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Understanding the Basic of Computer Network: Networking Hardware and Network Opera;ng System Heng Sovannarith [email protected]

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Page 1: Understanding+the+Basic+of+ …Hardware+ • FileServers • Workstaons+ • Network+Interface+Card+ • Repeaters+ • Hub+ • Switch+ • Bridges

Understanding  the  Basic  of  Computer  Network:    

Networking  Hardware  and  Network  Opera;ng  System  

Heng  Sovannarith  [email protected]  

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Networking  Hardware  

•  File  Servers  •  Worksta;ons  •  Network  Interface  Card  •  Repeaters  •  Hub  •  Switch  •  Bridges  •  Router  

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Introduc;on  

•  Networking  hardware  includes  all  computers,  peripherals,  interface  cards  and  other  equipment  needed  to  perform  data-­‐processing  and  communica;ons  within  the  network.  

 

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File/Network  Server  

•  One  or  more  network  servers  is  a  part  of  nearly  every  local  area  network.  

•  These  are  very  fast  computers  with  a  large  amount  of  RAM  and  storage  space,  along  with  a  one  or  more  fast  network  interface  card(s).  

•  The  network  opera;ng  system  provides  tools  to  share  server  resources  and  informa;on  with  network  users.    

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File/Network  Server  (cont.)  

•   A  sophis;cated  permissions-­‐handling  system  is  included,  so  that  access  to  sensi;ve  informa;on  can  be  carefully  tailored  to  the  needs  of  the  users.    

•  For  small  networks,  a  singe  network  server  may  provide  access  control,  file  sharing,  printer  sharing,  email,  database,  and  other  services.  

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File/Network  Server  

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Worksta;ons  

•  Computers  that  humans  use  are  broadly  categorized  as  worksta;ons.  

•   A  typical  worksta;on  is  a  computer  that  is  configured  with  a  network  interface  card,  networking  soSware,  and  the  appropriate  cables.    

•  Worksta;ons  do  not  necessarily  need  large  storage  hard  drives,  because  files  can  be  saved  on  the  file  server.  

•  Almost  any  computer  can  serve  as  a  network  worksta;on.  

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Network  Interface  Cards  

•  The  network  interface  card  (NIC)  provides  the  physical  connec;on  between  the  network  and  the  computer  worksta;on.    

•  Network  interface  cards  are  a  major  factor  in  determining  the  speed  and  performance  of  a  network.  

•  It  is  a  good  idea  to  use  the  fastest  network  card  available  for  the  type  of  worksta;on  you  are  using.  

•  The  most  common  network  interface  connec;ons  are  Ethernet  cards  and  wireless  adapters.  

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Network  Interface  Cards  (cont.)  

•  Ethernet  card  can  be  used  with  coaxial,  twisted  pair,  or  fiber  op;cs  cable.  

•  Wireless  adapters  are  found  in  most  portable  devices,  such  as  laptops,  smart  phones,  and  tablet  devices.    

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Network  Interface  Cards  (cont.)  

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Repeater  

•  Since  a  signal  loses  strength  as  it  passes  along  a  cable,  it  is  oSen  necessary  to  boost  the  signal  with  a  device  called  a  repeater.    

•  The  repeater  electrically  amplifies  the  signal  it  receives  and  rebroadcasts  it.    

•  They  are  used  when  the  total  length  of  your  network  cable  exceeds  the  standards  set  for  the  type  of  cable  being  used.  

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Repeater  (cont.)  

•  Func;ons  at  the  Physical  Layer  of  the  OSI  model  

•  A  mul;-­‐port  repeater  is  known  as  a  Hub  •  Connects  segments  of  the  same  network,  even  if  they  use  different  media  

•  Repeater

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Hub  

•  Allows  the  mul;ple  connec;on  of  devices  •  In  reality  a  Hub  is  a  Repeater  with  mul;ple  ports  

•  Func;ons  in  a  similar  manner  to  a  Repeater  •  Works  at  the  Physical  Layer  of  the  OSI  model  •  Hubs  do  not  manage  any  of  the  traffic  that  comes  through  them.  Any  packet  entering  a  port  is  broadcast  out  or  "repeated"  on  every  other  port,  except  for  the  port  of  entry.  

 

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Hub  (cont.)  

hub hub hub

hub

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Switch  

•  An  switch  is  a  device  that  provides  a  central  connec;on  point  for  cables  from  worksta;ons,  servers,  and  peripherals.  

•  Modern  switches  build  a  port  map  of  all  IP  address  which  respond  on  each  port,  and  only  broadcasts  on  all  ports  when  it  doesn't  have  a  packet's  target  IP  address  already  in  its  port  map.    

•  An  switch  operates  at    Layer  2  (the  data  link  layer)  of  the  OSI  model.  

•  Most  large  networks  use  switches  rather  than  hubs  to  connect  computers  within  the  same  subnet.  

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Switch  (cont.)  

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Bridge  

•  A  bridge  is  a  device  that  connects  a  local  area  network  (LAN)  to  another  local  area  network  that  uses  the  same  protocol  (for  example,  Ethernet  or  Token  Ring).  

•   It  looks  at  the  des;na;on  of  the  packet  before  sending.  If  the  des;na;on  address  is  not  on  the  other  side  of  the  bridge  it  will  not  transmit  the  data.  

•  A  bridge  only  has  one  incoming  and  one  outgoing  port.  •  Bridges  are  typically  used  to  separate  parts  of  a  network  that  do  not  need  to  communicate  regularly,  but  s;ll  need  to  be  connected.  

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Bridge  (cont.)  

A

B C

D E

F G

H

Bridge

Segment A Segment BA Transmits to C, bridge will not pass it to Segment B

G Transmits to B, bridge will pass it to Segment A

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Router  •  A  router  is  similar  in  a  switch  in  that  it  forwards  packets  based  on  address.    

•  But,  instead  of  the  MAC  address  that  a  switch  uses,  a  router  can  use  the  IP  address.    

•  This  allows  the  network  to  go  across  different  protocols.  

•  A  router  is  connected  to  two  or  more  data  lines  from  different  networks.  

•  An  Router  operates  at    Layer  3  (the  network  layer)  of  the  OSI  model.  

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Router  (cont.)  

•  Work  in  LAN,  MAN  and  WAN  environments  •  Can  interconnect  different  networks  –  Ethernet  with  Token  Ring  

•  Allows  access  to  resources  by  selec;ng  the  best  path  

•  Two  primary  func;ons  –  to  determine  the  ‘best  path’  and  to  share  details  of  routes  with  other  routers  

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Router  (cont.)  

•  Two  primary  func;ons  –  to  determine  the  ‘best  path’  and  to  share  details  of  routes  with  other  routers  

•  Rou;ng  Table  –  a  database  which  keeps  track  of  the  routes  to  networks  and  the  associated  costs  

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Router  (cont.)  

•  Sta;c  Rou;ng  –  routes  are  manually  configured  by  a  network  administrator  

•  Dynamic  Rou;ng  –  adjust  automa;cally  to  changes  in  network  topology,  and  informa;on  it  receives  from  other  routers  

•  Rou;ng  Protocol  –  uses  a  special  algorithm  to  route  data  across  a  network    

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Firewall  

•  A  firewall  is  a  networking  device  that  is  installed  at  the  entrance  to  a  LAN  when  connec;ng  a  networks  together,  par;cularly  when  connec;ng  a  private  network  to  a  public  network,  such  as  the  internet.    

•  Firewalls  are  either  hardware  or  soSware,  depending  on  their  intended  use.  

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Network  Opera;ng  System  •  Unlike  opera;ng  systems,  such  as  Windows,  that  are  designed  for  single  users  to  control  one  computer,  network  opera;ng  systems  (NOS)  coordinate  the  ac;vi;es  of  mul;ple  computers  across  a  network.    

•  The  network  opera;ng  system  acts  as  a  director  to  keep  the  network  running  smoothly.  

•  The  two  major  types  of  network  opera;ng  systems  are:  –  Peer  to  Peer  –  Client/Server  

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Peer-­‐to-­‐Peer  

•  Peer-­‐to-­‐peer  network  opera;ng  systems  allow  users  to  share  resources  and  files  located  on  their  computers  and  to  access  shared  resources  found  on  other  computers.    

•  However,  they  do  not  have  a  file  server  or  a  centralized  management  source  

•  In  a  peer-­‐to-­‐peer  network,  all  computers  are  considered  equal;  they  all  have  the  same  abili;es  to  use  the  resources  available  on  the  network.  

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Peer-­‐to-­‐Peer  (cont.)  •  Peer-­‐to-­‐peer  networks  are  designed  primarily  for  small  to  medium  local  area  networks.  

•  Nearly  all  modern  desktop  opera;ng  systems,  such  as  Macintosh  OSX,  Linux,  and  Windows,  can  func;on  as  peer-­‐to-­‐peer  network  opera;ng  systems.  

   •     •             

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Peer-­‐to-­‐Peer  (cont.)  

•  Advantages  of  a  peer-­‐to-­‐peer  network:  –  Less  ini;al  expense  -­‐  No  need  for  a  server.  –  Setup  -­‐  An  opera;ng  system  (such  as  Windows  XP)  already  in  place  may  only  need  to  be  reconfigured  for  peer-­‐to-­‐peer  opera;ons.  

•  Disadvantages  of  a  peer-­‐to-­‐peer  network:  – Decentralized  -­‐  No  central  loca;on  for  files  and  applica;ons.  

–  Security  -­‐  Does  not  provide  the  security  available  on  a  client/server  network.  

 

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Client/Server  •  Client/server  network  opera;ng  systems  allow  the  network  to  centralize  func;ons  and  applica;ons  in  one  or  more  file  servers  

•  The  file  servers  become  the  heart  of  the  system,  providing  access  to  resources  and  providing  security.    

•  Individual  worksta;ons  (clients)  have  access  to  the  resources  available  on  the  file  servers.    

•  UNIX/Linux  and  the  MicrosoS  family  of  Windows  Servers  are  examples  of  client/server  network  opera;ng  systems.  

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Client/Server  (cont.)  

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Client/Server  (cont.)  

•  Advantages  of  a  client/server  network:  –  Centralized  -­‐  Resources  and  data  security  are  controlled  through  the  server.  

–  Scalability  -­‐  Any  or  all  elements  can  be  replaced  individually  as  needs  increase.  

–  Flexibility  -­‐  New  technology  can  be  easily  integrated  into  system.  

–  Interoperability  -­‐  All  components  (client/network/server)  work  together.  

– Accessibility  -­‐  Server  can  be  accessed  remotely  and  across  mul;ple  plaeorms  

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Client/Server  (cont.)  

•  Disadvantages  of  a  client/server  network:  – Expense  -­‐  Requires  ini;al  investment  in  dedicated  server.  

– Maintenance  -­‐  Large  networks  will  require  a  staff  to  ensure  efficient  opera;on.  

– Dependence  -­‐  When  server  goes  down,  opera;ons  will  cease  across  the  network.  

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Network  Opera;ng  System  SoSware  

•  some  of  the  more  popular  peer-­‐to-­‐peer  and  client/server  network  opera;ng  systems:  – Macintosh  OS  X  – MicrosoS  Windows  Server  – UNIX/Linux