“understanding the iso standards & qlassic for tiles...

PAM NC Half-day Seminar

“Understanding the ISO Standards &

QLASSIC for Tiles Adhesives”

Yong Wai Kit

Specification Manager

Mapei Malaysia Sdn Bhd

012-335 2318

a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 4.5 mins)

b. The basic tiling system & its components

c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts

How to use the Standards for your material selection

1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives

d. Properties & testing of adhesives

e. Good practice in tile installation works

f. Tile joints & movement joints

g. Common complaints in tiling works

Topics

03 Apr 2014

../../../Desktop/Mapei Corporate Video 2014.mp4

MAPEI World of Adhesives

Founded in 1937, in Milan-Italy

MAPEI is today the largest producer worldwide of adhesives

for ceramics & stone materials.

70 Subsidiaries 64 Plants

a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)









Topics

The Tiling System & Its Components

Levelling mortar

(render for wall or

screed for floor)

tile adhesive

(bedding material)

finishing tile or stone

tile grout

All the components are

equally important as they are

inter-related

Adequate compatibility

must exist between them for

the system to function

collectively

The system can only be as

strong as the weakest

component (or, in some

cases, worse)

The Bedding Material Materials used for bedding:

1. Site-mixed leveling mortar cement +

sand (1:3)

2. Pre-bagged adhesives

a)“Unregulated” products cement + sand + additive for water retention

-No compliance with performance standards

b) “Regulated” products cements + sand + polymers + additives

- Compliance with performance standards eg ISO 13007

- Performance-coded

“Regulated” adhesives, formulated & pre-bagged with:

Polymers for performance enhancement increased cohesion,

adhesion, toughness, flexibility, water-resistance, ...

Working & final properties tested to ISO 13007 Standards & coded for

identification and selection eg...

The Bedding Material (Cementitious adhesives)

Additives for modified working properties water retention, setting time,

thixotropy

Types of Adhesives for Tile & Stone works

C, Cementitious Type D, Dispersion Type Paste Adhesive

(No mixing required)

R, Reaction-resin Type










Topics

ISO 13007-3 Part 3: Grouts – Definitions and Specifications for Grouts

ISO 13007-4 Part 4: Grouts – Test Methods for Determining Characteristics of Grouts

Standards for Adhesives & Tile Grouts

ISO 13007-1 Part 1: Adhesives – Definitions and Specifications for Adhesives

ISO 13007-2 Part 2: Adhesives – Test Methods for Determining Characteristics of Adhesives

How do the Standards benefit the building

industry?

Architects & designers are able to identify and specify the installation

products best fitting the application

Project tenders are evaluated according to product performance

without fear of inferior substitutions

What is the right product for the job?

24-hour deadlines residential floors intricate patterns 110-storey high-rise

Type Classes Special characteristics

C = Cementitious (Thin-set mortars)

1 = Normal

performance

F = Fast-setting

2 = Improved

performance

T = Slip-resistant

E = Extended open time

S1 = Deformable

S2 = Highly deformable

ISO 13007 Classifications Cementitious Adhesives

Type Characteristic Requirement Test

method

Normal-setting

adhesives C1

Tensile adhesion strength ≥ 0.5N/mm2 ISO 13007-2

4.4.4.2

Open time: tensile adhesion

strength

≥ 0.5N/mm2

After no less than 20 min

ISO 13007-2

4.1

ISO 13007 Classifications Specifications for cementitious adhesives - fundamental characteristics

From ISO 13007-1, Section 5.2, Table 2:

Fast-setting

adhesives F

Tensile adhesion strength ≥ 0.5N/mm2 After no more than 24 h

ISO 13007-2

4.4.4.2

Open time: tensile adhesion

strength

≥ 0.5N/mm2

After no less than 10 min

ISO 13007-2

4.1

Characteristic Description Requirement Test

method

Slip T Slip ≤ 0.5 mm ISO 13007-2

4.2

Transverse

deformation S

Deformable adhesive S1 ≥ 2.5 mm, < 5 mm ISO 13007-2

4.5

Highly deformable adhesive

S2

≥ 5 mm ISO 13007-2

4.5

ISO 13007 Classifications Specifications for cementitious adhesives – special / additional

characteristics

From ISO 13007-1, Section 5.2, Table 3:

Sp

ec

ial

ch

ara

cte

risti

cs

Ad

dit

ion

al

ch

ara

cte

risti

cs

Improved adhesive

C2

High tensile adhesion strength ≥ 1 N/mm2 ISO 13007-2

4.4.4.2

Extended open time

E

Extended open time: tensile

adhesion strength

≥ 0.5N/mm2

After not less than 30

min

ISO 13007-2

4.1

Cementitious adhesives

C1: Where normal adhesion strengths are acceptable

Where to use? Concrete & masonry surfaces

Other rigid surfaces

C1: Tensile adhesion strength of

0.5 N/mm2 (72.5 psi) at 28-d

What types of tiles? Ceramic & Glazed Tiles

Where to use? Concrete & masonry surfaces

Other rigid surfaces

High-use areas

C2: Tensile adhesion strength of

1.0 N/mm2 (145 psi) at 28-d

(compared to 0.5 N/mm2 for C1 adhesives)

What types of tiles? Porcelain tiles & low-absorbent tiles

Glass mosaics & larger formats

Natural stones

Airports, Malls, Industrial Projects

C2: Where higher performance is required


F: Fast-setting & Fast-drying

When would you use this? When time is critical (for completion and opening to traffic)

When moisture-sensitive stones

are selected

Class F:

Fast-setting adhesives. Tensile adhesion strength of

0.5 N/mm² (72.5 psi) ▪ after no more than 24 hours

▪ with an open-time of no less than 10 mins

When time is critical, fast-track projects


E: Extended open time When would you use this? With porous tiles or when the substrate is porous

Intricate laying patterns

Applications at higher temperatures

Applications in exposed windy conditions

(the mortar dries out more quickly)

Class E:

Extended open-time. Tensile adhesion strength of

0.5 N /mm2 (72.5 psi) with an open time of not less than 30 mins

Intricate patterns

Applications in direct sunlight


Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II - Milano

T: Slip-resistant (on vertical installations)

When would you use this? For installing:

Tiles and stones on vertical or high-slope

faces

Large format tiles

Exterior facades

Ungauged stones (uneven thickness)

Glass tiles

Class T:

Slip-resistant. Adhesive must not allow a tile applied on a

vertical surface to slip more than 0.5 mm

(based on test conditions)


S: The ability of the mortar to accomodate

movements between the tile and the substrate

Class S1: Deformable adhesives deflect

2.5 mm (0.1”) and < 5 mm (0.2”)

Class S2: Highly deformable adhesives deflect

5 mm (0.2”)


The importance of using S1 & S2 deformable

adhesives for suspended slabs

Slab deflection (curvature)

When the entire installation is

subject to deformation due to

loading, movement or deflection

S1 & S2 classications identify the

correct adhesives to suit the

deformation that will occur (within

acceptable limits)

Which to use: S1 or S2?

S1 - Deformable Required when installing large profile ceramic or porcelain tiles or

stones over areas subject to movement

Areas subject to thermal stresses and expansion/contraction over time;

deflection within acceptable limits where curvature is expected

Which to use: S1 or S2? S2 - Highly Deformable Exterior installations subject to high movements due to sharp

temperature fluctuations and dynamic loading

exterior facades

Suspended slabs; engineered wood-framed

construction; multi-floor building facades

ISO 13007-1 Classifications

Shopping mall with a suspended

second floor

Suspended 2nd Floor with 600x600mm Porcelain tiles

Classification C2FS2

C2 : Cementious, Improved Adhesive Performance

F : Fast-setting & -drying

S2 : Highly Deformable

examples...

...enable quick identification of product’s chemical nature & performance

and matching it to the project’s requirements

1st Floor: with 300x300mm Porcelain tiles

Classification C2FS1

C2 : Cementious, Improved Adhesive Performance

F : Fast-setting & -drying

S1 : Deformable

GLAZE

ENGOBE

BODY

Glazed floor tile with

6% water absorption

Glazed wall tile with

14% water absorption

Porcelain tile with

0.1% water absorption

ENGOBE ENGOBE

GLAZE GLAZE

BODY BODY BODY

Microstructure of Ceramic Tiles

Porous Compact

Types of Ceramic Tiles – ISO/ASTM Terminology

Grouping WATER

ABSORPTION (%) TYPE OF TILES Glazed or Unglazed?

BIa (Annex G)

≤ 0.5

PORCELAIN (Impervious)

GL / UGL

BIb (Annex H)

0.5 to ≤ 3

GRES TILES (Vitreous)

GL

BIIa (Annex J)

3 to ≤ 6 SEMI GRES TILES

(Semi-Vitreous) GL

BIIb (Annex K)

6 to ≤10 SEMI POROUS TILES

(Semi-Vitreous) GL

BIII (Annex L)

>10 POROUS TILES

(Non-Vitreous) GL

GL-Glazed

UGL-Unglazed

(ASTM Classification)

Stone installations

By adhesion - similar to tile installation

For Wall Applications:

Select a cementitious adhesive that belongs

to the C2 classification

Improved performance for high tensile

adhesion strength

Natural marble and granite

These stones are naturally formed under varying conditions

No two pieces will bear the same composition or sensitivity to moisture

Stone installations

Options for overcoming moisture-staining of highly porous marble &

granite. Select:

Stone installations

Two-component adhesives less

water in the mix & better water

retentivity characteristic, or

“F” Fast-setting adhesives rapid

hydration property, or

“R” type reaction-resin products

do not contain water

Stone installations Installation of 1000 x 300 x 20mm

Serpeggiante Marble

with MAPEI’s Kerabond T +

Isolastic

Improved performance &

highly deformable adhesive, C2/S2

“Serpeggiante Marble has been valued for thousands of years for its

rich palette of beautiful colors and appearance... It is often irregularly

colored by impurities and used especially in architecture and

sculpture.”

Stone installations

Volakas white marble installation with

MAPEI’s Granirapid, a fast-set

adhesive with rapid hydration

properties

Volakas, from which the stone takes its name, is a remote village in

the Drama area of North Greece. The white backround of the stone,

with light grey veining corresponds with nearly everyone's perception

of the most beautiful marble and it is specified by architects for many

of the world's most important buildings.

Stone installations

Cluster housing exterior walls.

Installation with MAPEI’s Keraflex

Maxi S1, C2TE/S1

Stone installations on walls

Tile Size / Requirement Adhesive Selections

< 600 x 600 x 20mm Keraflex Maxi S1, C2TE/S1 or

Kerabond T + Isolastic 50, C2/S1

> 600 x 600 x 20mm Kerabond T + Isolastic, C2/S2

< 600 x 600mm x 20mm

Fast-setting Granirapid, C2F/S1

> 600 x 600mm x 20mm

Fast-setting Elastorapid, C2FTE/S2

Stone installations

All stones are natural products.

When in doubt, trials are advised...

to establish the stone’s

sensitivity to moisture, and

to compare the stone’s reaction

to the water present in

normal-setting vs. fast-setting

adhesives

Agglomerates & artificial marble installations

Commonly referred to as Compressed

Marble, Reconstituted Marble, etc

Thickness normally 12mm or 15mm

Depending on sensitivity, marble may be

subject to curling and warping when in

contact with water in the cementitious

adhesive during installation


Dimensional stability testing apparatus


Dimensional

Stability

Class

Deformation Adhesive

Type

MAPEI Adhesive Selections

Class A d < 0.3mm Normal-setting

or Fast-setting Keraflex Maxi S1

Kerabond T + Isolastic/Isolastic 50

Granirapid

Elastorapid

Class B 0.3 ≤ d < 0.6

mm

Fast-setting Granirapid

Elastorapid

Class C d 0.6 mm Reaction-resin Kerapoxy, epoxy adhesive

Keralastic, polyurethane adhesive

inc

reasin

g s

en

sit

ivit

y t

o m

ois

ture

Swimming pool installations Tile type/

requirement Adhesive

Waiting time

to fill pools

Ceramic Keracrete + Keracrete powder ,C2T 21 days

Kerabond T + Isolastic 50, C2/S1 21 days

Glass mosaic Kerabond T + Isolastic 50, C2/S1 21 days

Rapid

installations Granirapid , C2F/S1 3 days

ISO 13007 Standards & product selection Summary

Selection criteria:

characteristics and physical

dimensions of tile/stone

substrate type

horizontal or vertical installation

stability of substrate structure

floor design

application conditions

criticality of time

exposure to aggressive agents

Match with adhesive:

Type: C / D / R

Class: 1 / 2

Special Characteristic: F

/ T / E / S1 / S2










Contents

1-component or 2-component

Which is better?


Classification of Cementitious Adhesives Fundamental Characteristics

The C1 adhesives (normal adhesives) must have

tensile adhesion strength at 28 days: 0.5 N/mm2

after heat ageing

after water immersion

after freeze-thaw cycles

...and open-time of no less than 20 mins,

with tensile adhesion strength 0.5 N /mm2

C2 adhesives (improved adhesives) must have

tensile adhesion strength : 1 N/mm2

...under the same conditions

Adhesives Choices, Cementitious Type

Product Classification Deformable Classification Product Type

Kerabond T C1T No 1 component

Keraflex C2 TE Medium flexible 1 component

Keraflex Maxi S1 C2 TE/S1 S1 – Deformable 1 component

Keracrete + Keracrete Powder C2 T No 2 component

Kerabond T + Isolastic C2 /S2 S2 – Highly Deformable 2 component

Kerabond T + Isolastic 50 C2/S1 S1 – Deformable 2 component

Adesilex P10 + Isolastic 50 C2TE/S1 S1 – Deformable 2 component

Granirapid C2 F/S1 S1 – Deformable 2 component

Fast-set

Elastorapid C2 FTE/S2 S2 – Highly Deformable 2 component

Fast-set

Cementitious Adhesives

Kerabond T: One-component adhesive

C1T – Normal performance,

when mixed with water

Tensile adhesion strength:

min. > 0.5 N/mm2

Kerabond T + Isolastic: Two-component adhesive

C2/S2 – Improved performance

High tensile adhesion strength:

2.4 N/mm2 (after 28 days)

With additional property:

Highly deformable (S2)


C2TE - Improved performance

Tensile Adhesion Strength:

1.8 N/mm2 after 28 days

With additional properties :

No vertical slip

Extended open time

Mixing: with water only


Keraflex: One-component adhesive with medium flexibility

C2TE/S1 – Improved performance

High tensile adhesion strength:

2.5 N/mm²

With additional properties:

No vertical slip

Extended open time

Deformable (S1)

Mixing: with water only

Keraflex Maxi: One-component adhesive


Keracrete + Keracrete Powder: Two-component adhesive

C2T – Improved performance

Tensile adhesion strength:

>1.5 N/mm²

With additional property:

No vertical slip

Suitable for installation of :

Tiles and marble

Interiors and exteriors

Swimming pools


Granirapid: Two-component adhesive

C2F/S1 – Improved performance

Meets the requirements of EN12004 (6

hours) & ISO 13007-1 (24 hours) for early

tensile adhesion strength: > 0.5 N/mm²

High tensile adhesion strength at 28

days: 2.5 N/mm²


Fast-setting

Deformable (S1)


Elastorapid: Two-component adhesive

C2FTE/S2 – Improved, fast-setting

Meets the requirements of EN 12004 &

ISO 13007-1 for early tensile adhesion

strength: > 0.5 N/mm² (tested at 6 hrs)

High tensile adhesion strength at 28 days:

2.5 N/mm²


No vertical slip

Extended open time

Highly deformable (S2)


1-component vs 2-component

Which is better?


Before the development of current adhesives technology, addition of a

2nd component was necessary for performance enhancement (limited)

Today, 1-component adhesives are formulated and prebagged with

polymers and additives to provide a range of enhancement options

and working properties to suit project requirements

The Standards classifications do not differentiate between 1-

component and 2-component adhesives as long as the product

meets the performance criteria for the respective C1, C2 & Special

Characteristic classes.










Topics

ISO 13007 – Part 1

Classification Characteristic Requirement

C1 - Normal Tensile Adhesion Strength

Open Time at 20 mins.

0.5 N/mm2

0.5 N/mm2

C2 – Improved High Tensile Adhesion Strength

Open Time at 20 mins.

1.0 N/mm2

0.5 N/mm2

F – Fast setting Early Tensile Adhesion Strength after

24 hours (EN 12004 – Aug 2007: Requirement

changed to 6 hrs)

0.5 N/mm2

T – No vertical slip Slip 0.5 mm

S1 – Deformable

S2 – Highly deformable

Transverse deformation

(special deformable characteristic for

cementitious adhesives only)

2.5 mm < 5 mm

5 mm

E – Extended open

time

Extended Open Time : Tensile

Adhesion Strength

0.5 N/mm2

after no less than 30

mins

Final Properties: Tensile adhesion strength

In ISO 13007-2, The tensile adhesion strength test is an essential

test to determine the following properties of cementitious adhesives:

4.4 Determination of tensile adhesion strength at 28 days...

4.4.4.2 ...under standard conditions

4.4.4.3 ...after water immersion

4.4.4.4 ...after heat aging

4.4.4.5 ...after freeze-thaw cycle

4.1 Determination of open time

C1/C2, tested at 28-d, after open time of at least 20 mins

E, tested at 28-d, after open time of at least 30 mins

F, tested at 24-h, after open time of at least 10 mins

Final Properties: Tensile adhesion strength

ISO 13007-2: Test methods for adhesives

“C1” 28 0.5 N/mm2

“C2” 28 1.0 N/mm2

Job-site use possible (results will not

match lab tests due to varying ambient

conditions i.e. temp, humidity, air movement)

Test method specifies use of

50x50mm tiles

Tensile adhesion strength: test failure modes

pullhead plate

tile

adhesive substrate

a) Adhesive failure between adhesive

and substrate (AF-S)

X

b) Adhesive failure between tile and

adhesive (AF-T)

X


c) Adhesive failure between tile and

pullhead plate (BF)

X

pullhead plate

tile

adhesive

d) Cohesive failure within the adhesive

(CF-A)

X

if failure load is below target

load, test is considered aborted

f) Cohesive failure within the tile (CF-T)

X


e) Cohesive failure within the

substrate (CF-S)

X

pullhead plate

tile

adhesive





The failure may be a combination of the above modes.

Open Time is defined as the “maximum time interval after application at

which tiles can be embedded in the applied adhesive and meet the specified

tensile adhesion strength requirement.”

X

The impact of Open Time

The open time can have significant impact on the tiling system

When open time has lapsed, skinning will occur on adhesive surface and cause reduced

adhesion

Final Properties: Open Time

Test methods for adhesives, ISO 13007-2: Clause 4.1

All C1 and C2 cementitious adhesives will have to meet the fundamental

criteria of Open Time, 0.5 MPa “after no less than 20 mins”

Final Properties: Open Time

adhesive

placed on test

substrate

place tile

on

substrate

at 5 mins at 10 mins at 15 mins at 20 mins at 25 mins

C1 & C2 adhesives

at 30 mins

Under standard lab conditions

Temp: 23±2 0C

Relative humidity: 50±5%

Air circulation: <0.2 m/s

Test methods for adhesives, ISO 13007-2: Clause 4.1

All “E” adhesives will have to meet the criteria of Open Time, 0.5 MPa

“after no less than 30 mins”

Final Properties: E, Extended Open Time

adhesive

placed on test

substrate

place tile

on

substrate

E adhesives

Under standard lab conditions

Temp: 23±2 0C

Relative humidity: 50±5%

Air circulation: <0.2 m/s

at 5 mins at 10 mins at 15 mins at 20 mins at 25 mins at 30 mins

Deformability is defined as “the capacity of a hardened adhesive to be

deformed by stresses between the tile and the fixing surface without

damage to the installed surface”.

Final Properties: S, Deformability

This characteristic is tested by Transverse Deformation: “the

deflection recorded at the centre, when a beam is subjected to three-

point loading”...

d

P

Final Properties: S, Deformability

S1 deformable adhesives:

Must achieve a deflection of 2,5 mm and < 5 mm

S2 highly deformable adhesives:

Must achieve a deflection of 5 mm

Final Properties: T, No vertical slip ISO 13007-2,

4.2 Slip is defined as the “downward movement of a tile applied to a combed

adhesive layer on a vertical surface”.

Bia tile

100mm x 100mm,

200g

vertically combed

adhesive

concrete test substrate

steel straight edge

spacers x1 x2

slip = x2 – x1 ≤ 0.5mm

x2, measured

after 20 mins

Final Properties: T, No vertical slip

T adhesives, requirement: slip ≤ 0.5 mm

Important Properties to look for in tile adhesives

Tensile Adhesion Strength

Open Time

Flexibility….

Why is Flexibility important...?

Flexibility improves resistance to movements in substrates

due to:

deflection from dead and live loads (out-of-plane)

impact / dynamic loads (out-of-plane)

thermal expansion and contraction (in-plane)

in-plane movement

out-of-plane movement










Contents

Substrate quality & preparation

Solid, stable & structurally sound

Fully cured

Free of laitance, loose particles & contamination

eg. dirt, oil, coatings

Substrate quality & preparation

Remove and repair all broken parts

Surface repairs

Repair and seal all cracks

Receiving substrates for thin bed adhesives

Traditional thick-bedding mortars

(cement/sand mix) are of min. 20 mm

thickness.

Formulated and pre-bagged

adhesives are designed for thin-bed

applications, 2-15 mm

Thin-bed applications require substrate accuracy (level-ness).

This is normally achieved by applying a leveling screed/render

Floor screed : apply bonding

slurry coat - eg. PLANICRETE latex

+ cement (no sand).

Lay screed mortar, wet-on-wet on

the bonding slurry coat.

Wall render: apply spatter dash

coat - eg. PLANICRETE latex +

cement + sand.

Allow to dry for 24 hours before

applying wall render.

Substrate preparation

Wrong use of latex as bonding agent for screed mortar applications

Substrate preparation

X

Performance Cement + Sand Cement + Sand +

PLANICRETE SP

Adhesion strength at 28 day 0.3 MPa 2.6 MPa

Compressive strength at 28 day 2.8 MPa 30 MPa

Flexural strength at 28 day Poor 7 MPa

Impact resistance Poor Good

Minimum thickness > 20 mm generally 3x sand

size*

Use good screed & render mortar mixes Use latex admixtures for improved adhesion, cohesion & strength

Comparison between mortar mixes (typical results):

* subject to designer’s requirements for service conditions / slab condition

Semi-dry Method Not recommended.

Curing of floor screeds & wall renders

Allow curing to take place: 7 days for every 10mm thickness of mortar.

- When tiles are laid before the required curing period:

Screeds & renders will shrink as they continue to dry out and may produce

sufficient forces to break the adhesion between the tile and the bedding mortar.

- Allow mortar to achieve the equilibrium (stable) level of residual moisture

content.

When a rapid-drying screed is necessary...

TOPCEM PRONTO, a formulated, pre-bagged, screeding mortar

Residual moisture content :

Install tiles after 1 days (<4%)

Install marble after 2 days (<3.5%)

for TOPCEM PRONTO bonded screeds up to

40 mm thick.

(c/w Site-mixed screeds which require 7 days

curing for each 10 mm thickness)

Compressive strength:

30 N/mm2 @ 28 days

Semi-Dry screed mortar

Quick-drying with controlled shrinkage

Mixing of adhesive

Use a mechanical mixer (drill with

mixing paddle)

Allow sufficient bucket space to move

paddle in circular motion

Observe “pot life” of the mix

Use freshly mixed material – do not mix

more than can be used up within the

working period

Good mixing practice / use of mixed material

Adhesive application

1st Coat : Scratch Coat 2nd Coat : Notch Coat 3rd Coat : Coat Tile / Back of Stone

follow application steps to achieve high percentage adhesive

contact between tile and substrate

Spread as much as you can cover within arm’s length only

Ensure that the adhesive has not formed a “skin”

If it has, re-notch it and place tiles with firm pressure (within the open time)

X

Adhesive application

Use the correct tools

Select the correct trowel for the required bedding adhesive thickness.

Why use notched trowels ?

for controlling adhesive thickness

for even distribution of adhesive across the whole surface

Protection – refer to the Manufacturer’s data sheet

Prevent access during “no-

traffic” curing period eg...

Protect exterior installations

from weather during curing

period (direct sunlight and

rainwater) eg...

for Keraflex Maxi S1


Protection – refer to the Manufacturer’s data sheet

Grout tile joints as soon as

permitted eg...


...in order to prevent easy

water penetration into the

adhesive and interfering

with curing.

Protection Swimming pools !!!

Protect the working area from rain and direct sunshine

during the installation.

Erect tentage and maintain a temporary drainage system.

Allow installation to cure properly in a

dry environment.

Curing

Before filling pool with water,

Normal Setting Adhesives :

At least 3 weeks curing

Rapid Setting Adhesives :

At least 3 days curing

Swimming pools & water features










Topics

Classifications of Joint Grouts

Grouts are divided into 2 types according to their chemical composition:

Cementitious = CG

Reaction Resin = RG

Classification & designation of Tile Grouts ISO 13007-3, Clause 4, Table 1

Type Class Charact-

eristic

Description

CG 1 Normal cementitious grout

CG 1 F Normal cementitious grout, fast setting

CG 2 W Improved cementitious grout with additional characteristic of reduced

water adsorption

CG 2 A Improved cementitious grout with additional characteristic of high

abrasion resistance

CG 2 WA Improved cementitious grout with additional characteristic of reduced

water adsorption and high abrasion resistance

CG 2 WF Improved cementitious grout, fast setting with additional characteristic

of reduced water adsorption

CG 2 AF Improved cementitious grout, fast setting with additional characteristic

of high abrasion resistance

CG 2 WAF Improved cementitious grout, fast setting with additional characteristic

of reduced water absorption and high abrasion resistance

RG 1 Reaction resin grout

Tile Grouts, ISO 13007-3

Type KERACOLOR SF KERACOLOR FF KERACOLOR GG

Mix with

water or FUGOLASTIC*

•mix with Fugolastic for swimming pool and other exterior applications

Formulation unsanded fine sanded coarse sanded

Joint width up to 4 mm up to 6 mm up to 15mm

ULTRACOLOR PLUS

CG2WA (improved cementitious grout with high

resistance to abrasion and reduced water absorption)

Formulated with Drop-Effect® and BioBlock® Technology

Fast-setting and rapid drying

Does not produce calcium hydroxide crystals (which lead to

efflorescence)

Grouting in swimming pools 48-hour curing (normal 21

days)

*Available in 26 colors


KERAPOXY

RG/R2T (reaction resin grout)

Suitable for use in both adhesive &

grouting applications

Chemical-resistant

Stain-resistant

*Available in 26 colours


Area/Material Min. Joint Width

Wall Tiles Dry pressed 1.5 mm

Extruded 6 mm

Floor Tiles Dry pressed 3 mm

Extruded 6 ~10 mm

Stones Smooth finish 1.5 mm

Rough texture 6 mm

Designer’s preference (aesthetics)

Always refer to Manufacturer’s recommendations

- for tiles (tolerance based on characteristics eg. square-ness)

- for stones (tolerance based on cutting accuracy)

Tile Joints

General guidelines: extracted from BCA’s Good Industrial Practice Guide

Grouting on porous or rough surfaces...

Dampen surface before grouting

Apply sealer or impregnator on tile surface

Use a scrubbing pad to loosen mortar trapped on

the rough surface of tile/stone

CG1: Normal cement grout

Where would you use this?

Ceramic & porcelain installations

Installations not exposed to extreme changes

Residential & commercial buildings

Shower walls & floors

Cementitious Grouts

CG2: Improved Cement Grout

Where would you use this?

Ceramic & porcelain installations

Areas subject to prolonged moisture exposure

Areas subject to thermal shocks

High traffic areas

Commercial & industrial applications

High traffic areas, eg: Malls

A: High Abrasion Resistance

Constant water flow over

grouted surface

W: Reduced Water Absorption

Intermittent & continuous water

immersion applications

Pools & Fountains

Cementitious Grouts

F: Fast Setting

Quick turn around projects

A: High Abrasion Resistance

Constant foot and cart traffic on the

grout surface

Classification of Cementitious Tile Grout

Improved grouts (class CG2) must have:

Abrasion resistance < 1000 mm3

Reduced water absorption < 2 g (after 30 min.)

Reduced water absorption < 5 g (after 240 min.)

The values required for flexural and compressive strength and for

shrinkage are the same as for normal CG1 grouts.

ISO 13007-3

Grouting Materials

Keracolor SF, Keracolor FF, Keracolor GG

mix with water or mix with Fugolastic (for swimming pool & other exterior

applications)

Ultracolor Plus

CG2 / A / W (improved cementitious grout with high resistance to

abrasion and reduced water absorption)

Kerapoxy

RG (reaction resin grout - chemical and stain resistant)

Movement Joints

Movement joints

Divide large continuous tiling areas

Location Joint spacing Joint width

Interior walls 5 6 m 3 5 mm

Interior floors 5 7 m 5 mm

Interiors exposed to sun 3.6 7 m 5 mm

Exterior walls & floors 3 m 10 mm

5 m 12 mm

Extracted from BCA’s Good Industrial Practice Guide

Movement Joints

Sealant selection:

Adequate movement accommodation factor

Material durability to match exposure

conditions

Use closed-cell backer-rod for depth control

(maintain sealant width/depth ratio)

or

Or bond-breaker tape for shallow joints (avoid

3-sided joints)

Sealant s:

Self-levelling (horizontal)

Gun-grade (vertical)

Backer-rod

Movement Joints

Sealants for movement joints Sealant Chemical

base

Application areas Features Colours

Mapesil AC Silicon damp environments eg.

kitchens, bathrooms &

swimming pools

low-modulus, mould-

resistant, high thermal &

chemical resistance

26 colours &

transparent

Mapesil LM Silicon natural stones & tiles on

facades

non-staining, weathering-

& ageing-resistant

white, grey,

black, beige,

transparent

Sealants for movement joints Sealant Chemical

base

Application areas Features Colours

Mapeflex PU 20

2-C,

Epoxy-PU

carparks, garages,

commercial areas,

warehouses, production

areas

(self-levelling for horizontal

applications)

high modulus, high

strength & chemical

resistance

grey

Mapeflex PU 21 2-C,

Epoxy-PU

internal joints in covered

carparks, supermarkets,

warehouses, store-rooms

(thixotropic for horizontal

and vertical applications)

high modulus, high

strength & surface

hardness, resistant to

vehicle traffic

grey

Mapeflex PU 30 2-C,

Epoxy-PU

carparks, garages,

commercial areas,

warehouses, production

areas

(thixotropic for horizontal

and vertical applications)

high modulus, high

strength & chemical

resistance

grey










Topics

Efflorescence, causes of & prevention

a common and unsightly problem...

Efflorescence, causes of

OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) contains

soluble salts

calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, aka “free lime” (soluble)

Passage of water into and out of porous substrates

(eg. weak plasters) and open surfaces (eg. cracks,

honeycombs) - carry the salts and calcium hydroxide

to the surface ...

The soluble salts dry out, leaving whitish, crystalline

deposits

The calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere to form calcium carbonate - a hard, whitish,

insoluble salt

Efflorescence, control & prevention

Efflorescence can be prevented or controlled by restricting the passage

of water in and out of cementitious materials

repair and seal all cracks and broken surfaces

during surface preparation and anytime they occur

(allow repair materials to cure)

seal all joints

using dense mixes for screeds

and renders reduced porosity


By restricting the passage of water in and out of cementitious materials

applying the correct layering build-up

tile grout

adhesive

levelling render

waterproofing X WP layer beneath render

common industry practice

tile grout

adhesive

levelling render

waterproofing


...restricting the passage of water in and out of cementitious materials

applying the correct layering build-up

WP layer over render

direct tiling on WP


By selection of materials the adhesive

GRANIRAPID

formulated with special cement

binder (very low in OPC)

KERAPOXY

reaction-resin type


By selection of materials tile grouts

KERAPOXY

reaction-resin type

ULTRACOLOR PLUS

Movement of substrate due to:

Thermal expansion & contraction

Structural...

- Deflection due to loading

- Dynamic loading/vibrations

Buckling / tenting of tiles

Solutions:

a)Design tile joints to suit manufacturer’s tolerances

b)Design & construct movement joints

c)Select adhesive to match the expected deformation

Many possible reasons, including...

Tiles placed after expiry of adhesive’s open time

- adhesive spread over too big an area

- harsh installation environment (direct sun and wind)

- intricate patterns slow placing of tiles

Adhesion failure

Wrong adhesive selected for harsh installation environment

Traffic on installed tiles before recommended curing period

Water immersion before recommended curing period eg. installations for

swimming pools, water features, outdoor areas

Adhesion failure: stone installations

Problem with “back-sealing” of stones interference with adhesion

Contaminant on the back of the granite tiles, subsequently

transferred onto the adhesive surface and interfering with

adhesion


Different types of back-netting & risk of “interfering” layers

Check:

Compatibility of cementitious adhesive to resin layer. (There is no direct

contact between the adhesive and stone back.)

Integrity of bond between resin/netting layer and marble back


Cracks due to structural vibrations and...

Butt jointing of tiles

No movement joints provided

Use of rigid adhesive

Cracks & crazing

Crazing of glazed tiles

Due to high moisture absorption and rapid

wetting/drying cycles

Check by soaking/drying before

installation crazing pattern

Hollow-sounding tiles

May indicate:

a)air voids created during installation

b)failure to bond

c)debonding after installation & curing

d)weak or de-bonded screed


b) Failure to bond, tile-to-adhesive or adhesive-to-substrate, caused by:

Dirty, dusty substrate/tiles

De-bonding layer on substrate eg. oil-based curing compounds

Laying of tiles past open time of adhesive

Interference by back-netting or back-sealing of stones

Adhesive not matching characteristics of tile/stone

Traffic on installed areas before recommended curing period

...

a) Air voids created during installation, caused by:

Spot-bonding

Buttering application

Insufficient compaction

...


c) De-bonding after installation & curing, caused by:

Excessive movement or deflection

Adhesive not selected to suit expected deformation

Lack of movement joints

...

d) Weak, porous screed or screed de-bonding, caused by:

Poor substrate preparation

Bonding agent not applied/wrongly applied

Poor screed mix

...

Photo of Defects

Severe lippage on the floor tiles.

Lippage on the wall tiles.

Photo of Defects

MAPEI’s strong commitment to the Environment and ECO-

Sustainable Buildings has also led the company to provide

products which:

have an extremely low level of VOC for installing ceramic

tiles and natural stone

are GEV-certified,

carry the EMICODE EC1 seal of approval.

...with you from start to finish

Thank you!

“understanding the iso standards & qlassic for tiles...

Documents