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    70 COASTAL ENGINEERING

    (a) Formation of Bubble and Dome

    (b) Formation of Crater

    ( c ) Formation of F i r s t Wave

    (d) Formation of S e c o n d WaveF i g u r e 1 Wave g e n e r a t i o n by an u n d e r w a t e r e x p l o s i o n - s c h e m a t i c .

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    EXPLOSION WAVES 71T h i s p a p e r i s "based o n w o r k c a r r i e d o u t " by t h e a u t h o r f o r t h e U . S .

    N a v a l C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y , P o r t Hueneme, d u r i n g h i s t e n u r e o f d u t yt h e r e .

    T H E I H I T I A L STAGES O F WAVE GEBERATIONA n u n d e r \ r a , t e r n u c l e a r b l a s t c a n o r i g i n a t e a s y s t e m o f l o c a l l y v e r y

    h i g h w a t e r w a v e s . T h e d i s t a n t e f f e c t s , s u c h a s r u n - u p o n e x p o s e d s h o r e l i n e s w i l l v a r y g r e a t l y , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e o c e a n t o p o g r a p h y t r a v e r s e d a sw e l l a s o n t h e m a g n i t u d e , d e p t h a n d d i s t a n c e o f t h e b l a s t .

    C o n s i d e r a n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n a t t h e o p t i m u m d e p t h f o r m a k i n g t h el a r g e s t p o s s i b l e w a v e s a t a d e s i r e d l o c a t i o n . B a s e d o n t h e w o r k o f P e n n e y{19^5), t h e d e t o n a t i o n d e p t h h f o r maximum w a v e - m a k i n g e f f i c i e n c y s h o u l db e e g u a l t o A/^S, f i g u r e l ( a ) , w h e r e A i s t h e b u b b l e r a d i u s a t f i r s tmaximum.

    "Upon p e n e t r a t i n g t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e t h e b u b b l e m o m e n t a r i l y t r a n s f o r m si n t o a c r a t e r w i t h a n e s s e n t i a l l y p a r a b o l i c s e c t i o n o f w a t e r l i n e r a d i u sa , a n d e f f e c t i v e mean r a d i u s "a, a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o A, f i g u r e l ( b ) .T h i s c r a t e r i s t h e e f f e c t i v e I n i t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t , g i v i n g r i s e t o t h ed i s p e r s i v e w a v e t r a i n , f i g u r e s l ( c ) a n d l ( d ) . A s t i m e p r o c e e d s t h e s ei m p u l s i v e l y - g e n e r a t e d d i s p e r s i v e w a v e s p r o g r e s s o u t w a r d a t a n a c c e l e r a t i n gr a t e a n d t h e c e n t e r b e c o m e s r e l a t i v e l y q u i e t , n e w w a v e s b e i n g f o r m e d c o n t i n u o u s l y a t t h e r e a r o f t h e a d v a n c i n g w a v e g r o u p . Lamb, ( 1932 ) .

    T h e p e r i o d o f t h e w a v e s o f maximum h e i g h t h a s t h e v a l u e :

    w h i c h i s a l s o t h e p u l s a t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e i n i t i a l c r a t e r . T h e w a v e l e n g t ha t maximum h e i g h t h a s t h e v a l u e :

    T h e f i r s t w a v e l e n g t h i s 1)-Rx, t h e s e c o n d w a v e l e n g t h i s R^ , t h et h i r d , e t c , w h e r e R j , Rg, R j ; d e n o t e t h e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d f r o ms u r f a c e z e r o .

    F i g u r e 2 s h o w s t h e d i s t a n c e v s . t i m e g r a p h f o r s u c c e s s i v e w a v e se m a n a t i n g f r o m a n e x p l o s i o n n e a r t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e , i n d e e p w a t e r . E a c hs u c c e s s i v e c r e s t a c c e l e r a t e s u n i f o r m l y o u t w a r d a n d b e c o m e s t h e maxim\m o ft h e w a v e t r a i n a t s u c c e s s i v e u n i f o r m i n c r e m e n t s o f d i s t a n c e . T h e p h a s ev e l o c i t y , g r o u p v e l o c i t y , a n d d i s t a n c e - t i m e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e g r o u p m a x i m a ,a r e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e c r a t e r ' s e f f e c t i v e r a d i u s a , w h e r e a s t h e i n d i v i d u a lp h a s e a c c e l e r a t i o n s a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f a .

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    COASTAL ENGINEERING

    CO

    f R = ( 4 n - 3 ) a ,t = ( 4 n - 3 ) Z t t q

    A r r i v a l ofGr ou p Maxm.

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    CV' I -

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    I

    p h a s ev e l o c i t y

    a>CO V.'

    /

    7 v

    t o

    gt'2 T r ( 4n - 3 )

    effectivec r a t e r

    r a d i u s

    J i2 4 6 8^ time, units

    I O

    F i g u r e 2 W a t e r wave p r o p a g a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s due t oan e x p l o s i o n - deep w a t e r .

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    76 COASTAL ENGINEERING

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    EXPLOSION WAVES 77

    t . per iod of f i rs t wave ( s e c ) , = 2 T 41 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

    T 1 I ' l ' l I I - j Ir 10' ICQ' 1 000 ' 2mi. 2 0 m i . 2 0 0 m i . 2 0 , 0 0 0 m i .R R A N G E

    F i g u r e 6 Wave g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f u n d e r w a t e r e x p l o s i o n s :i n deep w a t e r a t c r i t i c a l depth = b u b b l e d i a m e t e r

    ( e x t r a p o l a t i o n b y Penney's t h e o r y ) .

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    78 COASTAL ENGINEERING^"'^ l : \ T . : l T l / l : ^ J ' ^^^^^^ - p r o p o r t i o n a l

    a r s : ; i ; : ^ - . T t . ^ t : --^^^^ - - - a . e .

    pSor'ttonrt: "[EF"" " "^^^" -" ^

    s i m i l a r in p r o p a g a t i o n S a e ' e r s t i c r t o ' t T '""^ -"^-Perslve, ord e p t h e f f e c t . n a r a c t e r i s t i c s to t s u n a m i , due to the l l m l t l i i g

    COMPAHISON B m / M EXPLOSION-GENERATED WAVES AND 0 S C I L L A T 0 R WAVES

    l a h o r a ' S : '^olZTllLllVe'^fl^^^^^^^^^ ed in thee n c o u n t e r v i t h the toe of the b e a c h ^ l one ^ ^ ^ ^ fw a v e s w o u l d f o l l o w t h e horSon-trf^ i T ' . . ' " ^ " ^ o s c i l l a t o r yd i s p e r s i v e w a v e s d e v S t f f r ^ ' n i c ^ ^ ^ ^ " ' S ' s t S l V ^ ' " " ' fsome d i s t a n c e un the s l o n e (cZmi + ' d e c r e a s e to a m i n i m u mi n g to G r e e n ' s i a w (dSd'cuiv: HS^TW^"''^^-^ 1 - r e a s e d a c c o r a -h o r i z o n t a l s p a c i n g b e t w e e n ravs o \^ s ' '"'" ^ ^ 1 ^ *h ed o t t e d c u r v e ) i t ^ s o b t a i n e d Sat in t h e ^ : : : " ^ i ^ E x p e r i m e n t a l l y ( c h a i n -u n t i l b r e a k i i a r e l a t i o n s h i p fJ ^ f c - ' - l S ' S ^ ^ i ' f ^ ' ? d i s p e r s i v e waveSc u r v e ) , J o r d a a n (1965) . t 1 ^ D 2 y 4 R / z i s f o l l o w e d ( d o t t e d

    v a v e s r i n - ^ r e i r i L o I S i ^ ^ Gr ^L^s^L L ^a f ^ ^ ' ^ " ^ " " ^ ^t h e m e a s u r e d d i s p e r s i v e w^es t r en er^+e^ ^ ^ / " 5 ^ < = d to F i g u r e 8b s h o w i n gh o l o i d a l p l u n g e r ! F o r comn^aM e . ^ f ^^^'^^'^ w i t h d r a w a l of the para-the B h o r e l i r ^ ( f l g J ^ ' ' 8 e r ^ % l T % ^ i ^ ^ ^ ' ^"^'^ r e a c h i r " ^p e r s i v e w a v e s is e ^ i r e l y d i f f e r e n t ^ r o t . ^ ^ T ' " " ^'^'^^^ ^ P i loot of the h i g h e s t c r e s ? and ^ n w e t ^ o s c i l l a t o r y w a v e s . T h ^e v e r the s l o p i ^ P r S o fwhiL t L L S l S o ^ v " : " ' " " " ^ " ^ ^ ^ ^i n c r e a s i n g in a m p l i t u d e . o s c i l l a t o r y w a v e s a r e m o n o t o n i c a l l y

    L ^ I O N S ON THEBREAKING HEIGHT AND RUN-UP OF DISPERSIVEWAVES

    r ^ - u p " ^ ^ / H f t r d 2 p : : t \ i ^ r " L ~ - r ^ ^ r r "eeijuess HO/LQ of i m p u l s i v e w a v e s , as

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    EXPLOSION WAVES 7 9

    F i g u r e 7 I m pu l s i v e l y - g e n e r a t e d w a v e : amplitude vs. r a n g e ,s h o w i n g increase due to beach, e x p e r i m e n t a l .

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    80 COASTAL ENGINEERING

    G r e e n s L a wHo / 1

    = 2.67 s )(a ) Am pl if ic at ion of Os c i l latory Wav es ''V gf^Qal lni ' '

    R = 4 9 ' S = 3 3 . 3 '5 0 ' \ - 4 0 ' - 3 0 ' - 2 0 '

    t=ll

    (b ) At tenu at ion followed by amp l if ic at ion, o'^Dispersive W a v e syo = 2 . 5 '

    \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ^ \ \ \ \ \ \( c ) S e c t i o n through bas in , showing extent.F i g u r e 8 Wave p r o f i l e s an d a t t e n u a t i o n o r a m p l i f i c a t i o n . Cb e t w e e n o s c i l l a t o r y (computed) v s . d i s p e r s i v e w a v e s

    p e r i m e n t a l ) g e n e r a t e d b y i m p u l s e .

    o f b e o c h

    . ^ r n p a r i s o n

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    EXPLOSION WAVES

    HB=Breake r he igh t , f t. . a s s u m e a , YBy o = D e e p w a t e r d e p t h , yg =breai y / 2 ) .

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    84 COASTAL ENGINEERINGW i t h = y B a n d RU >3HB

    t h e r e resits, (3)

    CONCLUSIONI n summary, t h e d o m i n a n t wave p r o p e r t i e s a re d e t e r m i n e d "based on t h e

    g e n e r a t i n g s o u r c e m a g n i t u d e and c r a t e r d i m e n s i o n s . The d i s p e r s i v e wavea t t e n u a t i o n a n d t h e su"bsequent s h o a l i n g a m p l i f i c a t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m am o d i f i e d G r e e n ' s Law r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l r a d i a t i n g d i s p e r s i v ew a v e s ; o r "by t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l Gr een 's Law r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r w a v e s t h a t ar ea l r e a d y s h a l l o w w a t e r w a v e s a t t h e i r g e n e r a t i n g a r e a (t s u n a m i t y p e ) . Themaximum b r e a k e r h e i g h t a nd maximum r u n - u p on a u n i f o r m i d e a l s l o p e f o r t h el a t t e r case i s f o un d t o he d i r e c t l y e 3 q ) r e s s l h l e i n t e r ms o f t h e deep w a t e rwave h e i g h t , l e n g t h o r g e n e r a t i n g d e pt h .

    P e r m i s s i o n by t h e U. S. N a v a l C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y o f t h eB u r e a u o f Ya r ds and Docks o f t h e U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e N a v y t o p u b l i s ht h i s p a p e r i s a c k n o w l e d g e d .

    The c o n t r i b u t i o n s a nd a s s i s t a n c e o f members o f t h e s t a f f o f t h e aboveo r g a n i z a t i o n i s g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d .

    J o r d a a n , J . M., J r . {196k). "Run-up by i m p u l s i v e l y - g e n e r a t e d w a t er wav es" ,U. S. N a v a l C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y , T e c h n i c a l R e po r t R 33O,P o r t Hueneme, C a l i f .

    J o r d a a n , J . M., J r . (1965). " F e a s i b i l i t y o f m o d e l i n g r u n - u p e f f e c t s ofd i s p e r s i v e i r a . t e r w a v e s " . U. S. N a v a l C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y ,T e c h n i c a l N o t e N -69I, P o r t Hueneme, C a l i f .

    K a p l a n , K. (1953) . " P i l o t s t u d y o f e x p l o s i o n - g e n e r a t e d wav es" , U. S. Army,Beach E r o s i o n B o a r d , AFSW-h82, W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.K a p l a n , K. (1955). " G e n e r a l i z e d l a b o r a t o r y s t u d y o f t s u n a m i r u n - u p " . Beach

    E r o s i o n B o a r d , Tec h . Mem. No.60, Vfash l ngt on, D. C.K r a n z e r , H. C. and J. B. K e l l e r (I9 59) . "Water w a v e s p r o d u c e d by e x p l o s i o n s "

    J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d P h y si c s , v.30, no. 3., pp. 398-407.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENT

    REFERENCES

    Lamb, S i r H. (l932). " Hy d r o d y n am ics" , S i x t h Ed. (19^5), D o ver P u b l i c a t i o n sNew Y o r k , pp. 384-394, 429-433-

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    EXPLOSION WAVESPenney , W. G. (1945). " G r a v i t y waves p r o d u c e d "by s u r f a c e and u n d e r i m t e r

    e x p l o s i o n s " , p u b l . I n U n d e r w a t e r E x p l o s i o n R e s e a rc h: v. 2. The GasGlobe, U. S. O f f i c e of N a v a l R e s e a r c h , VJashington, D. C, 1950,PpT679-693.

    V an Do r n , W. G. (1961) . "Some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s u r f a c e g r a v i t y wavesi n t h e s ea p r o d u c e d by n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n s " . J o u r n a l of G e o p h y s i c a lResearch, v.66, no.11, pp.3845-3862. ~

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