Understanding UrbanEcosystems

SpringerNew YorkBerlinHeidelbergHong KongLondonMilanParisTokyo

Alan R. Berkowitz Charles H. NilonKaren S. Hollweg

Editors

Understanding UrbanEcosystems

A New Frontier forScience and Education

With 49 Illustrations

1 3

Alan R. Berkowitz Charles H. NilonInstitute of Ecosystem Studies School of Natural ResourcesMillbrook, NY 12545 University of Missouri—ColumbiaUSA Columbia, MO 65211berkowitza@ecostudies.org USA

nilonc@missouri.eduKaren S. HollwegThe National Academies’ National

Research CouncilWashington, DC 20001USAkhollweg@stanfordalumni.org

Cover illustration: Long Beach, California, photograph © 1999 by William W. Fuller ofPayson, Arizona.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cary Conference (8th: 1999: Institute of Ecosystem Studies)Understanding urban ecosystems: a new frontier for science and education/editors,

Alan R. Berkowitz, Charles H. Nilon, Karen S. Hollweg.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-387-95496-1 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-387-95237-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)1. Urban ecology—Congresses. 2. Ecosystem management—Congresses. 3. Biotic

communities—Study and teaching—Congresses. I. Berkowitz, Alan R. II. Nilon,Charles H., 1956– III. Hollweg, Karen S. IV. Title.HT241 .C37 1999307.76—dc21 2002070474

ISBN 0-387-95496-1 (hardcover) ISBN 0-387-95237-3 (softcover) Printed on acid-free paper.

© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

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To the people who were instrumental in turning us on to cities—to our mothers and fathers and our grandparents who encouraged us to explorePhiladelphia,Vancouver, Chicago, Denver, Boulder,and other wonderful cities in our formative years.

Cary Conference VIII, 19991. Helen C. Thompson; 2. Noa Avriel-Avni; 3. Moshe Shachak; 4. Juan J. Armesto; 5.Lucille Barrera; 6. Jacqueline M. Carrera; 7. Kate Macneale; 8. Erika Latty; 9. SusanKavy; 10. Kristen H. Desmarais; 11. Vicki O. Fabiyi; 12. Susan Mockenhaupt; 13.Celestine H. Pea; 14. David B. Campbell; 15. Shoshana Keiny; 16. Justin Wright; 17.Mark R. Walbridge; 18. Jo Ellen Roseman; 19. Lalit Pande; 20. Bora Simmons; 21.Susan Musante; 22. Bunyan Bryant; 23. Theresa Heyer; 24. Rusong Wang; 25. AnneWhiston Spirn; 26. Mary Lane; 27. Kathleen Hogan; 28. Steward T.A. Pickett; 29.Kathleen C. Weathers; 30. Garry Hamilton; 31. Pamela H. Templer; 32. William R.Burch, Jr; 33. Gary M. Lovett; 34. Charles Hopkins; 35. Louise Chawla; 36. NancyB. Grimm; 37. Tammy Bird; 38. Randall E. Raymond; 39. Jack K. Shu; 40. CharlesH. Nilon; 41. Richard V. Pouyat; 42. Lawrence E. Band; 43. Carolyn Mattoon; 44.Lisa LaRocque; 45. Karen E. Hinson; 46. Mary J. Leou; 47. Carolyn Harrison; 48.Gary C. Smith; 49. R. Mark Davis; 50. Alan R. Berkowitz; 51. William E. Rees; 52.Frank B. Golley; 53. Daniel Strauss; 54. David L. Strayer; 55. Jonah Smith; 56. BruceP. Hayden; 57. Louis V.Verchot; 58. James Kohlmoos; 59. Debra C. Roberts; 60. GeneE. Likens; 61. Daniel Baron; 62. Carol Fialkowski; 63. Bruce W. Grant; 64. PeterCullen; 65. Maciej Luniak; 66. John B. Wolford; 67. Karen S. Hollweg; 68. JulianAgyeman; 69. John Callewaert; 70. Joseph Poracsky; 71. Rosalyn McKeown; 72.William Robertson IV; 73. Paul H. Gobster; 74. J. Morgan Grove; 75. Joseph S.Warner; 76. Marc A. Breslav; 77. Seth W. Bigelow; 78. Anthony D. Bradshaw; 79.Richard S. Ostfeld; 80. Henry Campa III; 81. William S. Carlsen; 82. Clive G. Jones.Absent from photo Rodger W. Bybee, Peter M. Groffman, Nahid Khazenie, FrancisP. Pandolfi, Ken A. Schmidt.

Preface

In what ways is a conference like an urban ecosystem? People cometogether for many of the same reasons they migrate to cities—for jobs;because they know someone there, perhaps someone they feel can helpthem achieve their goals; for the promise of a better life. Cities, and con-ferences, by placing people in close proximity, give us an opportunity towork together on a combination of individual and common goals. Bothbuild on efficiencies of transportation and communication; both producesomething of substance and something more of spirit. A conference isindeed much more short-lived than a city, but let us examine the consider-able number of similarities—especially with regard to the focus of the conference from which this book sprang.

A conference and an urban ecosystem function ecologically in much thesame way. Food is brought in from afar, but wastes are disposed of locally;people’s movements are facilitated and constrained by the built environ-ment; the nonhuman organisms in the environment can become invisibleto the residents or participants (even if they are ecologists!); and in the caseof the Cary Conferences at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES), peopleare housed in “urban” (near the conference center) and “suburban”(slightly farther away) locations and depend on different sorts of trans-portation accordingly.The eighth Cary Conference, held at IES April 27–29,1999, with the topic of “Understanding Urban Ecosystems,” mimicked in asmall way the cities it was designed to discuss in the social dimension, too.A diverse assemblage of thinkers and doers shared the same rich benefitsand challenges of human diversity—creating social capital but also socialstrife, grappling with communication challenges and worldview conflicts,and evolving in a short time to become something more than just the sumof its parts.

At yet another level the conference mimicked the real world arena wewere discussing—that of the challenge of advancing the field and practiceof urban ecosystem education. In this case, because of the need to come upwith a single, linear schedule for the conference we necessarily ran amuckof the real complexities and cyclical nature of the knowledge-creation Æ

vii

knowledge-dissemination Æ new-question-generation process that under-lies urban ecosystem research and education. The logic we tried to breatheinto the conference, flowing through a series of seemingly straightforwardquestions—Why is understanding urban ecosystems important? What dowe mean by understanding urban ecosystems? How do people develop suchunderstandings? What would a system that fosters such understandingslook like?—was stretched at virtually every step by the very real and veryvexing challenges of answering one of these without also addressing theothers and by the incompleteness of our current knowledge and experience.

Ultimately, history will judge cities and conferences by many of the samemetrics. Do the benefits outweigh the costs? Were unique and enduringsocial goods created? In answering these questions for either city or con-ference, we must remember to look for both products and relationships.Books such as this are just a small part of the desired outcomes of a socialgathering like a working conference. Like many other books to spring forthfrom conferences, this book speaks in many voices and, hopefully, to asdiverse an audience and more. Frontiers abound in the complex knot ofurban ecosystem education—do we know yet what we mean by “the city isan ecosystem”? How do people acquire such knowledge at the individual,cognitive level? How does information flow through the collective socialsystem? How serious can we be in asking our informal and formal educa-tion systems to truly serve the common good that demands such deeperunderstandings as we hurtle into a new century, still exponentially increas-ing our resource use and utilizing other destructive practices? Hopefully,ecologists interested in cities will take away some of the rare perspectivesgained when they and their colleagues are forced to distill a complex subjectinto its most important elements. Also gleaned might be new perspectivesfrom other scientists who think about cities in different ways. For educa-tors, we hope to have identified exciting new intellectual frontiers and practical challenges. But perhaps most importantly, we hope to stimulate a cross-fertilization of thinking and cooperation between practitioners inthe two fields.

The biennial Cary Conferences were inaugurated by IES in 1985, witheach conference examining a fundamental issue in ecology to advance thefield and foster synthesis. The conferences are designed to promote criticaldiscussion with minimal distraction, and the agenda structured to allow timefor discussion and debate. This, the eighth Cary Conference, was the first tofocus on ecology education, and a first-of-its-kind effort to bring togetherleaders in the biological, physical, and social dimensions of urban ecosys-tem research with leading education researchers, administrators and practitioners. Eighty-six people participated; nearly half were educators(including 11 education researchers and 29 practitioners, with 6 K–12 teach-ers, 3 K–12 administrators and the rest being higher education, informal, orcommunity educators) and the balance were scientists (including 36 naturalscientists and 10 social scientists).

viii Preface

The conference focused on urban ecosystem education as an importantand exciting frontier for researchers and educators interested in under-standing urban areas from an ecological perspective. The central premisefor the conference was that all people—decision makers, managers and citizens, and not just scientists and educators—need a much better under-standing of how cities work as ecological systems. With more and more ofour population living in urban areas, and the lion’s share of resource use taking place there, people need this understanding in order to makecities healthier places for people and the other organisms that live in andnear them, and to rein in and minimize the enormous impacts that citieshave on surrounding and distant ecosystems. Such knowledge, broadlyembraced and exercised, will be vital in building an ecologically and eco-nomically sustainable future. Given the dynamic and multifaceted natureof cities and their immediate environs, the conference was further predi-cated on the idea that a human ecosystem approach—integrating biologi-cal, physical, and social factors and embracing historical and geographicaldimensions—may provide our best hope for coping with the complexity ofcities.

Ultimately, urban ecosystem education seeks to foster a broad,ecosystem-based understanding of cities among all people. Taking anecosystem approach gives us the tools we need to integrate the many rele-vant disciplines and make more understandable: (1) the complexity of cities,especially as we integrate sociology, anthropology, economics, and historywith the full suite of biological and physical concepts; (2) the dynamicnature of cities as places where change is the norm and is driven by a mul-titude of interacting forces and conditions; and (3) the vital roles played byspatial relationships, human and other disturbances, and historical influencesin shaping the urban environment.

In developing a broad understanding of cities as ecosystems we facenumerous challenges, both intellectual and practical. Until recently, manyecologists ignored cities as places for serious ecological study. The strongtradition of urban research and education focused on the conservation ofgreen spaces and natural areas in cities. There is increasing attention beingpaid to urban ecology, however, including new initiatives aimed at under-standing cities as ecosystems. Our education systems do only a spotty jobof teaching systems and interdisciplinary thinking, and they have a hardtime developing truly integrative themes that run across the subjects andthrough the years in the curriculum. Fortunately, national and many statestandards for learning—in natural science, math, geography, socialscience—are calling for student-centered inquiry, and for teachers andschools to provide a rich range of opportunities for students to engage ingenuine investigations of the real world around them.The Cary Conferenceand this book aim, in part, to crystallize the new frameworks that are emerg-ing from research about urban ecosystems and from research on howpeople teach and learn about complex systems like cities.

Preface ix

As in any human ecosystem, each participant in the conference filledvarious roles. Everyone participated in discussion groups that providedauthors rich grist for thought.Authors of the chapters in this book held tele-phone discussions and received feedback from two reviewers before theconference, and presented their papers or posters to a lively audiencereplete with comments and question during the conference. They receivedextensive feedback from the discussion groups they participated in andfrom summaries of all discussions of each paper sent to them after the con-ference. Thus, this book is more than a compilation of the papers presentedat the conference, but rather a combination of the individual authors’insights and the input they received before, during and after the conference.We believe that colleagues of those involved in the conference’s delibera-tion will gain insights and share some of the enthusiasm generated throughour discussion by reading this volume. In this way, we hope that ourephemeral conference ecosystem might have as one key and lasting outputsome useful input to the ideas and practice of the nascent field of urbanecosystem education.

Alan R. BerkowitzCharles H. NilonKaren S. Hollweg

x Preface

Acknowledgments

This book originated from the eighth Cary Conference held in April 1999at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New York. The confer-ence would not have been possible without the hard work of many people,playing many different roles, and we are delighted to acknowledge andthank them for their contributions.

Our steering committee of William Burch, Rodger Bybee, Diane Ebert-May, Carol Fialkowski, Gary Heath, Shoshana Keiny, Dan Kincaid, GeneLikens, Richard Ostfeld, Steward Pickett, Jack Shu, and Bora Simmonsmade valuable suggestions on topics, speakers, and participants, especiallyin the formative stages of planning for the conference.

We thank our authors who worked so hard before, during, and well afterthe conference, bringing their critical thinking and creativity to bear on achallenging and vital topic. We thank also the participants who reviewedabstracts and summaries of each paper in the months leading up to the con-ference, providing invaluable feedback to the authors and editors. Duringthe conference, many people served as facilitators of the synthesis discus-sion groups, as moderators of the plenary sessions, and as leaders of theimpromptu “next steps” discussion groups that generated the key recom-mendations from the conference (see Table 30.1). In this way, virtuallyeveryone at the conference had several roles, and all were engaged andmade significant contributions for which we are extremely grateful. Theirnames and affiliations at the time of the conference are listed in the Participants section.

We thank Frank Golley, research professor at the University of Georgia,for delivering the conference keynote address, and Peter Cullen for givingthe wrap-up synthesis talk at the end of the conference. Their wisdom andinsights inspired and challenged us all.

The conference was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,Environmental Protection Agency (Office of Environmental Education),Surdna Foundation, USDA Forest Service (Urban and Community Forestry Program), Nathan Cummings Foundation and the Institute of

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Ecosystem Studies. We thank all for their interest in urban ecosystem edu-cation and their support of the Cary Conference process.

The hard work of many made the conference possible. The staff of IESwas crucial in attending to the needs of the conference and the confereesboth prior to the event and during the crucial days of the meeting.Althoughwe cannot mention all, we would like to especially thank IES graduate stu-dents and staff who served as conference assistants—Kristen Desmarais,Erika Latty, Kate Macneale, Jonah Smith, Pamela Templer, Helen Thompson, and Justin Wright—for their tireless efforts transporting par-ticipants and seeing that they were comfortable and happy in ourephemeral conference ecosystem. Susan Eberth, Heather Dahl, PamelaFreeman, Janet Traweek, Jean Martell, and Deborah Fargione skillfully pre-pared many documents for the conference and this book. Finally, SusanKavy coordinated the conference—her ability to manage the complexity ofthe undertaking, her imagination, attention to detail, and home-baked-cookies-in-every-room flair, made our jobs easy, and the conference a pleas-ure from start to finish. Thank you all!

Alan R. BerkowitzKaren S. HollwegCharles H. Nilon

xii Acknowledgments

Contents

xiii

Preface viiAcknowledgments xiParticipants xviiContributors xxv

1 Introduction: Ecosystem Understanding Is a Key toUnderstanding Cities 1Charles H. Nilon, Alan R. Berkowitz, and Karen S. Hollweg

Section I The Importance of Understanding Urban Ecosystems: Themes 15

Alan R. Berkowitz, Charles H. Nilon, and Karen S. Hollweg

2 Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems an Important Frontier for Education and Educators? 19Karen S. Hollweg, Celestine H. Pea, and Alan R. Berkowitz

3 The Role of Understanding Urban Ecosystems in Community Development 39Jack K. Shu

4 Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems Important to People Concerned About Environmental Justice? 46Bunyan Bryant and John Callewaert

5 Why Is Developing a Broad Understanding of UrbanEcosystems Important to Science and Scientists? 58Steward T.A. Pickett

Section II Foundations and Frontiers from the Natural and Social Sciences: Themes 73

Charles H. Nilon, Alan R. Berkowitz, and Karen S. Hollweg

6 Natural Ecosystems in Cities: A Model for Cities as Ecosystems 77Anthony D. Bradshaw

7 An Ecosystem Approach to Understanding Cities:Familiar Foundations and Uncharted Frontiers 95Nancy B. Grimm, Lawrence J. Baker, and Diane Hope

8 Understanding Urban Ecosystems: An Ecological Economics Perspective 115William E. Rees

9 Social Science Concepts and Frameworks for Understanding Urban Ecosystems 137Carolyn Harrison and Jacquie Burgess

10 The Future of Urban Ecosystem Education from a Social Scientist’s Perspective: The Value of Involving the People You Are Studying in Your Work 150John B. Wolford

11 A Social Ecology Approach to Understanding UrbanEcosystems and Landscapes 167J. Morgan Grove, Karen E. Hinson, and Robert J. Northrop

12 The Historical Dimension of Urban Ecology:Frameworks and Concepts 187Martin V. Melosi

13 Urban Ecosystems, City Planning, and EnvironmentalEducation: Literature, Precedents, Key Concepts, and Prospects 201Anne Whiston Spirn

14 A Human Ecology Model for the Tianjin Urban Ecosystem: Integrating Human Ecology, Ecosystem Science, and Philosophical Views into Urban Eco-Complex Study 213Rusong Wang and Zhiyun Ouyang

xiv Contents

Section III Foundations and Frontiers from EducationTheory and Practice: Themes 229

Karen S. Hollweg, Alan R. Berkowitz, and Charles H. Nilon

15 Psychological and Ecological Perspectives on the Development of Systems Thinking 233Kathleen Hogan and Kathleen C. Weathers

16 Toward Ecology Literacy: Contributions from Project 2061 Science Literacy Reform Tools 261Jo Ellen Roseman and Luli Stern

17 An Interdisciplinary Approach to Urban Ecosystems 282Bora Simmons

18 Children for Cities and Cities for Children: Learning to Know and Care About Urban Ecosystems 294Louise Chawla with Ilaria Salvadori

19 “Ecological Thinking” as a Tool for Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A Model from Israel 315Shoshana Keiny, Moshe Shachak, and Noa Avriel-Avni

20 Systems Thinking and Urban Ecosystem Education 328Gary C. Smith

21 Approaches to Urban Ecosystem Education in Chicago: Perspectives and Processes from an Environmental Educator 343Carol Fialkowski

22 “Campus Ecology” Curriculum as a Means to Teach Urban Environmental Literacy 355Bruce W. Grant

23 Ecosystem Management Education: Teaching and Learning Principles and Applications with Problem-Based Learning 370Henry Campa III, Delia F. Raymer, and Christine Hanaburgh

24 Using the Development of an Environmental Management System to Develop and Promote a More Holistic Understanding of Urban Ecosystems in Durban, South Africa 384Debra C. Roberts

Contents xv

Section IV Visions for the Future of Urban Ecosystem Education: Themes 399

Alan R. Berkowitz, Karen S. Hollweg, and Charles H. Nilon

25 Urban Ecosystems and the Twenty-First Century—A Global Imperative 401Frank B. Golley

26 Out the Door and Down the Street—Enhancing Play, Community, and Work Environments as If Adulthood Mattered 417William R. Burch, Jr., and Jacqueline M. Carrera

27 Integrating Urban Ecosystem Education into Educational Reform 430Rodger W. Bybee

28 The Contribution of Urban Ecosystem Education to theDevelopment of Sustainable Communities and Cities 450Julian Agyeman

29 Perspectives on the Future of Urban Ecosystem Education: A Summary of Cary Conference VIII 465Peter Cullen

30 Urban Ecosystem Education in the Coming Decade:What Is Possible and How Can We Get There? 476Alan R. Berkowitz, Karen S. Hollweg, and Charles H. Nilon

Index 503

xvi Contents

Participants

xvii

The 86 participants in Cary Conference VIII, held at the Insitute of Ecosys-tem Studies in Millbrook, NY,April 27–29, 1999, are listed below, along withtheir affiliations at the time of the conference.

Julian AgyemanSlippery Rock University of Pennsylvania

Juan J. ArmestoUniversidad de Chile, Laboratorio de Sistematica & Ecologia Vegetal,Facultad de Ciencias

Noa Avriel-AvniBen-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Lawrence E. BandUniversity of North Carolina

Daniel BaronHarmony School Education Center, Bloomington, IN

Lucille BarreraHouston Independent School District

Alan R. BerkowitzInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Seth W. BigelowInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Tammy BirdCrenshaw High School, Los Angeles, CA

Anthony D. BradshawUniversity of Liverpool

Marc A. BreslavBreslav Public Relations, Cold Spring, NY

Bunyan BryantUniversity of Michigan

William R. Burch Jr.Yale University

Rodger W. BybeeNational Research Council

John CallewaertUniversity of Michigan

Henry (Rique) Campa IIIMichigan State University

David B. CampbellNational Science Foundation

William S. CarlsenCornell University

Jacqueline M. CarreraParks and People Foundation, Baltimore, MD

Louise ChawlaKentucky State University

Peter CullenUniversity of Canberra

Mark R. DavisEarth Conservation Corps, Washington, DC

Kristen H. DesmaraisInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Vicki O. FabiyiInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

xviii Participants

Carol FialkowskiThe Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL

Paul H. GobsterUSDA Forest Service

Frank B. GolleyUniversity of Georgia

Bruce W. GrantWidener University, Chester, PA

Nancy B. GrimmArizona State University

Peter M. GroffmanInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

J. Morgan GroveUSDA Forest Service, South Burlington, VT

Garry HamiltonNew Scientist, Seattle, WA

Carolyn HarrisonUniversity College London

Bruce P. HaydenNational Science Foundation

Theresa HeyerUSDA Forest Service

Karen E. HinsonWestern School of Technology and Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD

Kathleen HoganInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Karen S. HollwegNorth American Association for Environmental Education

Charles HopkinsUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)

Participants xix

Clive G. JonesInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Shoshana KeinyBen-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Nahid KhazenieNASA

James KohlmoosThe Implementation Group, Inc., Washington, DC

Mary LaneKomachin Middle School, Lacey, WA

Lisa LaRocqueProject del Rio, Las Cruces, NM

Erika LattyCornell University/Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Mary J. LeouCity Parks Foundation, New York

Gene E. LikensInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Gary M. LovettInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Maciej LuniakMuseum/Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Kate MacnealeCornell University/Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Carolyn (Lyn) MattoonThe Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, CT

Rosalyn McKeownUniversity of Tennessee

Susan MockenhauptUSDA Forest Service, Washington, DC

xx Participants

Susan MusanteEcological Society of America

Charles H. NilonUniversity of Missouri—Columbia

Richard S. OstfeldInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Lalit PandeUttarakhand Environment Education Centre, Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi,India

Francis P. PandolfiNational Environmental Education and Training Foundation, BriarcliffManor, NY

Celestine H. PeaNational Science Foundation

Steward T.A. PickettInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Joseph PoracskyPortland State University

Richard V. PouyatUSDA Forest Service

Randall E. RaymondDetroit Public Schools

William E. ReesUniversity of British Columbia

Debra C. RobertsDurban Metropolitan Council, South Africa

William Robertson IVThe Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York

Jo Ellen RosemanAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science

Participants xxi

Ken A. SchmidtInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Moshe ShachakBen-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Jack K. ShuCalifornia State Parks

Bora SimmonsNorthern Illinois University

Gary C. SmithCalifornia Department of Education

Jonah SmithRutgers University

Anne Whiston SpirnUniversity of Pennsylvania

Daniel StraussThe High School for Environmental Studies, New York

David L. StrayerInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Pamela H. TemplerCornell University

Helen C. ThompsonRutgers University

Louis V. VerchotInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Mark R. WalbridgeGeorge Mason University

Rusong WangResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy ofSciences

Joseph S. WarnerInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

xxii Participants

Kathleen C. WeathersInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

John B. WolfordMissouri Historical Society

Justin WrightCornell University

Participants xxiii

Contributors

Julian AgyemanSlippery Rock University of Pennsylvania. Current address: Department ofUrban and Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University, Medford,MA 02155, USA. julianagyeman@tufts.edu

Noa Avriel-AvniEducation and Ecology Departments Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,Mitzpe-Ramon 80600, Israel. avrielav@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Lawrence J. BakerBaker Consulting, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. bakerenv@earthlink.net

Alan R. BerkowitzInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.berkowitza@ecostudies.org

Anthony D. BradshawSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, EnglandL69 3BX, UK. tonybradshaw@cableinet.co.uk

Bunyan BryantThe School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. bbryant@umich.edu

William R. Burch, Jr.School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, NewHaven, CT 06511, USA. williamburch@yale.edu

Jacquie BurgessDepartment of Geography, University College London, London WC1H,0AP, UK. j.burgess@geog.ucl.ac.uk

xxv

Rodger W. BybeeNational Research Council. Current address: Biological Sciences Cur-riculum Study (BSCS), Colorado Springs, CO 80918-3842, USA.rbybee@bscs.org

John CallewaertUniversity of Michigan. Current address: Institute for Community and Envi-ronment, Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH 03257, USA.jcallewaert@colby-sawyer.edu

Henry (Rique) Campa IIIDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, EastLansing, MI 48824, USA. campa@pilot.msu.edu.

Jacqueline M. CarreraParks and People Foundation, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA.jackie.carrera@parksandpeople.org

Louise ChawlaKentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA. chawla393@aol.com

Peter CullenCooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. cullen@lake.canberra.edu.au

Carol FialkowskiThe Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.cfialkowski@fmnh.org

Frank B. GolleyInstitute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.fgolley@arches.uga.edu

Bruce W. GrantDepartment of Biology, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA.grant@popl.science.widener.edu

Nancy B. GrimmDepartment of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.nbgrimm@asu.edu

J. Morgan GroveUSDA Forest Service, South Burlington,VT 05402, USA. mgrove@fs.fed.us

xxvi Contributors

Christine HanaburghMichigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.hanaburc@michigan.gov

Carolyn HarrisonDepartment of Geography, University College London, London, EnglandWC1H 0AP, UK. c.harrison@geog.ucl.ac.uk

Karen E. HinsonWestern School of Technology and Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD21228, USA. Current address: Carver Center for Arts and Technology,Towson, MD 21204, USA. keh11@lycos.com

Kathleen HoganInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.hogank@ecostudies.org

Karen S. HollwegNorth American Association for Environmental Education. Currentaddress: The National Academies’ National Research Council, Washington,DC 20001, USA. khollweg@stanfordalumni.org

Diane HopeCenter for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287, USA. di.hope@asu.edu

Shoshana KeinyDepartment of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105Beer-Sheva, Israel. shoshk@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Martin V. MelosiUniversity of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA. mmelosi@uh.edu

Charles H. NilonThe School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri—Columbia,Columbia, MO 65211, USA. nilonc@missouri.edu

Robert J. NorthropMaryland Department of Natural Resources, Forest Service, North East,MD 21901, USA. rnorthrop@dol.net

Zhiyun OuyangResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy ofSciences, Beijing 100080, China. ouyang@panda.ioz.ac.cn

Celestine H. PeaEducation Reform Division, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA22230, USA. cpea@nsf.gov

Contributors xxvii

Steward T.A. PickettInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.picketts@ecostudies.org

Delia F. RaymerDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, EastLansing MI, 48824-1222, USA. draymer@raymer.cs.wright.edu

William E. ReesSchool of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. wrees@interchange.ubc.ca

Debra C. RobertsDevelopment Planning Department, Durban Metropolitan Council,Durban 4000, South Africa. robertsd@cesu.durban.gov.za

Jo Ellen RosemanAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC20005, USA. jroseman@aaas.org

Ilaria SalvadoriCollege of Environmental Design, University of California—Berkeley,Berkeley, CA 94705, USA. Current address: Project for Public Spaces, Inc.,New York, NY 10014, USA. ilaria@pps.org

Moshe ShachakMarco and Louise Department of Desert Ecology, The Jacob BlausteinInstitute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, SedeBoqer Campus, 84990 Israel. shachak@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Jack K. ShuCalifornia State Parks, San Diego, CA 92108, USA. jkshu@parks.ca.gov

Bora SimmonsDepartment of Curriculum and Instruction, Northern Illinois University,DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. boras@niu.edu

Gary C. SmithCalifornia Department of Education, Anaheim, CA 92806, USA. Currentaddress: Katella High School, Anaheim, CA 92806, USA.gcsmith@earthlink.net

Anne Whiston SpirnUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Current address:School of Architecture and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. spirn@mit.edu

xxviii Contributors

Luli SternAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC20005, USA. Lstern@techunix.technion.ac.il

Rusong WangResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy ofSciences, Beijing 100080, China. wangrs@sun.ihep.ac.cn

Kathleen C. WeathersInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.weathersk@ecostudies.org

John B. WolfordMissouri Historical Society, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA.john_wolford@umsl.edu

Contributors xxix