understanding the carbon pollution reduction scheme
TRANSCRIPT
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COPPER
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Copper is an element mineral
called native copper.
Found in chile, indonasia and
USA.
Also found in Loei and Khonkhan
but not in much quantity.
Copper is an industrial metal
widely used in unalloyed and
alloyed conditions.
It is mostly used in buildind
constructions and electronic
products.
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Open-cut Copper Mining
Open-cut pit – the rock is drilled and blasted then removed by a truck and shovel operation. The ore is processed to separate the copper.
Ernest Henry Mine Cloncurry Queensland image courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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Location of Copper Mines
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Underground Mining Process
Underground mining of copper occurs adjacent to the copper smelter in Mt Isa . In some cases remote controlled vehicles such as boggers are used underground.
Images courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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EXTRACTION OF COPPER FROM
ORES
copper ores are normally
associated with sulphur in which
copper can be
chalcocite(Cu2S),cuprite
(Cu2O) and chalcopyrite(CuFeS2)
.
There are two types of extraction
prcesses:
1. Pyrometallurgical
2. Hydrometallurgical
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Cu2S
CuFeS2 Cu2O
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Mineral Separation
A ROD and BALL MILL contains the ore and heavy steel balls which break the rock up until it resembles a fine powder.
Images courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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Froth Flotation Process
• Crushed ore is mixed with water, detergents and other chemicals
• Finely powdered mineral clings to air bubbles and floats to the surface
• Waste rock sinks to the bottom • Copper concentrate is transported to
the thickeners to remove excess water
• Dried concentrate is transported to the stacker for storage before use
• Waste rock is returned to the site • Water is re-used (as much as
possible).
Image source: Queensland Resources Council
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Concentrating - Flotation
Image source: Queensland Resources Council
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Smelting
• The process of taking the copper concentrate(CuFeS2) and reacting it with SiO2,
and O2 to produce slag (waste), copper matte and sulphur dioxide (gas).
• The SO2 is collected at several stages and is used to make sulphuric acid which is further processed into fertiliser.
• The matte copper is further treated in a copper converter.
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Concentrates (CuFeS2) Flux (SiO2) Coal (C,H)
Oxygen (O2) Air (N2,O2) Natural Gas (C,H)
Isasmelt Furnace
Isasmelt Lance
Off Gases (CO2,SO2,H2O,N2)
10CuFeS2 + 15½O2 + 3½SiO2
5Cu2S + 3FeS (matte)
+ 3½Fe2SiO4 (slag)
+ 12SO2 (gas)
Rotary Holding Furnace
Smelting
Diagram courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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Silica Ratios
• The correct amount of flux (SiO2) must be added or an efficient reaction does not occur.
• Too little silica results in the formation of magnetite (an iron oxide).
• Magnetite has a much higher melting point and can form a layer on top of the smelter causing damage to the smelter. It can also clog the vents from which the molten material is removed. Some magnetite is always made and it sticks to the walls of the smelter. This helps to protect the bricks.
• Too much silica makes the mixture too sticky.
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Converting
Matte (Cu2S FeS)
Air (N2,O2)
Oxygen (O2)
Flux (SiO2)
Slag Copper Blow
Cu2S + O2 2Cu (blister)
+ SO2 (gas)
Blister
Copper
Slag Blow
2FeS + 3O2 + SiO2
Fe2SiO4 (slag)
+ 2SO2 (gas)
Off Gases (SO2)
Pierce
Smith
Converter
Diagram courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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Slag Pouring
Image courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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Casting
Image courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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Transport of casted copper
Image courtesy of Xstrata Copper
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REFINING OF COPPER
Blister copper is fire refined in
the process called poling to
produce tough pitch copper
which can be used for some
applications other than electrical
appliances.
Most of the impurities are
oxidised and slagged of in
refining process.
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Copper Refining
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Properties of copper
A GOOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR
A GOOD THERMAL CONDUCTOR
CORROSION RESISTANT
EASILY JOINED
DUCTILE
TOUGH
NON MEGNETIC
EASY TO ALLOY
RECYCLABLE
CATALYTIC
MALLEABILITY
REASONABLE TENSILE STRNGTH
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USES OF COPPER
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL CABLES
UTENSILS
DOOR KNOBS
EASILY SHAPED INTO PIPES
COPPER TROLLEY WIRES
COPPER PLATING
COPPER FINISHED PARTS
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
ALSO USED IN AUTOMOBILES
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Copper and its Uses
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Copper roofing
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COPPER PRICES
copper prices has been
promoted by growing
demands from developing
nation.
Copper price rise has
affected the companies
producing its products.
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CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER
AND COPPER ALLOYS
Copper + tin = BRONZE
Copper + zinc = BRASS
Other alloys formed are as
follows:
copper + lead
copper + nickle
copper + aluminium
copper + silicon
copper + berillium
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Cu+Be Bronze Brass
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CU+Si Cu+Al
Cu+Pb
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THANK YOU PREPARED BY: PALAV PATEL ANJANI PAREKH AMI PONKIA KARNIKA PRAJAPATI KESHA SHETH NUPUR MANDANKA