unep 2013 annual report (english)

8/10/2019 UNEP 2013 Annual Report (English)

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United Nations Environment Programme

Annual Report 2013


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United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, 2014

Publication: UNEP 2013 Annual ReportJob Number: DCP/1792/NAISBN: 978-92-807-3380-8

* All dollar ($) amounts refer to US dollars.* Te term one billion in this report refers

to one thousand million.

Tis publication may be reproduced inwhole or in part and in any form foreducational or non-profit purposes withoutspecial permission from the copyrightholder provided acknowledgement of thesource is made. UNEP would appreciatereceiving a copy of any publication that usesthis publication as a source. No use of thispublication may be made for resale or forany other commercial purpose whatsoeverwithout prior permission in writing fromUNEP. Te designation of geographicalentities in this report, and the presentationof the material herein, do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on

the part of the publisher or the participatingorganizations concerning the legal statusof any country, territory or area, or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries.


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Te mission of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) is to provide leadership andencourage partnership in caring for the environmentby inspiring, informing and enabling nationsand peoples to improve their quality of lifewithout compromising that of future generations.

Message from the UN Secretary-General

2013 Highlights

2013: Te Environment in Numbers

Climate Change

Disasters and Conflicts

Ecosystem Management

Environmental Governance

Harmful Substances and Hazardous Waste

Resource Efficiency

Goodwill Ambassadors

Financial and Management Performance

Champions of the Earth

www.unep.org


5/59ANNUAL REPORT 2013

MESSAGE FROM THE UN SECRETARY-GENERAL

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message FRom THEUNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL

In the four decades since its creation, the

United Nations Environment Programmehas worked to provide a bridge betweenemerging science on a wide range ofenvironmental issues and strong policiesthat wil l support sustainable development.As awareness has grown of the role of theenvironment in human wellbeing, andthe critical challenges it faces, UNEP hassteadily gained audience and authority.

Last year, the voice of the environmentgained more resonance. UNEPs GoverningCouncil met under universal membershipfor the first time and, despite an era of

financial tightening, the UN GeneralAssembly increased the Programmes regularbudget. Te message was clear: internationalenvironmental governance is a priority andUNEP needs adequate resources to fulfilits mandate.

In late 2013, the UNEP Emissions GapReport showed that the world is off track onefforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions tothe level required to give a reasonable chanceof keeping global temperature rise below2C this century. Less than two years remainfor Governments to agree on a new climate

deal that wil l come in force by 2020, andI count on UNEP and all partners withinand beyond the UN system to work forincreased ambition and action to avert theworst consequences of climate change.

Te next two years are also critical fordefining a post-2015 development agenda.UNEP and its partners have demonstratedthat well-functioning ecosystems areessential for sustainable social and economicprogress. UNEP is assisting countries tounderstand the importance of factoringnatural capital into national economicaccounting and policymaking. Muchwork remains in all regions in translatingunderstanding to action.

Tese issues will be foremost in theminds of ministers attending the firstUN Environment Assembly at UNEP

headquarters in June, but they can takeheart from the example of the MinamataConvention on Mercury. Adopted inlate 2013, this first new multilateralenvironmental agreement in almost adecade provided new proof that consensuscan be reached.

UNEP played a key role in providing thescience on the harmful effects of mercuryand bringing nations together over four yearsof negotiations. Te timing of this treatywas no coincidence: a stronger UNEP meansstronger environmental governance, and

I believe many more such successes lie ahead.Te world is ready for a paradigm shift inenvironmental stewardship, and I expectthe new UNEP to be at the centre of thistransformation.

BAN KI-MOONFebruary 2014


6/59UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

At Rio+20, the international communityagreed to work on a set of universalsustainable development goals as part

of a post-2015 agenda that will addressenvironmental, social and economicsustainability in a way that is more cohesive,focused and measureable. In order to playa defining role in this process, the UnitedNations system must work more closelythan everwith a clear understanding thatthe discourse has changed from protectingthe environment from development, tointegrating environmental concerns intodevelopment. Put simply, there can be nosustainable development without concertedand accelerated action on the environment.

UNEP serves as a leading globalenvironmental authority and theenvironmental voice of the UN, corral lingthe systems resources to ensure that thenecessary transformative action on the

environment takes place. As such, everyaspect of our workbolstered by inspiringpartnerships that encompass the UN

system, member states, intergovernmentalorganizations, civil society and theprivate sectorfeeds into the sustainabledevelopment agenda.

Allow me to elaborate. Te negative impactsof climate change, such as disruption toagriculture from increasingly unpredictablerainfall, will affect livelihoods, primarily indeveloping nations. Conflicts and naturaldisasters, which are expected to become morecommon as climate change worsens, degradeand destroy the environmental resource basethat supports human life. Over-exploitation

of natural resources degrade ecosystemsand diminish the services they provide, suchas food, water, pollination and climateregulation. Unsound use, production anddisposal of chemicals can hinder developmentby affecting water supplies, food security and

2013 HIGHLIGHTS

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2013 highlightsFrom UN Under-Secretary-General and UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner

productivity. Unsustainable production andconsumption, such as the one third of allfood squandered each year, waste resources

that must be more carefully marshalled as theworld population heads towards nine billionby 2050.

Strong environmental governance isessential to address these challenges andthus ensure a swift and smooth transitionto an inclusive Green Economy, which willbe fundamental to attaining long-termsustainable development. Encouragingly,2013 provided clear signals that internationalenvironmental governance is reachingnew heights of reach, clarity and strength.

UNEP held its Governing Council underuniversal membership for the first time.In 2014, member states will meet for the firsttime as the United Nations EnvironmentAssembly (UNEA), under the overarchingtheme of Sustainable Development Goals

01



and the Post-2015 Development Agenda,Including Sustainable Consumptionand Production. Te importance of thisassembly cannot be overstated, as it accordsenvironmental issues similar status to thoseof peace, security, finance, health and trade.Mandated to determine policy and catalyzeinternational action, the body representsa global vehicle for driving political andstrategic work on environmental priorities.

Perhaps just as significant was the signing by94 countries of the Minamata Convention onMercury after four years of UNEP-supported

negotiations. Tis convention, the first newMultilateral Environmental Agreement foralmost a decade, not only gives new impetus toefforts to reduce emissions of the toxic metal,but shows that agreement can be reached onpressing environment challengesan examplethat is especially pertinent as the world workstoward a new climate deal to be agreed by 2015.

Equally encouraging for the close cooperationthat will be required across the UN system todefine and implement the post-2015 agenda,many key inter-UN and global initiativeseither gained traction or got underway in 2013.

As UNEPsEmissions Gap Report 2013warned that greenhouse gas emissions in 2020are likely to be far above the level needed tokeep global temperature rise below 2C thiscentury, the Climate echnology Centre andNetwork (CCN) began its programme ofaccelerating the transfer of environmentallysound technologies to developing nations.Just one month after the official beginning ofoperations, 35 countries had nominated focalpoints to the CCN, which is led by UNEPin collaboration with the UN IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO) and11 other research and development bodies.

Another significant step in addressing climatechange came with strong backing for theUnited Nations Collaborative Initiative on

2013 HIGHLIGHTS

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation andForest Degradation in Developing Countries(UN-REDD) at the UN FrameworkConvention on Climate Change meeting inWarsaw. Financial pledges and the adoptionof a rulebook for REDD+which promotesthe sustainable management of forests and theenhancement of forest carbon stockpavethe way for real progress in mitigating climatechange. Added to the above, the Climateand Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants saw its membershipgrow to over 80 Member States and partnerorganizations, with financial commitments

exceeding $30 million and multiple initiativesin progress.

In the area of resource efficiency, the 10-YearFramework of Programmes on SustainableConsumption and Production Patterns(10YFP), hosted by UNEP, prepared tolaunch its first five programmes. UNEPalso pushed forward on the Partnership forAction on Green Economy (PAGE)apartnership with UNIDO, the InternationalLabour Organization, and the United NationsInstitute for raining and Research. PAGEwill support 30 countries over the next seven

years to build strategies that generate jobs,promote clean technologies, and reduceenvironmental r isks and poverty.

o promote ecosystem management, UNEPand partners have spearheaded a movementto incorporate the value of naturenaturalcapital, as it is knowninto economicand developmental policies. In 2013, themovement rose to a new level. Te UNEP-hosted Intergovernmental Science-PolicyPlatform on Biodiversity and EcosystemServices, with 115 member states, establishedan ambitious five-year work programme

and agreed to develop a set of fast-trackassessments. Te Economics of Ecosystemsand Biodiversity (EEB) initiative,meanwhile, has already demonstrated the

negative economic impact of unsustainablemanagement of ecosystems, and more nationstook the message on board last year. Bhutan,Ecuador, Liberia, the Philippines andanzania have initiated studies to assess andvalue their natural capital, while others suchas Brazil, Germany, the Netherlands, Norwayand Sweden have expressed interest in EEBscoping studies.

Tese are just some of the examples of themany collaborative initiatives undertakenby UNEP and its partners in 2013, andmany more are highlighted in this report.

Much hard work lies ahead. However, thesetransformative efforts show that the willto change the way the humanity managesthe environment, which UNEP has spentover four decades fostering, is now clearand present. I believe these initiatives proveconclusively that the world understands weare on a journey that must be taken together,and I invite every interested organization tojoin us as we move ever-faster towards a trulysustainable future.

ACHIM STEINER

2013 provided clearsignals that internationalenvironmental

governance is reachingnew heights of reach,clarity and strength.

01 UNEP Executive Director

Achim Steiner (2nd left) at

the signing of the Minamata

Convention on Mercury, one of

the key successes of 2013. Also

pictured, from l to r: Nobuteru

Ishihara, Minister of Environment,Japan, Ikuo Kabashima, Governor

of Kumamoto Prefecture, and

Katsuaki Miyamoto, Mayor of

Minamata.
http://www.unep.org/about/executivedirector/http://www.unep.org/about/executivedirector/



2013: THE ENVIRONMENT IN NUMBERS

04

01 January

Global Mercury Assessment 2013:Mercury

use in small-scale gold mining threatens thehealth of 15 millionpeople in 70 countries.

Tink.Eat.Save Campaign:One thirdof allfood production gets lost or wasted, totalling1.3 billion tonnes.

04 AprilNatural Capital at Risk:op 100 environmental externalitiescost $4.7 trillion a year.

Global Wind Energy Council AnnualMarket Update:Global installed windpower capacity reached282.5 GWin

2012, a 19 per cent increase over theprevious year.

05 MayGlobal racking Framework:About1.2 billion peopledont have access toelectricity and 2.8 billion have to rely on

wood or other biomass to cook and heattheir homes.

Green Economy and rade: Globalmarket for organic food and beveragesprojected to grow to $105 billionby2015, compared to $62.9 billionin 2011.

2013: THE ENVIRONMENT IN NUMBERSFacts and figures from 2013 reports and campaigns by UNEP and partners

02 FebruaryPartnership for Action on the Green Economy:UN agencies pledge to assist 30 countriesin transition to Green Economy

UNEP Year Book 2013:Arctic summerice cover reached record low of 3.4 millionsquare kilometresin 2012, 18 per centbelow the previous recorded minimum in 2007.

03 MarchStolen Apes:Nearly 3,000 great apeslost from the wild each year throughillegal activity.

Elephants in the Dust:At least 17,000

elephantswere illegally killed inAfrica in 2011.
http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/GlobalMercuryAssessment2013.pdfhttp://www.thinkeatsave.org/http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/GETReport/pdf/FullReport.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/yearbook/2013/http://bit.ly/1eoQO2phttp://www.unep.org/pdf/RRAivory_draft7.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/RRAivory_draft7.pdfhttp://bit.ly/1eoQO2phttp://www.unep.org/yearbook/2013/http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/GETReport/pdf/FullReport.pdfhttp://www.thinkeatsave.org/http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/GlobalMercuryAssessment2013.pdf



2013: THE ENVIRONMENT IN NUMBERS

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12 DecemberINERPOL Operation: 240 kg of elephantivoryseized and660 peoplearrested duringoperation combatting ivory trafficking acrossSouthern and Eastern Africa.

Te Arab Region: Atlas of Our ChangingEnvironment: 1,746 threatened speciesinthe region, the majority critically endangered.

06 JuneGlobal rends in Renewable Energy

Investment 2013: : $244.4bn investedin renewable energy in 2012.

Smallholders, Food Security and theEnvironment:Supporting smallholderfarmers can lift 1.4 BILLION PEOPLEliving on under $1.25 A DAYout of poverty.

08 augustResource EfficiencyEconomics and Outlook

for China: Chinas consumption of primarymaterials per capita has increased from31 per cent of the world average levels in1970 to over 162 per cent.

South African Green Economy Modelling:Improving the management of naturalresources and investing in the environmentcould create 170,000 additional jobsinSouth Africa.

07 JULYTe Global Climate 20012010:Averageland and ocean-surface temperaturefor 20012010 estimated at 14.470C, thewarmest decade since the start of modernmeasurements in 1850.

en.lighten:West African leaders pledge toswitch the region to efficient lighting, whichwould save2.4 terawatt hoursand $220millioneach year.

09 SeptemberFood Wastage Foodprint: Food that is producedbut not eaten adds 3.3 billion tonnesofgreenhouse gases to the planets atmosphereeach year.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeAssessment:95100 per cent probability thatmost of planets warming since 1950 has beendue to human influence.

10 OctoberMinamata Convention on Mercury:92 countries and European Unionsign up to new treaty.

International Lead Poisoning PreventionWeek of Action: Childhood lead exposurecontributes to an estimated 600,000new casesof intellectual disabilitieseach year.

11 NovemberEmissions Gap Report 2013:2020 emissionslikely8 to 12 gigatonnes of CO

2equivalent

above recommended level to keep EmissionsGap Report 2013: world below 2Ctemperature rise.

Africa Adaptation Gap Report:Africanadaptation costs could reach $350 billion
http://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/SmallholderReport_WEB.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/SmallholderReport_WEB.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/China_Resource_Efficiency_in_English_2013.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/China_Resource_Efficiency_in_English_2013.pdfhttp://bit.ly/1jDBcY4http://bit.ly/1p1LRRKhttp://www.enlighten-initiative.org/http://www.mercuryconvention.org/http://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/AfricaAdapatationGapreport.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/AfricaAdapatationGapreport.pdfhttp://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://www.mercuryconvention.org/http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/http://bit.ly/1p1LRRKhttp://bit.ly/1jDBcY4http://www.unep.org/pdf/China_Resource_Efficiency_in_English_2013.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/China_Resource_Efficiency_in_English_2013.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/SmallholderReport_WEB.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/SmallholderReport_WEB.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdf



Allocations

63.76

13.31

0.55

Budget

15.39

25.42

0.54

Expenditures

13.80

34.54

0.56

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

CLIMATE CHANGE

06

Expenditure in 2013

Te 2013 total budget for the Climate Change sub-programmewas $41.3 million. otal allocations issued were $77.6 million.otal expenditure was $48.9 million, 63 per cent of allocations.

All gures in $ million

Fund sources

Env ironment Fund Trust Funds and earmarked cont ributions Regular budget



CLIMATE CHANGE

07

CLIMATE CHANGEMinimizing the scale and impact of climate change

Tere can no longer be any doubt that climate changeis the major, overriding environmental issue of our

time. It is a growing crisis that is already affectingour ability to support virtually every element ofhuman wellbeing and sustainable development, fromeconomic growth to food security. Shifting weatherpatterns, for example, threaten food productionthrough increased unpredictability of rainfall; risingsea levels contaminate coastal freshwater reservesand increase the risk of flooding; and extremeweather events, predicted to become more frequentand severe, can cause devastation. UNEP works tomitigate and adapt to climate change by assistinggovernments and businesses to reduce emissions, andby helping nations and communities most likely to

be affected develop ways to become more resilient tochanging conditions.

Results achieved against expected accomplishments

EA (a) AdaptationIncreased number of countries that integrate adaptation, including anecosystem-based approach, into their national development plans withthe assistance of UNEP

BASELINE (2011) TARGET (2013) ACTUAL

4 8 9

EA (b) Clean Energy

Increased number of countries implementing energy plans, includinglow-carbon alternatives, with explicit renewable energy or energyefficiency policies with the assistance of UNEP


4 12 31

EA (c) Energy Finance

Increased level of national investment in clean technology projects andprojects related to adaptation and mitigation supported by UNEP thatare implemented with international climate change funding with theassistance of UNEP


$200 million $300 million $432 million

EA (d) Emission reduction from deforestationand forest degradation

(i) Increased number of countries implementing sustainable forestmanagement plans, including plans to reduce emissions from deforestationand degradation (REDD plans), with the assistance of UNEP


5 10 17

(ii) Increased percentage of land being managed to reduce emissionsfrom deforestation as a result of the implementation of sustainable forestmanagement plans, including REDD plans, with the assistance of UNEP


0 5 3

EA (e) Scientific and outreach

(i) Increased number of sector-specific local, national and regionaldevelopment plans that incorporate climate-related assessment withthe assistance of UNEP


12 14 12

(ii) Increased number of findings or results from UNEP climate changework reported in press and media with the assistance of UNEP


1,650 1,850 34,005

Full Partial UnachievedAchievement:
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/http://www.unep.org/climatechange/http://www.unep.org/climatechange/



Strengthening climatechange science

Each year, UNEP and its partners furtherdevelop and expand on the science thathighlights the causes and impacts of cl imatechange, and 2013 was no exception. Telatest assessmentby the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Changeestablishedin 1988 by UNEP and the WorldMeteorological Organizationconcluded

that warming of the cl imate system isunequivocal and human-influenced, andcontinued emissions of greenhouse gases willcause further warming and changes. UNEPs

Emissions Gap Report 2013demonstrated thateven if nations meet their current cl imatepledges, greenhouse gas emissions in 2020are likely to be 8 to 12 gigatonnes of CO

2

equivalent above the level that would providea likely chance of remaining on the least-costpath to keeping the world below a 2C targettemperature r ise this century. Separately, the

Africa Adaptation Gap Reportdetailed thecorresponding financial burden: adaptationcosts for Africa could reach $350 billionper year by 2070 should the 2C target besignificantly exceeded, while the cost wouldbe $150 billion lower per year if the targetwere to be met.

Pushing the climatechange agenda

Looking at the headline figures highlightedin the above reportswhich also providerecommendations in the key areas whereemissions can be cutit may seem the actionon emissions that UNEP has long advocatedfor is not being taken. However, 2013 saw theinternational community, through UNEP-led initiatives both new and established,demonstrate increased commitment totackling this pressing challenge.

While climate negotiations are focusedon agreeing a global climate deal by 2015,UNEP supported several substantive pusheson the climate change agenda in related andcomplementary areas, including through theprivate sector.

Firstly the Climate echnology Centreand Network (CCN)the operationalarm of the UN Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC) echnologyMechanism, led by UNEP in collaboration

with the UN Industrial DevelopmentOrganization and 11 other internationalresearch and development bodiesofficially opened for business.Te CCNaims to reduce emissions and improveclimate resilience in developing nations byaccelerating the transfer of environmentallysound technologies that can improve thelives and livelihoods of mil lions of people indeveloping countries. Some 35 countries had

nominated focal points for the CCN byDecember 2013, showing that interest andexpectations are strong.

An equally significant step was strongbacking for REDD+ at the UNFCCCConference of the Parties in Warsaw.REDD+ is a mechanism for payments toreduce emissions from deforestation andforest degradation, as well as conserve,manage and enhance existing forest carbonstocks. Deforestation and forest degradationaccount for nearly 20 per cent of globalgreenhouse gas emissions, so REDD+

is seen as one of the most cost-effectiveways to reduce emissions and minimizeglobal temperature rises. Te adoption ofa rulebook for REDD+ in Warsaw pavesthe way for full implementation of activities,

and $280 million in pledges from the US,Germany, Norway and the UK at the meetingbrings the total pledges to $6.27 billion.

Te United Nations Collaborative Initiativeon Reducing Emissions from Deforestationand Forest Degradation in DevelopingCountries (UN-REDD)jointlyimplemented by the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO), the UN Development

Programme (UNDP) and UNEPsupportsREDD+ readiness efforts in 49 partnercountries in Africa, Asia-Pacific and LatinAmerica. For example, in anzaniawhereforests and woodlands support the livelihoodsof 87 per cent of the rural poorUNEP-WCMC worked with the government andFAO under UN-REDD to provide trainingin open-source Geographic InformationSystem software and developed a set of mapson carbon stocks, ecosystem services, anddrivers of deforestation to support decision-making on where and how REDD+ mightbe implemented.

Another key development is the Germangovernments commitment of funding toa Green Climate Fund (GCF) ReadinessProgramme, managed by UNEP incollaboration with UNDP and the World

CLIMATE CHANGE

08

01

Range for sectors to limit

global temperature increase.

Power

2.23.9 GtCO2e

Industry1.54.6 GtCO

2e

Transport*

1.72.5 GtCO2e

Buildings

1.42.9 GtCO2e

Waste

about 0.8 GtCO2e

Forestry

1.34.2 GtCO2e

Agriculture

1.14.3 GtCO2e

*including shipping and aviation

Shaded area shows likely range of GtCO2e (66%) to limit global temperature

increase to below 2C during the 21st century.

Annual global total

greenhouse gas emissions

(GtCO2e)

47

44

59

2010 2020Time (years)

Median estimate of

GtCO2e level consistent

with 2 degrees celcius

(range 4147GtCO2e)

Based on results from Bridging the Emissions Gap Report 2011

how to bridge the gapResults from sectoral policy analysis*
http://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/docs/ar5/press_release_ar5_wgi_en.pdfhttp://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://bit.ly/Q5yXTihttp://bit.ly/Q5yXTihttp://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/http://bit.ly/1eD02Twhttp://www.un-redd.org/http://www.un-redd.org/http://bit.ly/1eD02Twhttp://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/http://bit.ly/Q5yXTihttp://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/docs/ar5/press_release_ar5_wgi_en.pdf



Resources Institute. Te GCF wasestablished by the Conference of Parties tothe UNFCCC in 2010 to become the mainglobal fund for financing mitigation andadaptation measures in developing countries.So far, five countries have been supported inthe inception phase, with assistance to nineplanned in total.

The short-term challenge

Outside the formal UNFCCC process,the UNEP-hosted Climate and Clean AirCoalition to Reduce Short-Lived ClimatePollutants (CCAC)provides an opportunityfor quick gains through reducing Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. Scientificevidence indicates that action to reducethese pollutants, in particular methane andblack carbon, could slow down the warmingexpected by 2050 by as much as 0.5C andprovide health, as well as food and energysecurity, co-benefits.

In its second year, the coalition grew to75 partners and approved ten high-impactinitiatives in areas such as municipal solid

Governments have delivered a set ofdecisions that will makea significant impactin reducing emissionsfrom deforestation andforest degradation indeveloping countries and

catalyse actions in thiscritical area of addressingclimate change.

Christiana Figueres, Executive

Secretary of the UN Framework

Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC).

02

01 The Emissions Gap Report

2013 outlined action in specic

areas to cut emissions by 2020.

02 REDD+ activities to reverse

deforestation in countries

like Kenya can reduce emissions.

waste, cookstoves and domestic heating andbrick production. Coalition partners havepledged more than $46 million to the CCACrust Fund. Tis increased political andfinancial commitment has catalyzed action:for example, Nigeria is creating a nationalplanning agency for energy efficiency,dedicated to the coalitions agenda. One areaof focus for the coalition is dirty diesel fuels,a source of black carbon and according to newresearch largely responsible for approximately

3.2 mill ion premature deaths annually.

Contributing tosustainable energy

Another element of UNEPs work onmitigating climate change comes in theform of promoting efficient and renewableenergy, in particular its contribution tothe Sustainable Energy for All Initiative(SE4ALL)the Secretary-Generalsinitiative to provide, by 2030, universalaccess to modern energy services, double

the global rate of improvement in energyefficiency and double renewable energy.

As founding membersof the Climate andClean Air Coalition,Sweden and the UnitedStates are pleased thatthe Coalition, as acomplement to the workon long-lived climate

pollutants, is already

working to catalysesignificant globalreductions of short-livedclimate pollutants.We agreed to redoubleour efforts and inviteothers to join to takefull advantage of theCoalitions potential.

Joint statement from US President

Barack Obama and Swedish Prime

Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt.

CLIMATE CHANGE

09
http://www.unep.org/ccac/http://www.unep.org/ccac/http://www.unep.org/ccac/http://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://www.se4all.org/http://www.se4all.org/http://www.se4all.org/http://www.se4all.org/http://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://bit.ly/1kPt6zrhttp://www.unep.org/ccac/http://www.unep.org/ccac/http://www.unep.org/ccac/



In focus

Switching on

to Efcient Lighting

Sometimes the taskof combating theemissions that cause climate change seemscomplex and overwhelming, yet simple

measures by individuals, businesses andgovernments can make a massive difference.One such achievable measure lies in the switchto efficient lighting.

If all inefficient lamps worldwide werereplaced with energy-efficient devices, globalelectricity demand would be cut by 5 per centand greenhouse gas emissions would dropby an estimated 490 million tonnes of CO

2

annuallyequivalent to shutting down250 large coal-fired power plants.

Progress towards this ideal situation is wellunder way. Some 55 countries have joinedthe en.lighten initiative, a public-privatepartnership between UNEP, OSRAM AG,Philips Lighting and the National Lightingest Centre, with the support of the GlobalEnvironment Facility and the AustralianGovernment. Tese nations have committedto strategies to phase-out inefficient lampsby 2016 and activities have begun in 27countries, including Chile.

In August 2013, Chile adopted a NationalEfficient Lighting Strategy. Te strategyfollows the elements of the en.lightenintegrated policy approach, includingminimum energy performance standards;

monitoring verification and enforcementactivities; and the environmentally soundmanagement of lighting products.

Te first axis of the energy strategyis precisely energy efficiency, saidUndersecretary of Energy, Sergio delCampo Fayet. Facing the challenge ofenergy efficiency has a particular value for

the country, given the l imited resources toproduce electricity.

Te benefits are clear. A transition awayfrom inefficient incandescent lamps tomore efficient lighting would save Chilean estimated $486.4 million each year inenergy costs, cutting 2.8 terawatt hours ofelectricity and 1.2 mill ion tonnes of CO

2

the equivalent of taking 300,000 mid-sizecars off the road.

Similar transformations are taking placeacross the globe. Te Economic Communityof West African States (ECOWAS)established a framework to phase-outinefficient incandescent lamps between 2016and 2020, with savings estimated at $220million in electricity costs annually, and acomparable regional partnership strategybetween eight countries in Central Americahas been adopted.

Many more countries are expected to join thefold to realize the significant energy, financialand CO

2savings potential of phasing

out inefficient lighting in all sectors withinnovative technologies such as light emittingdiodes and controls.

03

04

CLIMATE CHANGE

10
http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/http://www.thegef.org/gef/http://www.thegef.org/gef/http://www.thegef.org/gef/http://www.thegef.org/gef/http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/



Cooperation with SE4ALL deepenedwith the establishment of the EnergyEfficiency Hub (EE Hub) at the UN Cityin Copenhagen. Te Danish Governmentis supporting UNEP and the UNEP RisCentre to establish and manage the hub,backed by an international advisory panel.wo existing UNEP initiatives were praisedas key contributions to SE4ALL in 2013,the first being the en.lighten initiative,which aims to put in place policies phasingout all inefficient incandescent lamps by 2016(see In Focus article for details).

Te second key contribution to SE4ALL isthe Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI),which is working towards doubling of thefuel economy of the global car fleetfroman average of eight litres per 100 kilometresto four litres by 2050. In 2013, a GFEIstatus report showed that Organisation forEconomic Cooperation and Development(OECD) countries are on the way to reachingthis target. 2013 saw the number of GFEIcountry projects increase to 20, supportinggovernments and their partners to put inplace fuel economy policies.

UNEP also works on sustainable energyoutside of its involvement with SE4ALL.For example, the Seed Capital AssistanceFacility (SCAF)is designed to assistentrepreneurs in developing nations overcomefinancing challenges. Te Facilityoperated

along with the Asian Development Bankand the African Development Bank, andfunded by the Global Environment Facility(GEF) and the UN Foundationofferssupport to clean-energy-focused investmentfund managers will ing to include a seedinvestment window within their overallinvestment strategy. Agreements are inplace with six clean-energy investmentfunds, supporting 52 projects. By the end of2013, UNEP had mobilized investments ofapproximately $432million. wo projects areat the construction phase, including the RedCap Kouga Wind Farmone of Africas

largest wind farms, with a potential of up to300MW. Based on such progress, the UKDepartment for International Development(DFID) agreed to support a SCAF II facility,which will make UNEP a key partner withthe commercial investment community.

Building climate resilience

While UNEP strives to reduce the speedand scale of climate change, working withcountries to build resilience to the inevitabletransformations in climate must remain

a major focus.

UNEP is supporting 34 developing countriesin implementing concrete adaptationprojects, and has pioneered ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options to enhance

2012 investmentin renewable energy:$244.4 billion

Chinas renewablesinvestment in 2012:Up 22 per cent to$67 billion

Investments in Southvs North: $112 billionvs $132 billion

Cost of solar photovoltaictechnology dropped by

one thirdSource:Global Trends in

Renewable Energy Investment

2013 Report

03 Constanza Garay lit by a LED

light bulb installed in her makeshift

home in the Lo Espejo district of

Santiago.

04 A street in Santiago,

Chile, lit by LED lighting.

05 The UN City in Copenhagen,

where the Danish government and

UNEP Ris Centre have opened an

Energy Efciency Hub in support

of SE4ALL.

Global FuelEconomy Initiative

Fuel economyimprovementscan save $2 trillion overthe next decade.

Source: Global Fuel Economy

Initiative Working Paper 9.

05

CLIMATE CHANGE

11
http://www.uneprisoe.org/What-We-Do/Thematic-Programmes/SE4All-Energy-Efficiency-Hubhttp://www.uneprisoe.org/What-We-Do/Thematic-Programmes/SE4All-Energy-Efficiency-Hubhttp://www.globalfueleconomy.org/Pages/Homepage.aspxhttp://www.scaf-energy.org/http://www.scaf-energy.org/http://www.kougawindfarm.co.za/http://www.kougawindfarm.co.za/http://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.globalfueleconomy.org/Documents/Publications/WP9_Fuel_Economy_Improvements.pdfhttp://www.globalfueleconomy.org/Documents/Publications/WP9_Fuel_Economy_Improvements.pdfhttp://www.globalfueleconomy.org/Documents/Publications/WP9_Fuel_Economy_Improvements.pdfhttp://www.globalfueleconomy.org/Documents/Publications/WP9_Fuel_Economy_Improvements.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/pdf/GTR-UNEP-FS-BNEF2.pdfhttp://www.kougawindfarm.co.za/http://www.kougawindfarm.co.za/http://www.scaf-energy.org/http://www.scaf-energy.org/http://www.globalfueleconomy.org/Pages/Homepage.aspxhttp://www.uneprisoe.org/What-We-Do/Thematic-Programmes/SE4All-Energy-Efficiency-Hubhttp://www.uneprisoe.org/What-We-Do/Thematic-Programmes/SE4All-Energy-Efficiency-Hub



06 Through the African Carbon Asset

Development Facility, UNEP supported

Nafa Naana, a social enterprise in

Burkina Faso that gets fuel-efcient

stoves to rural communities, thus

reducing forest degradation and indoor

air pollution and its related health risks.

CLIMATE CHANGE

12

05



community resilience and ecosystemfunctions. For example, in Mozambique aUNEP-backed project restored mangrovesand introduced fish and crab farming tobuild resilience in the Xai-Xai district, anarea prone to coastal erosion and flooding.

Food security for the community dependingon the ecosystems services has improved asa direct result. 2013 also saw the launch of ajoint project with the National Developmentand Reform Commission of China to buildclimate resilience using an ecosystem-management approach in three pilotcountries, Mauritania (desert ecosystems),Nepal (mountain ecosystems) and Seychelles(coastal ecosystems).

UNEP is expanding its EbA work to otherecosystems and urban and agricultural areasand, at the first African conference on food

security and climate change adaptation,key regional decision makers backed anEbA approachas a means of ensuring foodsecurity. Te African Ministerial Conferenceon Environment (AMCEN) later adoptedthis decision. African agriculture is highlyvulnerable to climate change and even inthe scenarios of lower-end temperature riseprojections, crop yields are expected to drop10 to 20 per cent by 2050, highlighting theneed for innovative new solutions.

In 2013, UNEP and UNDP, with fundingfrom the Global Environment Facility,

initiated a global programme to advanceNational Adaptation Plans (NAPs)seenas the main mechanism for moving theenhanced adaptation agenda forward. TeNAP Global Support Programme (GSP)provides support to al l Least-DevelopedCountries (LDCs), and also contains acomponent providing one-on-one technicalsupport to LDCs requesting it. o date, 25LDCs have already requested such support.

Last year, UNEP also assisted nine countriesand two regions to complete vulnerabilityand impact assessments, including sixcity-level assessments used by governments.For instance, in Nepals Panchase area anassessment helped partners design EbAinterventions to enhance ecosystem servicesbenefiting local communities. In addition, the

Regional Gateway for echnology ransferand Climate Change Action in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean (REGAA)provided technical assistance to 18 countries

on a range of critical challenges, facilitatedtechnology transfer among over 6,000decision makers and practitioners, andsupported the development of more thana dozen pilot projects in eight countries.

Since UNEPs programme to supportcountries direct access to the AdaptationFund (AF) began in 2010, 19 countriesand one regional entity have been supportedtowards accreditation of their NationalImplementing Entities (NIEs). Ninecountries and one regional entity submittedNIE applications to the AF Board andtwo countries NIEs were accredited.Partnerships were developed with sixmicrofinance institutions in two countriesin Latin America, and investment decision-making processes were created for financingEbA actions by small-scale farmers.Privately financed investments havebegun to flow. Public policy opportunitiesare being identified in order to catalyzelarge-scale EbAs.

Moving forward

Te initiatives highlighted here demonstratethat international cooperation can be scaledup, and are in many ways the beginning ofaccelerated efforts to address a major globalchallenge that cannot be ignored. 2014

07

promises to be a crucial year in the journeyto the new climate agreement, which willenter into force by 2020. UNEP wil l play itspart both in providing the science to reinforce

the evidence base that shows we must act,swiftly and decisively, and in driving forwardwith the many initiatives that show somuch promise in mitigating and adaptingto climate change.

These are just some of the highlights of the

sub-programme, with many more initiatives

under way. For more information, please consult

theProgramme Performance Report 2012

2013 and the comprehensive list of projects

under the Climate Change sub-programme,

which can be found on the Annual Report 2013

website: www.unep.org/annualreport/2013

CLIMATE CHANGE

13

07 A UNEP adaptation project

introduced sh farming in

Mozambiques Xai-Xai district.
http://bit.ly/1ezoGdlhttp://bit.ly/1ezoGdlhttp://www.pnuma.org/regattahttp://www.pnuma.org/regattahttp://www.pnuma.org/regattahttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/Climate_change.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/Climate_change.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/Climate_change.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/Climate_change.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/Climate_change.pdfhttp://www.pnuma.org/regattahttp://www.pnuma.org/regattahttp://www.pnuma.org/regattahttp://bit.ly/1ezoGdlhttp://bit.ly/1ezoGdl



SECTION HEADING

14


DISASTERS AND CONFLICTS

14


Expenditure in 2013

Te 2013 total budget for the Disasters and Conflicts sub-programmewas $25.1 million. otal allocations issued were $17.6 million.otal expenditure was $16.1 million, 91 per cent of allocations.


Fund sources


Budget

5.23

19.62

0.27

Allocations

3.08

0.28

14.25

Expenditures

3.31

12.51

0.29




15

Since the start of the new millennium, the world haswitnessed over 40 major conflicts and 2,500 disasters,

killing millions and affecting over 2 billion more. Notonly do these tragic events destroy infrastructure, causedisplacement and undermine human security, theydegrade or destroy natural resources such as water,land and forests essential for communities to recover.Environmental degradation and the mismanagementof natural resources are themselves risk factors forsparking renewed cycles of conflict and can result infurther environmental damage, thus underminingstability and opportunities for sustainable development.

UNEP aims to minimize such threats to humanwellbeing by supporting governments to reduce risk

factors through better policies, carrying out post-crisisassessments, and building recovery programmes thataddress environmental needs, support peacebuildingand promote long-term sustainable development.Since 2008, the organization has provided post-crisisassistance in over 20 countries.

DISASTERS AND CONFLICTSEnsuring post-crisis environmental recovery


EA (a) Risk ReductionIncreased investment in initiatives using national environmentalmanagement capacities for risk reduction with the assistance of UNEP

BASELINE (2011) 11% increase over Dec 2009 gures ($2.6 million)

TARGET (2013) 50% increase over Dec 2009 gures

ACTUAL 758% ($22.3 million)

EA (b) Post-crisis Assessment

Increased percentage of inter-agency post-crisis needs assessments andnational recovery plans that identify, prioritize and cost environmentalneeds with the assistance of UNEP


75% 90% 85%

EA (c) Post-crisis Recovery

Increased percentage of the total long-term relief and post-crisis recoveryfunding focused on environment and natural resource management andassociated livelihood projects with the assistance of UNEP

BASELINE (2011) 68% increase over Dec 2009 gures ($15 million)

TARGET (2013) 100% increase over Dec 2009 gures

ACTUAL 333% ($65 million)

http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/




16

02

03

Typhoon Haiyan

6,201 people killed,4.1 million displaced

550,928 homes destroyed

$447 million damage toagriculture and fisheries

Source: National Disaster

Risk Reduction and

Management Council,

Philippines

Addressing the environmentalimpact of natural disasters

Natural disasters such as yphoon Haiyan,which struck the Philippines in November2013, can instantaneously wreak havoc ona nation, triggering massive financial lossand leaving death and destruction in theirwake. In a few short days, the typhoonclaimed thousands of lives, flattened homesand businesses, devastated fishing grounds,destroyed agricultural fields and plantations,and contaminated water sources.

Immediately after yphoon Haiyan struck,theJoint UNEP/OCHA EnvironmentUnit (JEU)deployed an EnvironmentalField Advisor (EFA) to the UN DisasterAssessment and Coordination effort toidentify and address emerging environmentalconcerns. Te EFA was embedded in theoverall humanitarian response for six monthsto ensure environmental concerns werebeing addressed. Te unit also deployed aspecialist with oil-spill expertise following amajor spill of an estimated 800,000 l itres ofheavy oil in Estancia, Ili lo, Western Visayas.Te deployment was facilitated through

the European Union Civil ProtectionMechanism to support remediation efforts.

01

Easing the conict burden

Conflicts often erode institutions chargedwith managing the environment and causedirect environmental damage that can cripplea countrys ability to recover. However,the environment and natural resources,if well managed, can be used to ensureprosperous and inclusive economic growth,improve social cohesion and strengthenpolitical stability. In 2013, UNEP continuedto promote rehabilitation and recoveryactivities in countries that have seen theirenvironments affected by a legacy of war.

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, whichhas suffered from years of armed conflict,an estimated 74 per cent of the nationspopulation51 million peopledo not haveaccess to safe drinking water. As a result,thousands die each year from water-bornediseases. In early 2013, the Healthy Vil lagesand Schools programme, the governmentsmain initiative to provide safe drinking waterto rural and peri-urban populations, reachedsome 3,000 villages. Tis operation, withsupport from UNICEF, is now being scaledup: $136 mill ion is earmarked to target an

additional 6,000 vil lages and 1,250 schoolsover the next five years. o support theprogramme, UNEP sent a team that includedexperts from the Swiss Spiez Laboratory
http://www.eecentre.org/http://www.eecentre.org/http://www.eecentre.org/http://www.eecentre.org/




17

01 Typhoon Haiyan left

devastation in its wake, with

huge environmental impacts.

02 Volunteers clean up oil

from a major spill in Estancia,

Philippines, after Typhoon Haiyan.

03 Access to clean drinkingwater is a major challenge in many

rural areas of the Democratic

Republic of Congo.

04 UNEP is assisting post-

conict Afghani communities

to build environmental resilience

into planning.

05 The unregulated charcoal

trade has been identied as a

major driver of deforestation in

the Haiti-Dominican Republic

border zone.

Haiti is keen to

address the problemsin the border area.We recognize that thetransboundary charcoaltrade, soil erosion, anda reduction in landproductivity are complexchallenges that need tobe focused on urgently.

Haitian Environment Minister

Jean Franois Thomas.

and civil society partners, these interventionslink rural livelihoods, cl imate change,disaster risk reduction, natural resourcemanagement, and vi llage- and valley-levelenvironmental planning.

Defusing tensions

UNEP also works to defuse tensions overnatural resources before they can develop,and as such has been working with Haiti andthe Dominican Republic to promote effectivetransboundary natural resource management.

Following the release of a landmark studyonthe 380-kilometre border regioncarriedout by the two governments, UNEP, theWorld Food Programme, and the UnitedNations Development ProgrammeHaitiand the Dominican Republic agreed towork together on countering environmentaldegradation along the border. Te reportidentified four key issues: poverty and foodinsecurity on the Haitian side of the border;soil erosion, deforestation and a degradedmarine environment; weak governance;and economic and resources inequalities.

Recommendationsincluding increasingvegetation cover, promoting sustainableagriculture and regulating the charcoal tradeare to be implemented at an estimated costof $136 million over a five-year period.

04

05

and the India Institute of echnology to testdrinking water quality in high-risk areassuch as the Katanga Copperbelt miningregion, the epicentre of a cholera outbreak.Based on the results and other assessments,UNEP designed a water quality analysisand sampling strategy that will support theexpansion of the project.

In countries such as South Sudan andAfghanistan, where cycles of violencehave contributed to the degradationof the natural resource base, UNEP isworking with the government to improve

environmental management and promotesustainable livelihoods. UNEP has beensupporting the South Sudan Ministry ofAgriculture and Forestry to strengthen forestmanagement on communal lands since 2012.In a country where deforestation rates areamong the highest in the world, UNEPspilot community forest project covers morethan 2,000 square kilometres and engagesmore than 60,000 rural people. Initialassessmentsprior to the violence that brokeout at the end of 2013indicated that forestsare still being cleared for agriculture andcharcoal. UNEP aims to address this problem

by developing simple forest managementplans. In Afghanistan, UNEP is testing fieldinterventions to build environmental andclimate resilience in three regions. Workingdirectly with local communities, government,
http://bit.ly/1kWwDaGhttp://bit.ly/1kWwDaG


22/59

down the challenges and design appropriateinterventions. Te problems, the project teamfound, are many and varied.

Wadi water is not utilized properly asmany of the water systems are outdatedor non-existent, said Aisha AbdulsadiqAbdelmajied from the CBO WomensDevelopment Network, which represents

more than ten communities in Wadi ElKu. Firewood availability is also an issue,requiring travelling long distances andoften raising vulnerability risks for women.

According to Mohamed BasharAbdulrahman from the Voluntary Networkfor Rural Development, these natural-resource problems are a primary reason forinter-community issues.

Scarcity in terms of agricultural land has ledto conflict within the communities. Limitedwater has also led to increased tensionswithin communities, he said. Grazing landis also limited and is known to cause tensionbetween pastoralists and farmers. Improveddam structures and better irrigation systemsare vital for these communities.

Working with the International NGOPractical Action and a committee of Darfuritechnical experts, UNEP is supporting amix of soil, water and forest conservationmeasures that will boost sustainable natural-resource decision making in Wadi El Ku, andcontribute towards economic and livelihoodrecovery. Hopes are high that a rapid impactcan be made in Wadi El Ku and, if operating

conditions and budget allow, the project willexpand to reach many more people.

In focus

Supporting Livelihoods

and Peace in North Darfur

Over the past half-century, Sudans Darfurregion has experienced rapid populationgrowth, periodic drought and, since 2003, a

devastating conflict that has forced over twomillion people to flee. Te concentration ofdisplaced people in nearby camps, coupled

with the regions rapid population growth, hasput further pressure on vital natural resourcessuch as land, water and forest resources.

As this fragility and scarcity of resourcescontributed to conflict in the first place,worsening the natural environment that somany depend on is neither sustainable norsupportive of economic recovery and peace.In an effort to address this, UNEP, togetherwith the European Union and the DarfurRegional Authority, in 2013 launched a

three-year, 6.45 million project to supportrecovery by making natural resources moreaccessible to conflict-affected populations ona sustainable basis.

Conflict over land for agriculture andpasture is one of the root causes of conflictin Darfur, said Remko Vonk, teamleader of the Wadi El Ku Project (WEK).Approaching this issue from the grassrootslevel is important to understand what is reallyhappening.

Te project initially aims to reach 86,000residents from farming, pastoralist and

agro-pastoralist communities in the wadi(a valley or seasonal riverbed). Te projectsinception phase has involved research to pin


18


06

07



Also in Haiti, UNEP provides fundingand technical support to EarthSparkInternational, an organization thatimproves access to affordable energy.

Over 80 per cent of Haitis population isoff-grid, relying on candles, kerosene andtorches with disposable batteries.

EarthSpark International formed a Haitianbrand known as Enji Pwp (Clean Energy)to provide access to small-scale solar productsand efficient cookstoves. Enji Pwp has,since 2010, expanded from one store to102 retailers across the country, selling6,751 products and benefitting nearly 35,000Haitians. Solar-lighting products directlyreplace kerosene, candles and charcoal,resulting in household savings of over $5 permonth. With UNEP support, EarthSparkis aiming to establish an economicallysustainable national-scale social enterprisewith over 300 sales agents.

Policy, education and awareness

Complementing its on-the-ground initiatives,UNEP also works on policy, education andawareness. Last year saw the launch of severalreports and initiatives that will improveunderstanding of how the environmentcan support community resilience anddevelopment, and promote sustainable peace.

In November, UNEP and partners releasedWomen and Natural Resources: Unlocking thePeacebuilding Potential.Women in conflict-affected countries play a critical role in the use

and management of natural resources: theyare the primary providers of water, food andenergy at the household and community levelsand are often the key producers and traders

of natural resources. Te report finds thatnot empowering women in natural resourcemanagement can undermine recovery fromconflict. For example, research shows thatgiving women farmers the same access toassets and finance as men could increaseyields on farms by up to 30 per cent. Inconflict-affected countries, where womensroles in agriculture expand, this could raiseagricultural output and strengthen recoveryand food security.

o target root causes of disaster risk andpromote environmental solutions, UNEP

and the Centre for Natural Resourcesand Development (CNRD) launched aninnovative graduate courseon Disasters,Environment and Risk Reduction, fundedby the European Union and GermanysFederal Ministry for Economic Cooperationand Development. Te course combinesecosystems studies with disaster riskmanagement and climate change adaptationand can be taught within a wide range ofmasters programmes. Within six months ofthe launch, 19 universities in 15 countrieswere delivering the course, includinginstitutions in Indonesia, Egypt and Germany.

UNEP also launched a book entitled TeRole of Ecosystems in Disaster Risk Reductionin collaboration with the United NationsUniversity and the IUCN Commission onEcosystem Management. Te book is the

first of its kind to present an overview on thetopic, combining both scientific research andpractitioners experiences. As a timely andcomprehensive publication on enhancing

climate and disaster resilience, the book hasreceived endorsements from the World Bankas well as key civil society and academicinstitutions.

Finally, awebsiteproviding users withfree access to dozens of case studies as wellas teaching and training materials on therole of natural resources in peacebuildingwas launched on the International Dayfor Preventing the Exploitation of theEnvironment in War and Armed Conflict.

In 2014, UNEP will continue promotingsound natural resource management to help

minimize the r isks of disasters and conflictaround the world, and thus contribute to amore sustainable future.



under way. For more information, please

consult the Programme Performance Report

20122013and the comprehensive list of

projects under the Disasters and Conicts

sub-programme, which can be found on the

Annual Report 2013 website: www.unep.org/

annualreport/2013

06 A boy draws water in

the Wadi El Ku region of Darfur.

07 Water and land for agriculture

and pasture is a major cause of

conict in Darfur.

08 Women have a key role

to play in rebuilding conict-hit

countries.

08


19
http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_UN-Women_PBSO_UNDP_gender_NRM_peacebuilding_report.pdfhttp://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_UN-Women_PBSO_UNDP_gender_NRM_peacebuilding_report.pdfhttp://bit.ly/Q5zW5Uhttp://bit.ly/Q5zW5Uhttp://www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/disasters_conflict.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/disasters_conflict.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/http://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/disasters_conflict.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/annualreport/2013/docs/disasters_conflict.pdfhttp://www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org/http://bit.ly/Q5zW5Uhttp://bit.ly/Q5zW5Uhttp://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_UN-Women_PBSO_UNDP_gender_NRM_peacebuilding_report.pdfhttp://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_UN-Women_PBSO_UNDP_gender_NRM_peacebuilding_report.pdf


24/59UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMEUNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

20

Expenditure in 2013

Te 2013 total budget for the Ecosystem Management sub-programmewas $33.3 million. otal allocations issued were $48 million.

otal expenditure was $39 million, 81 per cent of allocations.


Fund sources


Budget

18.11

14.16

0.98

Allocations

14.78

32.16

1.06

Expenditures

14.75

23.15

1.10




21

Ecosystemsthe complex interdependentwebs of living organisms and natural resourcesplay a critical role in supporting human wellbeingand driving economic growth through the valuableservices they provide such as food, water for drinkingand irrigation, pollination and climate regulation.Yet human society has systematically underminedthese natural allies, treating forests, arable land andrivers as though they are inexhaustible.

As climate change begins to bite, altering weatherpatterns and putting more pressure on ecosystems,sustainable management of these natural resourceswill become ever more crucial. Tere is no doubtthat the post-2015 sustainable development agenda

cannot be achieved without healthy and functioningecosystems. UNEP assists governments to ensurethat their ecosystems are conserved and sustainablymanaged to ensure long-term human wellbeing andeconomic growth.

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTSupporting human wellbeing through healthy ecosystems

Results achieveD against expected accomplishments

EA (a) Capacities to integrate EcosystemsManagement into Development

Increased number of national and regional development planningprocesses that consider ecosystem services as a component for sustainabledevelopment with the assistance of UNEP


14 19 22

EA (b) Building Capacities to use EcosystemManagement Tools

(i) Increased number of countries addressing ecosystem degradationthrough the application of UNEP-supported ecosystem managementtools with the assistance of UNEP


10 20 23

(ii) Increased number of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems managed tomaintain or restore ecosystem services with the assistance of UNEP


8 18 17

EA (c) Ecosystem services & financing

Increased number of national and regional planning instruments thatinclude commitments and targets to integrate ecosystem managementat the national, regional and sectoral levels with the assistance of UNEP


6 16 6*

*Actual target value is the same as the baseline value due to absence of data

http://www.unep.org/ecosystemmanagement/http://www.unep.org/ecosystemmanagement/http://www.unep.org/ecosystemmanagement/



We measure

what we treasure

A large part of UNEPs work lies inproviding science and support to assistgovernments in incorporating the value ofnaturenatural capital, as it is knowninto economic and developmental policies,thus creating long-term sustainable growththrough conservation of these resources.

Rio+20 placed natural capital higher onthe global agenda in 2012, with UNEPand partners launching two high-profileinitiatives: theInclusive Wealth Report, which

looked beyond the limited yardstick ofGross Domestic Product and showed thatgrowth in many countries is coming at theexpense of dwindling natural resources; andthe Natural Capital Declaration, throughwhich 40 financial institutions have nowpledged to build into investment decisionsan understanding of how nature props up theworld economy.

Te movement gained momentum in 2013as the UNEP-hosted IntergovernmentalScience-Policy Platform on Biodiversityand Ecosystem Services (IPBES), establishedjust prior to Rio+20, moved towardsimplementation. IPBES, which now has118 member states, established an ambitiousfive-year work programme and pledgeswere made totalling more than half of the

Teres an old saying:

We measure whatwe treasure. Toughwe profess to treasurebiodiversity, mostnations have yet todevote or acquire theresources needed to

properly measure andassess it along withthe value of ecosystemservices. Correcting thatis a priority assignmentfrom the worldcommunity to IPBES.

Dr. Zakri Abdul Hamid,

Chair of IPBES.

total $43.5 million required at a meeting in

urkey in December 2013. Te body agreedto develop a set of fast-track assessmentson pollination and food production, landdegradation and invasive species, all of whichwill begin in 2014, as part of its mandate toprovide decision makers with scientificallycredible and independent information.

While IPBES is starting its work,Te Economics of Ecosystems andBiodiversity (EEB), requested in 2007 bythe G8 plus five developing countries, hasalready demonstrated the economic damageunsustainable management of naturalresources inflicts on the global economy.A report by rucost on behalf of theEEB for Business Coalitionin April2013 estimated the top 100 environmentalexternalities (a consequence of an industrialor commercial activity that is not reflectedin the cost of the goods or services involved)cost around $4.7 trillion a year in terms ofgreenhouse gas emissions, loss of naturalresources, and the loss of nature-based services.

Adding to the evidence base, a February2013 EEB study initiated by the RamsarConvention on Wetlands revealed that half ofthe worlds wetlands have been destroyed since

the beginning of the nineteenth centuryto make way for intensive agriculture,urbanization and industrializationbecausethey are essentially economically invisible.

01 Nature provides all manner

of services to humanity, such as

timber and nurseries for sh in

mangrove ecosystems.

02 Healthy ocean ecosystems

are essential for sustainable

development.

01

TOP five ENVIRONMENTAL

EXTERNALITIES

1. EASTERN ASIA

Coal power generation

Cost, impact: $361 billon, greenhouse gases

2. SOUTH AMERICA

Cattle ranching and farming

Cost: $312 billon, Land use

3. EASTERN ASIA

Iron and steel mills

Cost, impact: $216 billon, greenhouse gases

4. SOUTHERN ASIA

Wheat farming

Cost, impact: $214 billon, water

5. NORTHERN AMERICA

Coal power generationCost, impact: $201 billon, greenhouse gases

Source: Natural Capital at Risk:

The Top 100 Externalities of Business


22
http://bit.ly/OZMpa7http://www.naturalcapitaldeclaration.org/http://www.ipbes.net/http://www.ipbes.net/http://www.ipbes.net/http://www.teebweb.org/publication/teeb-scoping-study-for-georgia-main-findings-and-way-forward/http://www.teebweb.org/publication/teeb-scoping-study-for-georgia-main-findings-and-way-forward/http://www.teebforbusiness.org/js/plugins/filemanager/files/TEEB_Final_Report_v5.pdfhttp://www.teebforbusiness.org/js/plugins/filemanager/files/TEEB_Final_Report_v5.pdfhttp://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/TEEB_WaterWetlands_Report_2013.pdfhttp://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/TEEB_WaterWetlands_Report_2013.pdfhttp://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/TEEB_WaterWetlands_Report_2013.pdfhttp://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/TEEB_WaterWetlands_Report_2013.pdfhttp://www.teebforbusiness.org/js/plugins/filemanager/files/TEEB_Final_Report_v5.pdfhttp://www.teebforbusiness.org/js/plugins/filemanager/files/TEEB_Final_Report_v5.pdfhttp://www.teebweb.org/publication/teeb-scoping-study-for-georgia-main-findings-and-way-forward/http://www.teebweb.org/publication/teeb-scoping-study-for-georgia-main-findings-and-way-forward/http://www.ipbes.net/http://www.ipbes.net/http://www.ipbes.net/http://www.naturalcapitaldeclaration.org/http://bit.ly/OZMpa7



Attitudes are changing, however, thanks

to the work of UNEP, EEB and manyothers. Nations such as Brazil, Germany,the Netherlands, Norway and Swedenhave initiated studies to assess and valuetheir natural capital, while others such asBhutan, Ecuador, Liberia, the Phil ippinesand anzania have expressed interest inundertaking EEB scoping studies. TeConference on the Gaborone Declarationfor Sustainability in Africa in Octoberagreed to begin assigning monetary value tothe benefits provided by natural resources,including ecosystems such as forests,grasslands, and coral reefs. UNEP has begun

implementing the development of a forestresource account in Gabon and intends tocomplete the work by December 2014.

Incentives can pay dividends

Payment for Ecosystem Services, incentivesoffered to farmers or landowners forsustainable land management, is animportant tool for policymakers who wish toconserve their natural capital. UNEP worksuch asTe Project for Ecosystem Services(ProEcoServ)in 2013 further built the case

for how ecosystem services can be integratedwith conventional development planning andprocesses through pilot projects in rinidadand obago, Chile, Vietnam, South Africaand Lesotho. Also, in Senegalwhereforest cover declined by 2.3 per cent, or

about 40,000 hectares per year, from 2000

to 2005UNEP helped designa taxationscheme and compensation mechanism tocontribute to sustainable management offorest ecosystems.

Water is life

So many of the worlds natural treasures liein seas, oceans and inland water systems,and UNEP addresses the health of thesesystems in many different ways. For example,the UNEP Regional Seas Programmeaddresses the degradation of the worldsoceans and coastal areas through promotingtheir sustainable management and use.More than 143 countries participate in 18Regional Seas Conventions and ActionPlans, and in 2014 a host of awareness-raising events are planned celebrate the40th anniversary of the programme andaccelerate the shift to healthier and moreproductive oceans.Te Global Programmeof Action for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment from Land-based Activities(GPA)in 2013 targeted major threats to thehealth, productivity and biodiversity of themarine and coastal environment resulting

from human activities on land. Troughefforts such as the Global Partnershipon Nutrient Management , the GlobalWastewater Initiative and the GlobalPartnership on Marine Litter, the GPAfocused on reducing pollution from nutrients,

La Montaona is the

lung of Chalate, andthe source of water forthe 60.000 inhabitantswho live in the sevenmunicipalities thatmake up the communityassociation of La

Montaona. It is atreasure for Chalateand it is therefore a bigresponsibility for us totake care of the forest.

Rosa Cndida de Menjvar, Mayor

of Las Vueltas, La Montaona.

02


23

wastewater, and marine litter. Work in 2013

saw the Northwest Pacific Action Plan(NOWPAP) on Marine Litter strengthenregional cooperation among China, Japan,the Republic of Korea and Russia, and, withsupport from the GPA, develop three reportson marine l itter, including Best Practicesfor Prevention of Marine Litter Input fromLand-based Sources in the NOWPAPRegion.

Te Spain-UNEP Partnership on ProtectedAreas in Support of LifeWeb, whichcontributes to the Aichi Biodiversity arget11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity(by 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial andinland water, and 10 per cent of coastal andmarine areas, conserved through protectedareas), is another important initiative, andit has been active in Africa, Latin Americaand the Caribbean and Asia for threeyears. One 2013 highlight was a study inthe Conservation Area La Montaona, ElSalvador, which estimated the benefits ofecosystem services in the area at $90 millionand also trained farmers in environmentallyfriendly production methods.

In a step forward for the Aichi Biodiversityargets, Haiti, after technical support fromUNEP, last year created its first nine marine

protected areas (MPA). Haiti was previouslythe only Caribbean country without a singlemarine protected area. Te establishmentof this new MPA network will also set thefoundation to boost growth, reproductionand biodiversity as well as support the
http://www.proecoserv.org/http://www.proecoserv.org/http://www.ese-valuation.org/index.php/ese-unit/42-project-for-the-improvement-and-valorization-of-forest-ecosystem-services-pasef/67-project-for-the-improvement-and-valorization-of-forest-ecosystem-services-pasefhttp://www.unep.org/regionalseas/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.cearac-project.org/RAP_MALI/Brochure_on_best_practices_english.pdfhttp://www.gpa.org/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.gpa.org/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/http://www.ese-valuation.org/index.php/ese-unit/42-project-for-the-improvement-and-valorization-of-forest-ecosystem-services-pasef/67-project-for-the-improvement-and-valorization-of-forest-ecosystem-services-pasefhttp://www.proecoserv.org/http://www.proecoserv.org/


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In Focus

Georgia leads the

way in valuingits natural capital

georgia, nestled among the soaringCaucasus Mountains, is one of natures gems.Spiked with towering snow-covered peaks,over 40 per cent of its territory is coveredby forests and it boasts over 26,000 rivers,260 lakes and bubbling thermal and mineralsprings. Small wonder it belongs to one of 34globally significant biodiversity hotspotsidentified by Conservation International.

Tese rich natural resources are not just

pleasing to the eye, however. Te ecosystemservices they provide serve as a powerfulengine of economic growth in sectors suchas agriculture, energy, tourism, mining, andforestry. For example, Georgias agriculturesectorso dependent on irrigation and ferti lesoilemploys 53 per cent of the workforceand is the main vehicle for rural development.Georgia recognized the importance of theseservices when it embraced Te Economicsof Ecosystems and Biodiversity (EEB),partnering with UNEP and the WWF tocarry out a scoping studythat in October2013 identified the dependence of these five

key sectors on natural capital.

Most of these services are consideredfree and, therefore, they are not seen orare undervalued in decision-making, saidKhatuna Gogaladze, Georgias Ministerof Environment and Natural ResourcesProtection. Unsustainable use of this capital,or investments aiming at short-term revenues,could cause significant loss and irreversibledegradation of these natural resources, whichin turn will definitely destroy the principles ofsustainable development and prevent economicgrowth of the country in the long-term.

Ms. Gogaladze identified the main threatsfacing her countrys ecosystems as destruction

and degradation of habitats by infrastructuredevelopment, logging, degradation ofwater systems, pollution and overgrazing

in line with the findings of the EEB study.While Georgias economy has enjoyedstrong growth, posting a 6.2 per centincrease in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)in 2012 according to the National StatisticsOffice, the minister feels traditional growthindicators do not take the damage into account.

Te true value of natural capital andthe important economic contributions ofecosystems are not fully captured by GDP,as ecosystem services are predominantlypublic goods with no markets and no prices,she said. So, their loss is often not detected

by our current economic indicators andincentive systems, and unsustainable useof natural resources can even result in anincrease of a countrys GDP while it actuallybecomes poorer.

By including the value of the environmentinto wealth estimates and macroeconomicindicators, such as GDP, governments canensure that their development strategiesdeliver sustainable and inclusive growth,she added. While the scoping exercise wasonly intended to set the stage for a full study,Ms. Gogaladze said the results had been

incorporated in the National BiodiversityStrategy and Action Plan of Georgia for2014-2020. Ms. Gogaladze said she expectedEEB to help develop policies orientedtowards sustainable development andbring economic benefits in the medium-and longer-term.

It is in the interests of both developed anddeveloping countries to start incorporatingnatural capital into their national developmentpolicies and national accounts to makeenlightened policy decisions, she said.We think that Georgia can be an examplefor other countries to engage in the EEBprocess.


24


03 04
http://bit.ly/1gu6JeThttp://bit.ly/1gu6JeT



development of sustainable blue tourism.UNEP wil l support the government toimplement the new network.

Ten UNEP through the Secretariat ofthe Coordinating Body on the Seas ofEast Asia (COBSEA) assisted Cambodia,China, Indonesia, Philippines, Tailandand Vietnam in facing challenges of coastalerosion and sea-level rise. Te projectdeveloped a resource document, which helpedcountries introduce basic concepts of coastaland marine spatial planning and into existing

procedures and processes.

The moral obligation

Preserving biodiversity and ecosystems isnot just about maintaining economic value,as humanity has a moral responsibility tominimize the harm its expansion causesto other life forms. UNEP hosts threeMultilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs) that contribute to this goal: theConvention on Migratory Species, theConvention on Biological Diversity, andthe Convention on International rade inEndangered Species of Flora and Fauna.2013 highlights from the conventions can befound on page 36 of this report.

Alongside the conventions, the Great ApesSurvival Partnership (GRASP)a globalalliance headed by UNEP and the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO)works to protectgreat apes and their forest homes in Africaand Asia. In March, GRASP launched Stolen

Apes: Te Illicit rade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas,Bonobos and Orangutans, the first report togauge the scale and scope of the black market.

Stolen Apes estimated that nearly 3,000 greatapes are lost from the wild each year throughillegal activity, and established links to otherinternational criminal networks. GRASP

also promoted conflict-sensitive conservation,spearheading projects such as the ai-Saporans-boundary Initiative between Liberiaand Cte dIvoire to protect a forest complexthat is home to the Western chimpanzee andother endangered species.

Looking forward

UNEP will in 2014 continue to advanceglobal efforts to sustainably manageecosystems and biodiversity through the

advancement of existing initiatives, byfor example publishing the next issueof theInclusive Wealth Reportto advancegovernments understanding of the needfor a paradigm shift in how economicgrowth is measured to include the valueof natural capital.

New initiatives will a lso gather pace:for example on pastoralism, which hasreceived little attention or investment despitebeing a key ecosystems land-managementoption practiced on vast tracts of landand contributing to regional and local

development. UNEP is partnering withthe International Union for Conservationof Nature and the World Alliance ofIndigenous Peoples to catalyze policyreforms that will transit pastoralism toan important element of the green economyand allow it to fulfil its social, economicand environmental potential.



under way. For more information, please

consult the Programme Performance Report

20122013and the comprehensive list of

projects under the Ecosystem Management

sub-programme, which can be found on the

Annual Report 2013 website: www.unep.org/

annualreport/2013

22,218 great apes,mainly chimps,have been lost fromthe wild since 2005

Great ape habitat isbeing lost at the rateof 2-5 per cent annually

By 2030 less than10 per cent of the currentrange will remain goingby current trends

Source: Stolen Apes: The Illicit

Trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas,

Bonobos and Orangutans

03 Georgias Environment

Minister Khatuna Gogaladze

is committed to valuing the

nations natural capital, which is

under threat from infrastructure

development and logging.

04 Habitat degradation is a

threat to Georgias natural capital

05 Apes are disappearing from

the wild at an alarming rate due to

black market activity.

06 Pastoralism is set to be a

new area of focus in 2014.

05

06


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30/59UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMEUNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

26

Expenditure in 2013

Te 2013 total budget for the Environmental Governance sub-programme was $42.1 million. otal al locations issued were $58.2

million. otal expenditure was $42.6 million, 73 per cent of allocations.


Fund sources


Budget

20.81 19.54

1.76

Allocations

20.40

35.83

1.97

Expenditures

1.96



(ii) Number of national and sectoral development policies and othernational and sector policy instruments containing objectives, targets andactions to integrate pro-poor environmental sustainability


22 25 83

(iii) Number of countries with United Nations development assistanceframeworks that show how development goals can be supported throughenvironmental interventions


0 3 25

EA (d) Sound Science for Decision making

(i) Increased number of UNEP-led or UNEP-supported environmentalassessments cited in academic writings, leading newspapers and otherrelevant media


62 65 5,120

(ii) Percentage of researchers participating in UNEP environmentalassessments who come from developing countries and countries witheconomies in transition


55% 56% 48%

ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

27

ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCEStrengthening global governance in an interconnected world

Managing the planets rich and diverse naturalresources and managing environmental threatsin a globalized world of interconnected nations,

economies and people requires stronger global,regional, national and local responses involving a widerange of actors. Effective environmental governance atall levels is critical to prompt and coordinate responsesand UNEPs mandate is to be the leading globalenvironmental authority promoting and strengtheningthis governance. UNEP delivers expert scientificassessments, and assists member states to implementtheir environmental obligations and develop theirpolicies, laws and institutions to place environmentalsustainability at the heart of development.


EA (a) International Policy Setting(i) Increased number of coordinated approaches to environmental issuestargeted by UNEP that are addressed in a complementary manner byother United Nations entities and multilateral environmental agreements


10 13 14

(ii) Increased number of inter-agency partnerships and joint initiativesbetween UNEP and other United Nations entities to tacklecomplementary environmental issues


30 35 34

(iii) Increased number of coordination activities concerning environmentalissues addressed under the Environmental Management Group,the Chief Executives Board for Coordination and United NationsDevelopment Group that are being acted upon by partner UnitedNations entities


8 11 17

(iv) Increased number of joint initiatives undertaken by multilateralenvironmental agreement secretariats and UNEP showing progresstowards measurable environmental outcomes


25 27 30

EA (b) Strengthening