatiscurvedoutwardsandfocuseslighttoonespot.

    Diffuse:Whenlightbouncesoffaroughsurfaceandbouncesoffinalldifferentdirections.

    Reflection:Whenlightbouncesoffdifferentobjectsandsurfaces.

    Refraction:Whenlightpassesfromonesubstancetoanotherandslowsdown

    orfastensupandbendsatacertainangle.Thisdoesnothappenifthelightis

    travellingata90 angle.

    Specular:Whenlightbouncesoffasmoothsurfaceandtheraysoflightstayin

    thesamedirection.

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    Questions:

    1) What happens to light when it passes through a concavelens?The light spreads.

    2) What happens to light when it passes through a convexlens?

    Light is directed into one spot.

    3) How fast does light travel through the air?300,000km per second

    4)How fast does light travel through water?225,000km per second.

    5) What is it called when light bounces off a surface indifferent directions?

    Diffuse

    6) What is it called when light bounces off a surface in onedirection?

    Specular7) In your own words describe why we see water on a road on

    a hot day.

    Kids should write something along the lines;

    When light bounces off a rough surface the light scatters in all

    different directions and this is what we are seeing.

    8) Why does light bend when passing through anothersubstance?Because it is slowing down.

    9) What happens to the light when it comes back out of thatsubstance and into air again?

    Bends back to the original angle that it entered with whenpassing back into the fast environment.

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    Activity 1: Crossword

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    Activity2:WordSearch

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    Experiment3:MakingSoapBubbles

    Aim:Thisexperimentisafuneasyexperimentforkidstodo,themain

    pointIwantkidstogetoutofitisthatwhenlighthitsthebubblesthey

    lightwavesinterferewitheachother,andcausedifferentcolours.

    Backgroundforteacher:Ifyoulookbackovertheinformationinthefirst

    experimentyouwillbeabletounderstandmostofwhatthisexperimentis

    about.Whenlightisenteringdifferentpartsofthesoapbubbleand

    reflectingandmeetingeachother,theycanconstructivelyordestructively

    interferewitheachother,iftheypartiallycanceleachotheroutincertain

    wavesitproducesdifferentcolours.Soiftheredwavesgetcancelledout

    youwillseeablue-greencolour,andsoon.

    Tofurtherunderstand,readbackovertheprevioustwoexperiments,this

    isjustafurtherfunactivityandanotherwayoflookingathowcoloursand

    lightisproducedandused!

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    Backgroundforstudents:CANBEUSEDFROMTEACHERS.

    Materials:

    Drinkingstraw Pipecleaners Asmallbucket Bubblesolution-youcanmakeyourownorbuyabubblesolution

    fromthesupermarket,thisworksbest!

    Method:

    Formframesusingthedrinkingstrawsforthestraightpieces.

    Connecttwostrawsatacornerbyinsertingadoubledpipecleanerintotheend

    ofeachstraw.Inplaceswherethreestrawsmeet,foldthepipecleanersasshowninthediagram.Attachapipecleanerhandletoyourframe.

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    Tryconstructingcubesortetrahedrons,orjustletyourimaginationrunwild.

    Mixthesoapsolutioninthebucket.

    Makesurethatyouhaveenoughsolutiontofullycovertheframeswhentheyare

    dipped.Onceyouhavemadetheframes,diptheseinthesolutionandpullout,observe

    theamazingcoloursthatareproduced,andmovethemaroundandobservethe

    colourschanging!

    Glossary:Canbeusedfrompreviousexperiments.

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    ActivityOne:WordSearch.

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    Activity2:QuestionsandAnswers

    1)Whydoyouseedifferentcoloursoflightwhenlookingatthebubbles?

    2)TrueorFalse:Thelowerthefrequencythemoredangerousthelightis.

    3)TrueorFalse:UVlightisdangeroustohumans.

    4)WhatdowedotoprotectourselvesfromUVlight?

    5)WhatdoesUVstandfor?

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    Answers:

    1) Whenlightisshiningthroughthebubble,thelightbouncesoffthesidesofthewallsandthewavescaneithercanceleachotheroutor

    partiallycancelout,ifitspartialtheyproduceddifferentcolours!

    2) False3) True4) Hatsandsunscreen5) Ultraviolet

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    Activity3:CrossWord

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    References:

    Allpicturehavewebsiteunderneath.

    UsedlecturenotesfromNickatVictoriaUniversity.

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