underwater acustic sensor networks (uw-asns) daladier jabba molinares department of computer science...
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UNDERWATER ACUSTIC SENSOR NETWORKS (UW-
ASNs)
Daladier Jabba MolinaresDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering
University of South FloridaTampa, FL 33620
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UNDERWATER ACUSTIC SENSOR NETWORKS (UW-
ASNs) Introduction Communication architecture UW-ASN: Design challenges Principal layers
MAC Layer Network Layer Transport Layer
Clusters in Mobile Ad hoc Networks Minimum Cut problem applied to UW-ASN References Questions
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION Group of sensors and vehicles deployed
underwater and networked via acoustic links, performing collaborative tasks
Equipment Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) Underwater sensors (UW-ASN)
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INTRODUCTION (Cont…) Objectives
UW_ASNs To exploit multi hop paths To minimize the signaling overhead for building
underwater paths AUVs
Rely on local intelligence Less dependent on communications from online
shores Control strategies (autonomous coordination obstacle
avoidance)
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INTRODUCTION (Cont…) Applications
Environment monitoring Review how human activities affect the marine
ecosystem Undersea explorations
Detect underwater oilfields Disaster prevention
Monitoring ocean currents and winds (Tsunamis) Assisted navigation
Locate dangerous rocks in shallow waters Distributed tactical surveillance
Intrusion detection (Navy)
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INTRODUCTION (Cont…)
Acoustic comms physical layer technology in underwater networks
High attenuation radio waves propagation problems
Links for underwater networks based on acoustic wireless communications (typically used)
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INTRODUCTION (Cont…)
Challenges Available bandwidth is limited Propagation delayUnderwater=5 x Radio Frequency(RF)ground
High bit errors and temporary loss of connectivity Limited battery power Tendency of failure in the underwater sensors
because of corrosion
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE Two-dimensional Underwater Sensor
Networks : for ocean bottom monitoring
Three-dimensional Underwater Sensor Networks : for ocean-column monitoring
Sensor Networks with Autonomous Underwater vehicles : for underwater explorations
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE (Cont…)1. Static two-dimensional UW-ASNs for
ocean bottom monitoring Components:
*: not necessary
Gateway
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE (Cont…)
Comms. Intra clusters (using CH)
Comms with the surface station
anchored
Acoustic link comms
RF comms
Satellite comms
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Static two-dimensional UW-ASNs for oceanbottom monitoring (Cont…)
Problems Long distances between gateways and UW-ASNs
Power to transmit decay easy It is better multi hop paths
Bandwidth limitations Greater bandwidth for a shorter transmission distance
Increasing the UW-ASNs density generates routing complexity
Solving the problems Energy savings Increase network capacity
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE (Cont…)2. Three-dimensional Underwater Sensor Networks
Components:
*: not necessary
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE (Cont…)
anchored
RF comms
Satellite comms
Comms with the surface station
Acoustic link comms
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Three-dimensional Underwater Sensor Networks (Cont…)
Problems If they are attached to a surface buoy
They can be easily detected by enemies Floating buoys are vulnerable to the weather and
pilfering ship navigations can be a problem
Increasing the UW-ASNs density generates routing complexity
Solving the problems Be anchored to the bottom of the ocean (to an
anchors by wires) Energy savings Increase network capacity
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE (Cont…)3. Sensor Networks with Autonomous Underwater vehicles
Components:
*: not necessaryAUV
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COMMS ARCHITECTURE (Cont…)
anchored
RF comms
Satellite comms
Comms with the surface station
Acoustic link comms
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UW-ASN:DESIGN CHALLENGES
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DESIGN CHALLENGES (Cont…) UWSNs vs Terrestrial Sensor Networks
Cost Terrestrial sensor networks will be cheaper and cheaper
with the time UWSNs are expensive
Deployment Terrestrial SNs are densely deployed UWSNs are generally more sparse
Power For UWSNs is higher
Memory Terrestrial sensors have less capacity
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Basics of acoustic propagation in UWSNs Radio waves propagation for long distances
through sea water only at frequencies of 30-300 Hz
High transmission power Large antennas
Poor available Bandwidth
* In 802.11b : between 2.412 GHz to 2.484 GHz
DESIGN CHALLENGES (Cont…)
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Some factors that affect the design Path loss
Attenuation provoked by absorption due to conversion of acoustic energy into heat
Because of the spreading sound energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts
Noise Man-made noise Ambient noise
High delay Propagation delayUnderwater=5 x Radio Frequency(RF)ground
DESIGN CHALLENGES (Cont…)
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MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL LAYER
Biomimetic Underwater Robot, Robolobster
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MAC LAYER (Cont…) Multiple access techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
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MAC LAYER (Cont…)
Proposed MAC protocols Slotted Fama
Applies control packets before starting transmission to avoid multiple transmissions at the same time
Issue: handshaking process can generate low throughput
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Adapted MACA to underwater acoustic networks It uses CTS-RTS-DATA exchange and for Error detection STOP
and WAIT ARQ Retransmitting packets because of timeout in receiving ACK The source drops the communication after K trials
Problems
-Energy consumption because of repeating RTS several times before receiving a CTS
-Deadlock problems
Solutions
-To add a WAIT commands (destination tells that is busy)
-Add an assignment priority to every packet
MAC LAYER (Cont…)
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MAC LAYER (Cont…) Clustering and CDMA/TDMA multiple
access For distributed UW-ASNs Communication intra cluster uses TDMA
(time slots) CDMA by each cluster using a different
code for transmission Problem
Number of code is limited Solution proposed
Reusable code (possible because the acoustic signal fades due to distance)
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MAC LAYER (Cont…) Open research issues
Design access codes for CDMA taking into account minimum interference among nodes
Maximize the channel utilization Distributed protocols to save battery
consumption
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NETWORK LAYER
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NETWORK LAYER (Cont…)
Proactive routing protocols Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector (DSDV), Optimizing Link State Routing (OLSR)
They are not suitable for UW-ASNs Large signaling overhead every time network
topology has to be updated All nodes are able to establish a path with others and
it is not necessary
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NETWORK LAYER (Cont…)
Reactive routing protocols Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) They are not suitable for UW-ASNs
It requires flooding of control packets at the beginning to establish paths (excessive signaling overhead)
High latency on establishment of paths Must of the reactive protocols rely in symmetrical
links
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NETWORK LAYER (Cont…)
Geographical routing protocols Routing with Guaranteed Delivery in Ad Hoc
Wireless Networks (GFG) and Optimal local topology knowledge for energy efficient geographical routing in sensor networks (PTKF)
Establish source destination paths by leveraging localization information
A node selects its next hop based on the position of its neighbors and of the destination node
Problems They work with GPS (GPS uses waves in the 1.5 GHz band) It has not been improved the localization information in the
underwater environment
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NETWORK LAYER (Cont…)
Solution proposed Network layer protocols specifically tailored to underwater
environment Example
A routing protocol was proposed that autonomously establishes the underwater network topology, control network resources and establishes the network flows using a centralized management
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NETWORK LAYER (Cont…) Open research issues
Develop algorithms that reduces the latency Handle loss of connectivity using mechanisms
without generating retransmission Algorithms and protocols needs to improve the
way to deal with disconnections because of failures of battery depletion
How to integrate AUV with UW-ASNs and able communication among them
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TRANSPORT LAYER
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TRANSPORT LAYER (Cont…) Unexplored area It has to perform:
Flow control To avoid that network devices with limited memory
are overwhelmed by data transmissions Congestion control
To prevent the network being congested
TCP implementations are not suited The long Round Trip Time (RTT) in underwater
environment affect the throughput
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TRANSPORT LAYER (Cont…) A transport layer for UW-ASNs requieres:
Reliability hop by hop In case of congestion, transport layer need to
be adapted faster to decrease the response time
Minimum energy consumption To avoid many feedbacks with the ACK
mechanism that can utilize bandwidth unnecessarily
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TRANSPORT LAYER (Cont…) Open research issues
Flow control strategies to reduce not only the high delay but also delay variance of the control messages
Efficient mechanisms to find the cause of packet loss
To create solutions for handling the effect of losses of connectivity caused by shadow zones
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Clusters in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
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Clusters in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (Cont…)
Reduce the overhead in the network Reduce power consumption Different type of nodes
Cluster head Gateway Nodes in the cluster
Communication Intra cluster Inter cluster
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Problems Hidden Terminal problem
Exposed Terminal problem
Clusters in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (Cont…)
A B C
A B C D
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Clusters in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (Cont…)
Topology control (Cluster Initialization) LIDCA algorithm
lowest identifier HCCA algorithm
high connectivity Minimum cut problem (graph theory)
Contract nodes
Routing protocols Maintenance
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Minimum Cut problem applied to UW-ASN (Network layer) To reduce interference
Challenge
x
a
b c
d e f
x
a
b c
d e f
b,c
x
a
b,c
d e fX,a,b,c
D,e,f
Connectivity
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References I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia. Underwater Acoustic Sensor
Networks: Research Challenges. Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier), vol. 3(3), pp. 257–279, May 2005.
K. Kredo and P. Mohapatra. Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks. to appear in Computer Networks (Elsevier), 2006.
F. Salva-Garau and M. Stojanovic. Multi-cluster Protocol for Ad Hoc Mobile Underwater Acoustic Networks. In Proc. Of MTS/IEEE OCEANS. San Francisco, CA, Sep. 2003.
Hayat DOUKKALI and Loutfi NUAYMI. Analysis of MAC protocols for Underwater Acoustic Data Networks. 0-7803-8887-9/05. (c)2005 IEEE
Jim Partan, Jim Kurose Brian Neil Levine. A Survey of Practical Issues in Underwater Networks.
Borja Peleato and Milica Stojanovic. A MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. WUWNet’06, September 25, 2006.
Ian F. Akyildiz, Dario Pompili, and Tommaso Melodia. State of the Art In Protocol Research for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. WUWNet’06, September 25, 2006.
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Questions