unep-wcmc technical report eu wildlife trade...

UNEP-WCMC technical report

EU Wildlife Trade 2014

Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2014

2

EU Wildlife Trade 2014: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2014

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional

Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium

Published September 2016

Copyright European Commission 2016

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2016. EU Wildlife Trade 2014: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’

annual reports to CITES 2014.

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity

assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost

intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years,

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Contents

Executive summary .............................................................................................................................................. 4

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................7

2. Overview of CITES imports ............................................................................................................................. 11

EU Member States ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Candidate countries ........................................................................................................................................ 16

3. Overview of CITES (re-)exports ..................................................................................................................... 18

EU Member States ........................................................................................................................................... 18

Candidate countries ....................................................................................................................................... 26

4. Species showing noteworthy trends ............................................................................................................. 29

5. Species valuation ............................................................................................................................................. 55

6. Non-CITES trade ............................................................................................................................................ 67

Annex A: Conversion factors .............................................................................................................................. 73

Annex B: Glossary ................................................................................................................................................ 73

Annex C: Country/territory name abbreviations ............................................................................................. 73

Annex D: Purpose and source codes ................................................................................................................ 74

Annex E: Coral taxa selected on the basis of trade reported at the higher taxonomic level ....................... 75

Annex F: Valuation methodology overview ..................................................................................................... 76

Executive summary

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Executive summary This report provides a detailed analysis of the trade data submitted by EU Member States and candidate countries in their annual reports to CITES for 2014.

Overview of EU imports

Artificially propagated leaves and stems, wild-sourced reptile leather products and wild-sourced bark

were also imported at notable levels in 2014.

Overview of EU exports

The EU reported just under 200 000 (re-)export transactions in 2014, more than twice the number of

imports, these were predominately re-exports for commercial purposes.

Wild-sourced (re-)exports originating in the EU in 2014 were also mainly for commercial purposes, with

the remainder mainly comprising Ursus arctos hunting trophies and trade for scientific purposes. The

majority of (re-)exports of Annex A taxa were captive-produced or artificially propagated for commercial

purposes, with seeds the most highly traded Annex A commodity.

Species showing noteworthy trends

Just under 95 000 import transactions were reported in 2014 by the EU. Live

plants, leaves and stems were the most highly traded commodities, followed

by reptile skins and timber. The majority of imports were wild-sourced.

Live plants, reptile small leather products and live fish eggs were the

commodities (re-)exported at the highest quantities overall. As in 2013,

Tridacna maxima (Small giant clam) was the species (re-)exported by the EU

at the highest levels from the wild in 2014.

In 2014, 61 taxa showed noteworthy trends in EU imports of wild or ranched

specimens. These primarily comprised mammals, reptiles, corals and plants

including four in Annex A (Box 1.1).. Over half of the taxa selected were also

selected in the 2013 Analysis.

Executive summary

5

Trends in EU and candidate country imports of wild-sourced and

ranched specimens were considered noteworthy according to the

following criteria: high volume (also accounting for global threat

status) and/or sharp increases in imports in 2014.

Species valuation

For the first time, this analsysis developed a methodology to estimate of the value of plant trade to the

EU. To estimate the monetary value of EU trade in animal CITES-listed species in 2014, species-specific

value data (submitted to US Customs and included within the US annual report to CITES) were applied

to EU-reported import and export volumes. This was done for plants using prices gathered from online

commerce websites.

The most valuable commodities by total value were leather products and skins for imports and garments

for exports.

The most valuable commodities imported were live plants, bark and timber while export value was

dominated by carvings and live plants.

Non-CITES trade

EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2014 principally comprised Annex D reptile

skins, dried plants and plant derivatives, the majority of which were reported without a source or

purpose specified. Species imported at notable levels include Homalopsis buccata (Marked water snake),

with imports of skins increasing by 14% compared to 2013, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry), with

imports of leaves by weight exceeding 100 000 kg in 2014.

The financial value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals and animal products

(excluding caviar extract) in 2014 was estimated at ~EUR641 million

(USD717) million, with animal exports (excluding caviar extract) estimated to

be more than double, at approximately ~EUR 1.1 billion (USD1.2 billion). For

plants, imports were valued at ~EUR 261 million (USD286 million) while

exports were valued at ~EUR 91 million (USD102 million).

In 2014, non-CITES imports primarily comprised reptile skins, dried plants and

plant derivatives. Of the six non-CITES species exported, the top species in

trade was Columba livia (Rock dove) with exports increasing by over five-fold

between 2013 and 2014. .

Box 1.1. Taxa showing noteworthy

patterns of EU imports in 2014.

Mammals: 13 (4 Annex A)

Birds: 1

Reptiles: 17

Amphibians: 1

Fish: 6

Invertebrates: 13 (inc. 10 corals)

Plants: 10

*Also selected on the basis of EU

imports

Executive summary

6

Eight non-CITES Annex A and B taxa were imported by the EU in 2014; as in previous years the top

taxon in trade was Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider), imported as live animals primarily for

scientific purposes.

Six non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes were exported in 2014; the majority of trade comprised live,

captive-bred Columba livia (Rock dove) traded for commercial purposes.

Candidate Countries

The number of import transactions reported by candidate countries increased by two-thirds in 2014

relative to 2013. The top commodity imported by candidate countries in 2014 were wild-sourced Python

reticulatus (Reticulated python) skins.

Over 850 export transactions were reported by Candidate countries in 2014, and the main commodity

exported was wild-sourced Galanthus (Snowdrop) species.

One Annex A and eight Annex B taxa met the criteria for selection on the basis of a high volume of trade

or sharp increase in trade reported by candidate countries.

Imports by candidate countries in 2014 were also analysed in the context of EU Regulations in effect at

the time of analysis. Two candidate countries reported imports of taxa in 2014 that were subject to EU

import suspensions (eight taxon/origin country combinations), and one candidate country imported

taxa for which negative opinions are currently in place (12 taxon/origin country combinations).

Introduction

7

1. Introduction This report provides a comprehensive overview of international wildlife trade by EU Member States and candidate countries1 in 2014 (Figure 1.1). Species under international trade management are listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations2, which enforce CITES in the EU. The aim of this analysis is to inform future trade management in the EU, in order to ensure that international trade in wildlife is sustainable.

This report comprises a broad overview of the EU and candidate countries’ trade in 2014; an analysis of

species showing noteworthy trends in imports of wild-sourced, ranched, unspecified and unknown

specimens;

a detailed summary of wild-sourced and high volume exports;

an analysis of the economic value of EU imports and exports in 2014;

an overview of trade in species listed in the EU Annexes but not listed in CITES.

For the first time, this report provides an estimate of the economic value of the plant trade. A detailed

listing of possible discrepancies in imports reported by Member States and candidate countries

compared to data reported by exporting countries is also included in an Addendum. A web version of

the report is available at http://euanalysis2014.unep-wcmc.org/.

Figure 1.1. EU Member States (28) and candidate countries (5) in 2014. Overseas territories outside the European region are not shown.

1 Five countries were candidate countries to the EU in 2014. 2 During 2014, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 amended by (EU) No 1158/2012, and Implementing Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 amended by (EC) No 100/2008, (EU) No 791/2012 and (EU) No 792/2012.

<all other values>

Member States to the EU

Candidate Countries

http://euanalysis2014.unep-wcmc.org/

Introduction

8

Data included

Data on trade in species listed in the CITES Appendices/EU Annexes are reported by Parties in their

annual reports to CITES and made available via the CITES Trade Database3. The data used for the

analysis were extracted from the CITES Trade Database on the 11th April 2016, following the submission

of CITES annual reports by Member States and key trading partners. The analysis includes data from all

28 Member States and the four candidate countries (FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey)

that had submitted their annual reports for 2014 at the time of data extraction. All trade data submitted

by EU Member States in their 2014 annual reports to CITES is available via the CITES Trade Database

and also via the 2014 EU Annual Report to CITES, which can be downloaded from the EU Analysis

website: http://euanalysis2014.unep-wcmc.org/eu-annual-report-2014/

Table 1.1 provides details of the annual reports submitted by EU Member States for 2014; the 96 non-EU

CITES Parties (including candidate countries) and dependent territories that had submitted their annual

reports for 2014 at the time of the analysis are included within Table 1.2. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 also indicate

whether each report was compiled on the basis of actual trade or permits issued. Twenty-nine per cent

of EU Member States specified that their report was compiled on the basis of actual trade only,

compared to 8% of non-EU Parties; the majority of non-EU Parties (58%) did not specify the basis of

reporting, compared to 29% of EU Member States.

Table 1.1. Details of CITES annual reports for 2014 submitted by EU Member States.

Member State Received Basis

Austria 12/06/2015 Actual trade

Belgium 29/06/2015 -

Bulgaria 22/07/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Croatia 15/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Cyprus 19/06/2015 -

Czech Republic 15/06/2015 Actual trade

Denmark 01/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Estonia 12/06/2015 Permits issued

Finland 15/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

France 17/08/2015 -

Germany 05/05/2015 Actual trade

Greece 27/05/2015 -

Hungary 12/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Ireland 24/03/2015 Permits issued

Member State Received Basis

Italy 12/06/2015 Permits issued

Latvia 25/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Lithuania 16/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Luxembourg 15/06/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Malta 12/06/2015 -

Netherlands 10/06/2015 Actual trade

Poland 24/08/2015 -

Portugal 15/09/2015 -

Romania 15/06/2015 -

Slovakia 07/07/2015

Permits

issued/Actual trade

Slovenia 11/06/2015 Actual trade

Spain 22/06/2015 Actual trade

Sweden 24/07/2015 Actual trade

United Kingdom 15/06/2015 Actual trade

Key: ‘--’ = not specified

3 http://trade.cites.org/

http://euanalysis2014.unep-wcmc.org/eu-annual-report-2014/

http://trade.cites.org/

Introduction

9

Table 1.2. Third-party CITES annual reports for 2014 available at the time of analysis (11th April 2016)

Country/Territory Basis of reporting

Algeria -

Australia Permits issued/Actual trade

Bahamas Permits issued

Barbados -

Belarus -

Bhutan -

Bolivia, Plurinational State of * -

Bonaire -

Bosnia And Herzegovina** Actual trade

Botswana -

Brazil Permits issued

Cambodia -

Cameroon* Permits issued

Canada -

Cape Verde* -

Central African Republic* -

Chile Actual trade

China -

Colombia Permits issued

Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The* Permits issued

Cote D’Ivoire* Permits issued/Actual trade

Cuba -

Dominican Republic -

Ecuador -

El Salvador -

Ethiopia* -

Fiji -

Gabon Permits issued

Georgia -

Ghana -

Greenland Permits issued

Guinea* -

Guinea-Bissau* -

Guyana Actual trade

Hong Kong -

Iceland* -

India -

Indonesia -

Iran, Islamic Republic of* -

Iraq* -

Jamaica Permits issued

Japan -

Jordan Actual trade/Permits issued

Kenya Permits issued

Kuwait Permits issued

Liberia* -

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -

Macao -

Country/Territory Basis of reporting

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of* Permits issued/Actual trade

Madagascar Actual trade/Permits issued

Malaysia Permits issued/Actual trade

Mali Permits issued

Mauritania -

Mexico Permits issued

Moldova, Republic Of -

Mongolia -

Montenegro -

Mozambique* -

Myanmar -

Namibia Actual trade

Nepal* Permits issued

New Zealand Permits issued

Nicaragua -

Norway Permits issued/Actual trade

Pakistan -

Palau* -

Panama Permits issued/Actual trade

Peru -

Philippines Permits issued

Qatar -

Rwanda -

Samoa* Permits issued

San Marino -

Serbia Actual trade

Sierra Leone* -

Singapore Permits issued

South Africa -

Sri Lanka Permits issued/Actual trade

St Kitts And Nevis* -

Suriname Permits issued/Actual trade

Swaziland Permits issued/Actual trade

Tanzania, United Republic Of* Actual trade

Thailand -

Thailand* -

Tunisia -

Turkey Permits issued

United Arab Emirates -

United States Actual trade

Uruguay Permits issued

Uzbekistan Permits issued

Vanuatu* -

Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic Of -

Viet Nam Permits issued

Yemen* -

Zambia Actual trade

Zimbabwe -

*reported exports only; **reported imports only; ‘--‘not specified

Introduction

10

Data on trade between EU Member States were excluded from the analysis4. Trade recorded as a

seizure/confiscation (source ‘I’) was also excluded, as reporting is inconsistent and data are therefore

incomplete within the CITES Trade Database. Trade in artificially propagated Appendix II and III plants

and re-exports of Appendix II and III manufactured articles was excluded from certain sections of the

analysis; where this is the case, this is specified in the introductory paragraph of the relevant chapter.

Where appropriate, conversion factors were applied to terms and units to facilitate analysis (see Annex

A). Further methodological detail relating to Chapter 5 (Species valuation) is included in Annex F.

Throughout the report quantities have been rounded to whole numbers, where applicable, unless

otherwise specified.

Terminology

Terminology used in the report is defined in Annex B. Throughout the text, certain country names have

been abbreviated; a key to these abbreviations is provided in Annex C. “Region” refers to CITES region5.

Explanations of CITES source and purpose codes, as defined in Annex IX of Regulation (EC) No

865/2006, are included in Annex D. In several instances the “top commodity” or “top taxon” in trade are

referred to, meaning the commodity or taxon traded in the highest number of units, respectively;

whether they be, for example, numbers of live animals, cubic metres of timber or kilograms of meat.

4 EU Member States are not required to report on trade within the EU, but some do, and this data is included within the CITES Trade Database. 5 According to http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php.

http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php

Overview of CITES imports

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2. Overview of CITES imports This chapter provides an overview of imports of CITES-listed species reported by EU Member States and candidate countries in 2014. Member States reported approximately the same number of import transactions as in 2013, demonstrating the consistent importance of the EU market. Live plants were the most highly traded commodity by the EU; of which the majority of imports were wild-sourced.

In both this chapter and Chapter 3, the first section focuses initially on numbers of trade transactions

recorded within annual reports, followed by an overview of trade by commodities. The overview of the

transactions (i.e. number of shipments in trade) is included in order to provide a broad overview of the

character of trade that is uncomplicated by the variety of different commodity types and units of

measure reported. However, it is important to note that the number of transactions does not provide

any indication of the quantity of items in trade, as a single transaction may vary from one trophy to 500

cubic meters of timber to 10 000 leather products. The analysis of trade in particular commodities

therefore focuses on the quantity of items in trade.

This chapter considers both direct and indirect imports.

EU Member States

Transactions In 2014, just under 95 000 import transactions were reported by Member States in their annual reports

to CITES; as in 2013, the majority of transactions in 2014 involved either wild-sourced (52%) or captive-

produced /artificially propagated commodities (36%; Figure 2.1) and were for commercial purposes

(95%; Figure 2.2). The total number of import transactions reported by Member States remained

constant between 2013 and 2014. A total of 3177 different taxa were imported by Member States in 2014,

of which 73% were plants.


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Figure 2.1. Number of EU import transactions reported by EU Member States by source, 2005 - 2014. ‘Captive -produced’ includes source ‘C’, ‘A’, ‘D’ and ‘F’; ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’,‘U’ and trade reported without a source.

Figure 2.2. Number of import transactions reported by EU Member States by purpose in 2014. ‘Other’ includes purpose ‘B’, ‘E’, ‘G’, ‘M’, ‘N’, ‘Q’, ‘S’, ‘Z’ and trade reported without a purpose.

Top commodities When quantities are analysed, plants dominate the trade, with live plants, leaves and stems emerging as

the top commodities imported by the EU in 2014, as in 2013 (Table 2.1. Reptile skins and bark reported by

weight were also imported at levels greater than one million units in 2014. Reptile skins were imported

at similar levels in 2013, however lower imports of bark by weight were reported. This chapter provides

further details on commodities exceeding one million units in 2014.

Table 2.1. Top 10 commodities by group imported by EU Member States in 2014 ordered by quantity (as reported by importers).

Group Term (unit) Quantity imported Main source (%)

Trend 2013-2014

No. of taxa involved

Main wild-sourced taxa (% of wild)

Plants live 22 559 236 W (73%) ↓17% 2116 Galanthus woronowii (Green snowdrop; 72%)

Plants leaves 2 829 970 A (99%) ↓25% 3 Aloe ferox (Cape aloe; 100%)

Plants stems 2 428 586 A (>99%) ↓13% 31 Eulychnia acida (Copao; 100%)

Reptiles skins 1 382 079 W (60%) ↑13% 29 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 52%)

Timber bark (kg) 1 335 994 W (>99%) ↑44% 2 Prunus africana (African cherry; 100%)

Reptiles small leather products 988 871 W (87%) ↓1% 31

Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 85%)

Corals live 565 897 W (58%) ↑4% 160 Catalaphyllia jardinei (Elegant coral; 8%)

Plants wax (kg) 472 625 W (100%) ↑1% 1 Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla; 100%)

Plants roots 435 012 A (>99%) ↓47% 14

Aspasia principissa, Maxillaria uncata, Sobralia bletiae, and Trigondium egertonianum (Orchids; (all 12%).

Invertebrates meat (kg) 406 408 W (100%) ↑20% 1 Strombus gigas (Queen conch; 100%)

*↓ signifies decrease in trade in 2014 compared to 2013; ↑ signifies increase in trade in 2014 compared to 2013.


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Live plants

In 2014, Member States imported a total of 22 559 236 live plants, of which virtually all (99%) were

imported for commercial purposes. Total imports of live plants decreased by 17% compared to 2013;

wild-sourced imports remained at similar levels. Wild-sourced plants (primarily Galanthus species)

accounted for 73% of imports, with artificially propagated plants (sources ‘A’ and ‘D’) comprising the

remainder. Of all plants imported, >99% of the taxa involved were Appendix II-listed.

As in 2013, Turkey was the principal trading partner, accounting for 64% of live plants imported; of

these, 37% were re-exports originating in Georgia (all G. woronowii, Green snowdrop). The SRG

confirmed a positive opinion for G. woronowii from Georgia on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million

bulbs) and for Turkey on 16/02/2010. Seventy eight per cent of all live plant imports comprised

Galanthus spp. (snowdrop) of which 92% were wild-sourced (Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.3. Top imports of live plants by EU Member States in 2014, by taxa and source. ‘Artificially propagated’ includes source 'A' and 'D'.

Leaves and stems

Imports of leaves and stems reduced by 20% in 2014 compared to 2013 levels and, as in 2013,

Cycas revoluta (Fern palm) was the top species traded as leaves, accounting for over 99% of the roughly

2.8 million leaves imported by the EU in 2014. The vast majority of leaves were artificially propagated

and imported by the Netherlands directly from Costa Rica for commercial purposes. The import of an

additional 165 kg of leaves were reported, all of which were artificially propagated Aloe secundiflora.

Of the approximately 2.4 million stems that were imported by the EU in 2014, the vast majority were

from the family Cactaceae. Nearly all imports were artificially propagated for commercial purposes


14

(99%) and the principal exporter was the United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as

Tanzania) accounting for 77% of imports. Stem imports were dominated by trade in Rhipsalis species

(91%; Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4. Top imports of artificially propagated stems, reported by number, by EU Member States in 2014, by taxa.

Reptile skins

In 2014, over 1.3 million reptile skins were imported by Member States, an increase of thirteen per cent

compared to 2013. As in 2013, the majority were wild-sourced (60%) and for commercial purposes

(>99%). Nearly half of all skins were imported from Asia; countries in the Americas also represented key

trading partners (Figure 2.5).

The United States and Singapore were the top EU trading partners, accounting for 25 and 24 % of

imports, respectively. Singapore acts as an entrepôt state for the reptile skin trade and almost all imports

by EU Member States in 2014 from Singapore were indirect trade, with the majority originating in other

Asian countries (primarily Viet Nam and Indonesia) and the United States. As in the preceding years,

Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; (>99% of which was wild-sourced) was the top taxa in

trade, accounting for nearly a third of all trade in skins (Figure 2.6). A. mississippiensis accounted for

over 99% of wild-sourced trade from North America. Other species traded at notable levels as wild-

sourced were Varanus salvator (Water monitor) and Python reticulatus (Reticulated python)

representing 34% and 24% of wild-sourced trade from Asia. Trade in Caiman and Tupinambis (Tegu)

species accounted for 99% of wild-sourced exports from Central and South America.


15

Figure 2.5. Imports of reptile skins by EU Member States in 2014, by CITES region of (re-)export and source. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C', 'D' and ‘F’. ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’ and trade reported without a source. “Europe” excludes EU Member States.

Figure 2.6. Top 10 reptile taxa imported as skins by EU Member States in 2014 (both directly and indirectly), by source. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C', 'D' and ‘F’. ‘Other’ includes trade reported without a source.

46,000

Wild-sourced

Captive-produced

Ranched

Other

Central and South

America and the

Caribbean (n =171 043))

Africa (n = 109 437)

Oceania (n = 30 889)

Asia (n = 615 267)

Europe (n = 17 838)

North America

(n=283 975)


16

Bark

In 2014, over 1.3 million kg of bark was imported by Member States, an increase of 44% compared to

2013. As in 2013, Prunus africana (African cherry) was the top species traded as bark in 2014, accounting

for almost all of the bark imported by the EU (>99%). All of P. africana was wild-sourced, the majority

of which (78%) was exported from Cameroon, followed by 14% exported from Uganda.

Further details on species imported at notable levels or showing noteworthy trends in 2014 compared

with previous years are provided in Chapter 3.

Candidate countries

Transactions Over 5000 import transactions were reported by the four candidate countries who submitted annual

reports in 2014. Numbers of import transactions increased over the period 2005-2014, with import

transactions in 2014 increasing by 66% relative to 2013 (Figure 2.7). This can be primarily attributed to

increasing imports of reptile leather products, principally involving Python bivittatus (Burmese python),

P. reticulatus (Reticulated python) and Alligator mississippiensis, (American alligator) by Turkey.

Figure 2.7 Number of import transactions reported by the countries that were EU candidates in 2014, by source, 2005-2014. ‘Captive-produced’ includes sources ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and 'F'. ‘Other’ includes sources ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source.

The majority of import transactions in 2014 were for commercial purposes (98%); approximately half

involved wild-sourced commodities (46% of import transactions). The top importer in 2014 was Turkey

(81% of import transactions).

Top commodities imported In contrast with EU-reported imports, the majority of candidate country imports in 2014 involved

animal rather than plant commodities; the top commodities imported were reptile and mammal skins,

of which the majority were wild-sourced (70% and 99%, respectively; Table 2.3).


17

Table 2.2. Commodities imported by candidate countries at quantities greater than 1000 units in 2014, ordered by quantity (as reported by importers). Quantities have been rounded to the nearest whole number, if appropriate.

Group Term (unit) Quantity imported

Top taxon (%) Top importer (%) Main

source (%)

Reptiles skins 60 791 Python reticulatus (Reticulated python; 85%)

Turkey (>99%) W (70%)

Mammals skins 38 861 Lycalopex gymnocercus (Pampas fox; 39%)

Turkey (>99%) W (99%)

Plants live 27 521 Phalaenopsis spp. (Moth orchids; 24%)

Montenegro (100%) A (100%)

Birds live 25 248 Psittacus erithacus (African grey parrot; 42%)

Turkey (100%) W (54%)

Corals raw corals 15 814 Scleractinia spp. (Stony corals; 34%)

Turkey (100%) W (72%)

Fish fingerlings 15 500 Acipenser baerii (Siberian sturgeon; 61%)

Serbia (100%) C (100%)

Reptiles small leather products 15 218 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 38%)

Turkey (97%) W (64%)

Mammals skin pieces 14 865 Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape fur seal; 100%)

Turkey (100%) W (100%)

Reptiles skins (m) 8922 Python bivittatus (Burmese python; 51%)

Turkey (100%) C (89%)

Reptiles specimens 5807 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 100%)

Turkey (95%) W (100%)

Reptiles live 2882 Iguana (97%) Turkey (100%) C (98%)

Overview of CITES (re-)exports

18

3. Overview of CITES (re-)exports This chapter provides an overview of exports of CITES-listed species reported by EU Member States and candidate countries in 2014. The importance of the EU as an exporting market continues to increase, with the EU reporting more than twice the number of export transactions as import transactions in 2014. The commodities exported at the highest volumes from all sources were: live plants, reptile small leather products, and live sturgeon eggs.

As in 2013, Tridacna maxima (Small giant clam) was the species directly exported by the EU in the highest quantities from the wild; the majority of other wild-sourced exports (excluding trade for scientific purposes) comprised hunting trophies. The majority of trade in Annex A species was from captive-produced or artificially propagated sources.

The most highly exported commodity exported by candidate countries was live plants, most of which were wild-sourced; the only other commodity exported at greater than 1000 units was captive-bred live reptiles.

This chapter considers both direct and indirect trade. Throughout the chapter, ‘exports’ refers to both

direct exports and re-exports, unless otherwise specified.

EU Member States Transactions In 2014, 199 558 export transactions were reported, slightly less than 202 574 reported in 2013. The

majority of the transactions reported in 2014 were re-exports (89%). Similar to 2012 and 2013,

transactions involving trade in captive-produced or artificially propagated commodities (source A, C, D

and F) accounted for half of export transactions, while 46% of transactions related to wild-sourced

trade. The majority of transactions were for commercial purposes (88%; Figure 3.2). (Re-)exports from

Member States in 2014 involved 1649 taxa, of which 46% were plants.

Figure 3.1. Number of EU export transactions reported by EU Member States by source, 2004 - 2014. ‘Captive -produced’ includes source ‘C’, ‘A’, ‘D’ and ‘F’; ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source.

Figure 3.2. Proportion of export transactions reported by EU Member States by purpose in 2014. ‘Other’ includes purpose ‘B’, ‘E’, ‘G’, ‘M’, ‘N’, ‘Q’, ‘S’, ‘Z’ and trade reported without a purpose (n=94 955).


19

Top commodities The most highly traded commodities (based on quantities in trade) were bird medicine, live plants,

reptile small leather products and live fish eggs. All bird medicine trade involved Cairina moschata. As

this species was removed from the CITES Appendices on 10/03/2016, trade in this species is not

discussed further in this section.

Table 3.1. Commodities by group (re-)exported by EU Member States at quantities greater than 100 000 units in 2014, ordered by quantity (as reported by (re-)exporters). Quantities have been rounded to the nearest whole number where appropriate.

Group Commodity Quantity (re-)exported

Main source Trend 2013-2014

No. taxa involved

Main wild-sourced taxa (% of wild)

Birds medicine 8 571 473 C (100%) ↑192% 1** n/a

Plants live 3 564 224 A (90%) ↓35% 736 Galanthus elwesii (Giant snowdrop; 73%)

Reptiles leather products (small)

2 389 317 W (81%) ↓18% 39 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 79%)

Fish eggs (live) 1 600 000 C (81%) ↓7% 2 n/a

Reptiles skin pieces 717 878 W (97%) ↓8% 16 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 95%)

Plants medicine 457 324 A (100%) ↑3850% 1 n/a

Reptiles skins 274 970 W (67%) ↓19% 27 Alligator mississippiensis (49%)

Fish extract 186 898 C (100%) ↑1026% 7 n/a

Fish meat (kg) 175 527 C (97%) ↓23% 7 n/a

Invertebrates live 170 745 C (73%) ↓21% 7 Hirudo verbana (Southern medicinal leech; 55%)

Reptiles derivatives 140 614 F (92%) ↑25% 3 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator; 100%)

Plants wax (kg) 134 728 W (100%) ↓10% 1 Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla; 100%)

Mammals hair 112 389 W (>99.9%) ↑806% 2 Mustela sibirica (Siberian weasel; 100%)

*↓ signifies decrease in trade in 2014 compared to 2013; ↑ signifies increase in trade in 2014 compared to 2013

** All trade in medicine from bird derivatives was in Cairina moschata which was removed from the Appendices on 10/03/2016.

The sections that follow provide further details of trade in commodities (re-)exported at quantities

greater than one million units in 2014.

Live plants

Over 3.5 million live plants were (re-)exported by the EU in 2014, primarily for commercial purposes

(71%). The majority were artificially propagated (90%) with the remainder wild-sourced. Of the 737

plant taxa reported in trade, 88% were Appendix II-listed. North America was the main region of

destination of exports of live plants from the EU (41%; Figure 3.3); with the United States the principal

destination country, accounting for 38% of total live plants exported from the EU.


20

Figure 3.3. (Re-)exports of live plants by EU Member States in 2014, by CITES region of destination and source. ‘Artificially propagated’ includes source ‘A’ and ‘D’. “Europe” excludes EU Member States. Excludes 35 311 live plants reported with destination unknown.

The main EU (re-)exporter of live plants was the Netherlands (97%). Direct exports from EU Member

States comprised 76% of all exports while virtually all EU re-exports originated in Turkey. Sixty per cent

of live plants exported comprised Galanthus spp. (Snowdrops) of which 15% were wild-sourced (Figure

2.4). A further 21% of live plant trade was in Phalaenopsis spp. (Moth orchids), all of which was

artificially propagated.

Figure 3.4. Top 10 plant taxa (re-)exported as live plants from EU Member States in 2014, by source.

Reptile small leather products

Over 2.3 million small leather products were exported by the EU in 2014, of which 81% were wild-

sourced and the vast majority (99%) traded for commercial purposes. Alligator mississippiensis

160,000

Wild-sourced

Artificially propaged

North America

(n=1 446 287)

Europe (n=1 328 081)

Asia (n=713 843)

Oceania (n=10 000)

Africa (n=17 875)

Central and South America

and the Caribbean

(n=12 827)


21

(American alligator) accounted for 66% of exports, almost all of which were wild-sourced and

originated in the United States (98%; Figure 3.5).

Figure 3.5. Top 10 reptile species (re-)exported as small leather products by the EU in 2014. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C', 'D' and 'F'. Other includes source ‘U’, ‘O’ and trade

reported without a source specified.

The main destination region of reptile small leather products was Europe (excluding EU Member States;

primarily Switzerland), accounting for 60% of trade (Figure 3.6). Virtually all of the trade comprised re-

exports; the United States was the main origin country accounting for 66% of all re-exports.

Figure 3.6. (Re-)exports of reptile small leather products by the EU in 2014, by CITES region of destination and source. ‘Captive-produced’ includes sources ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’; ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source specified. “Europe” excludes EU Member States. Excludes 648 small leather products reported without a destination country.

130,000

Wild-sourced

Captive-produced

Ranched

Other

North America (n=259 582)

Europe (n=1 428 418)

Asia (n=638 505)

Oceania (n=4605)

Africa (n=52 806)

Central and South America and

the Caribbean (n=4753)


22

Live fish eggs

All of the 1.6 million live fish eggs exported by the EU in 2014 were sturgeon; 81% were captive-bred,

with the rest reported without a source specified. The majority of sturgeon eggs were exported to Asia

(71%; Figure 3.7), 56% of which were exported from France to China. Trade of live fish eggs comprised

two species, Acipenser baerii (Siberian sturgeon) and A. gueldenstaedtii (Russian sturgeon). Exports of

live fish eggs were also reported by weight (118 kg).

Figure 3.7. EU exports of live fish eggs in 2014, by destination country. Excludes trade reported by weight.

Exports of wild-sourced species This section focuses on wild-sourced trade originating in the EU (including both direct exports and re-

exports where both the exporting country and the country of origin are EU Member States). In 2014,

Member States reported 226 export transactions involving wild-sourced species originating in the EU;

47% of these were for commercial purposes (Figure 3.8). The remainder comprised mainly hunting

trophies of Ursus arctos (Brown bear) and trade for scientific purposes. Scientific trade involved 28

different taxa, including 15 mammals (including Annex A species Ursus arctos, Lynx lynx,

L. pardinus,Canis lupus and Lutra lutra, among others).

When quantities are analysed, live invertebrates was the highest traded commodity, all of which

comprised Tridacna maxima (Small giant clam) for commercial purposes. Other highly traded

commodities (above 500 units) were mammal specimens and mammal teeth.


23

Figure 3.8. (Re-)export wild-sourced transactions originating in the EU in 2014, as reported by the exporters, by purpose (n=226). ‘Other’ includes purposes ‘B’, ‘L’, and no

purpose specified.

Table 3.2. Wild-sourced (re-)exports originating in the EU in 2014, as reported by the (re-)exporters. Trade for scientific purposes (purpose ‘S’) is excluded.

Group Taxon App./Annex Exporter (origin, if applicable)

Qty Term (unit) Purpose

Ma

mm

als

Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep)

II/B Spain 2 trophies H

Canis aureus (Golden jackal)

III/C Croatia 2 trophies H

Canis lupus

(Grey wolf)

II/A Estonia 1 trophies H

Romania 7 trophies H

Ursus arctos (Brown bear)

II/A Croatia 6 trophies H

Romania 42 trophies H

Slovenia 2 meat T

Sweden 4 skins H

Sweden 3 skulls H

Sweden 6 specimens L

Birds

Circaetus gallicus (Short-toed snake-eagle)

II/A Spain 4 live B

Gyps fulvus (Griffon vulture)

II/A Cyprus (Greece) 3 live -

Hieraaetus fasciatus (Bonelli’s eagle)

II/A Spain 6 live B

Hieraaetus pennatus (Booted eagle)

II/A Spain 4 live B

Invert

ebra

tes

(non-c

ora

l) Tridacna maxima (Small giant clam)

II/B France 19 503 live T


24

Group Taxon App./Annex Exporter (origin, if applicable)

Qty Term (unit) Purpose P

lants

Barlia robertiana (Giant orchid)

II/B France 40 derivatives T

Exports of Annex A species The majority of trade in Annex A taxa was captive-produced or artificially propagated, with key

commodities exported including plant seeds, live plants and live reptiles (Table 3.3). The vast majority

of Annex A trade was for commercial purposes. Trade in Annex A species reported as pre-Convention

involved ivory and timber carvings. The following section provides details of ivory carvings as this

commodity is predominately pre-Convention rather than captive-produced.

Table 3.3. Commodities by group (re-)exported by EU Member States at quantities greater than 1000 units in 2014, ordered by quantity (as reported by (re-)exporters). Quantities have been rounded to whole numbers. Trade for scientific purposes (purpose ‘S’) is excluded.

Group Commodity Quantity (re-)exported

Main source

Main purpose No. taxa involved

Main taxa

Plants seeds 29 855 A (89%) T (100%) 22 Ariocarpus retusus (29%)

Plants live 13 980 A (95%) No purpose specified (56%)

89 Paphiopedilum spp.

(Venus slipper orchid; 59%)

Reptiles live 11 702 C (>99%) T (99%)

18 Testudo hermanni

(Hermann’s tortoise; 87%)

Birds live 8959 C (93%) T (95%) 87

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Red-

crowned parakeet; 23%)

Mammals ivory carvings 8 060 O (95%) T (80%)

3 Loxodonta africana

(African elephant; 71%)

Reptiles Leather products (small)

4432 D (99%) T (99%)

5 Crocodylus porosus (Salt-

water crocodile; 42%)

Plants Powder (kg) 1869 D (100%) T (100%)

1 Saussurea costus (Kuth;

100%)

Mammals Ivory carvings (kg) 1 745 O (100%) T (80%)

3 Loxodonta africana

(African elephant; 100%)

Reptiles skins 1389 D (95%) T (100%)

4 Crocodylus siamensis

(Siamese crocodile; 83%)

Timber carvings 1144 O (>99%) T (82%)

2 Dalbergia nigra

(Brazilian rosewood; >99%)

Ivory carvings Over 8 000 ivory carvings (including trade reported as Elephantidae spp., Loxodonta africana and

Elephas maximus) were exported by the EU in 2014, the majority for commercial purposes (80%).

Nearly all trade in ivory carvings was reported as pre-Convention (95%) with the remainder reported as

unknown source, wild-sourced, or no source was specified. Asia was the main region of destination of

exports of ivory carvings (65%); China was the top individual destination country, accounting for 56% of

exports.


25

Figure 3.9. (Re-)export of ivory carvings by EU Member States in 2014, by CITES region of destination and source (n=8060). Other includes source unknown and no source specified.

686 ivory carvings were (re-) exported without a destination country provided.

The main EU (re-)exporter of ivory carvings was the United Kingdom (73%). More than 99% of ivory carvings were re-exports; the origin of most re-exports was reported as unknown (89%).

In addition to trade in ivory carvings reported in number of items, the (re-)export of 1745 kg of ivory carvings was also recorded, all of which was pre-Convention. Asia was the main region of destination of these exports (90%); with Japan and Vietnam principal destination markets (46% and 43% of all exports respectively).

A total of 8064 carvings of Loxodonta africana africana (African elephant), Elephas maximus (Asian

elephant), and Elephantidae spp. (combined) were (re-)exported by the EU in 2014 representing a 28%

decrease over the quantities re-exported in 2013 (Figure 3.10).

Figure 3.10. EU-reported (re-)exports of elephant carvings, by taxa, 2010-2014

Asia (n=5218)

Oceania (n=7523)

Central and South

America and the

Caribbean (n=33)

Africa (n=177)

Europe (n=409)

North America (n=785)


26

Candidate countries

Transactions Over 850 export transactions were reported by the four candidate countries who submitted annual

reports in 2014, of which two thirds involved wild-sourced commodities (Figure 3.11). Numbers of export

transactions increased over the period 2005-2013, but decreased 11% from 2013 to 2014. (Figure 3.11).

Figure 3.11. Number of (re-)export (right) transactions reported by the countries that were EU candidates in 2014, by source, 2005-2014. ‘Captive-produced’ includes sources ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and 'F'. ‘Other’ includes sources ‘O’ and ‘U’ and no source provided.

The majority of export transactions in 2014 were for commercial purposes (93%) and the top exporter in 2014 was Turkey (85% of transactions).

Top commodities The most highly exported commodities by candidate countries in 2014 were live plants, with over

20 million plants exported (Table 3.4); the majority of which were wild-sourced (78%). All live plants

were exported by Turkey to the Netherlands for commercial purposes; 45% originated in Georgia and

the remainder were exported directly. Relatively smaller quantities of mammal, reptile and fish

commodities were also reported exported by Turkey, FYR Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro.


27

Table 3.4. Commodities (re-)exported by candidate countries at quantities greater than 1000 units in 2014, ordered by quantity (as reported by (re-)exporters).

Group Term (unit) Quantity (re-

)exported Top taxon (%) Top (re-)exporter (%)

Main source of all trade

Plants live 20 748 113 Galanthus woronowii (Green snowdrop; 61%) Turkey (100%) W (100%)

Reptiles live 18 325

Testudo hermanni (Hermann’s tortoise 80%)

FYR Macedonia (70%) C (>99%)

Mammals garments 9 472

Lycalopex griseus (South American grey fox; 63%) Turkey (97%) W (99%)

Reptiles garments 5 465

Python reticulatus (Reticulated python; 99%) Turkey (100%) W (58%)

Mammals skin pieces 3 677 Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape fur seal; 100%) Turkey (100%) W (100%)

Reptiles skins 2 758


Invertebrates live 2 680 Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal leech; 100%) Serbia (100%) F (94%)

Reptiles leather products (small) 1 940


Wild-sourced trade Candidate countries reported 59 direct export transactions of wild-sourced species in 2014, the majority

for commercial purposes (85%). Wild-sourced exports for purposes other than “scientific” involved 10

taxa, including four Annex A species (Table 3.5). Similar to exports of all sources, wild-sourced trade

mainly comprised live plants but also included Cyclamen roots.

Table 3.5. Wild-sourced direct exports reported by candidate countries in 2014. Trade for scientific purposes (purpose ‘S’) is excluded.

Group Taxon

App./ Annex Exporter Qty

Term (unit)

Purpose

Mammals

Canis aureus (Golden jackal) III/C Serbia 1 trophy H

Canis lupus (Grey wolf) II/A FYR Macedonia 5 trophies H

Felis silvestris (Wild cat) II/A Serbia 1 trophy H

Ursus arctos (Brown bear) II/A Serbia 3 live L

Birds Gyps fulvus (Griffon vulture) II/A Serbia 2 live B

Invertebrates

Hirudo verbana (Southern medicinal leech) II/B Turkey 161 live (kg) T

Plants

Galanthus elwesii (Giant snowdrop) II/B Turkey 4 762 03

7 live T

Galanthus woronowii (Green snowdrop) II/B Turkey 3 333 42

5 live T

Cyclamen cilicium II/B Turkey 74 361 roots T

Cyclamen coum II/B Turkey 358 664 roots T

Annex A trade Live reptiles were the only Annex A commodity (re-)exported at over 1 000 units by candidate countries.

Candidate countries reported the export of 18 320 live reptiles in 2o14, all of which were captive-bred for


28

commercial purposes. Trade of live reptiles is presented in Table 3.4; trade in Annex A live reptiles

comprised Testudo graeca graeca (Spur-thighed tortoise), T. hermanni (Hermann’s tortoise) and

T. marginata (Marginated tortoise). FYR Macedonia was the main exporter of live reptiles (70%), one

third of which were exported to Hong Kong, SAR.


29

4. Species showing noteworthy trends This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries in 2014 that showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or ranched trade, according to one or both of the following criteria: high volume of trade in 2014 or sharp increase in trade in 2014. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below.

A total of 61 taxa showed noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2014. Of these, reptiles had the highest number of taxa showing noteworthy trends (17), followed by mammals (134), invertebrates (13, including 10 coral taxa), plants (10, including 4 timber species), fish (6), amphibians (1) and birds (1). Seventy per cent of the taxa selected were also selected in the 2013 Analysis. Nine taxa showed noteworthy trends in candidate country imports in 2014: five bird and four mammal taxa.

Methods

Data included In the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only EU- and candidate country-

reported direct imports from wild, ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a

source specified, were considered. Terms that cannot easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g.

feathers, hair, specimens) were not included within the selection process, with the exception of certain

terms6 that were considered to be traded in sufficiently high quantities to merit further scrutiny.

Conversion factors were applied to all trade data (see Annex A) to make them comparable and more

easily equated to numbers of individuals.

Selection criteria The criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade are summarised in Figure 4.1,

followed by a detailed description of each criterion. Species were selected for discussion if they met at

least one of the criteria.

Figure 4.1. Criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade. 6 Bark, caviar, extract, meat, musk, powder, raw corals, roots, timber and wax.

Is 2014 trade minimum trade level?

Is the species globally threatened?

AND is 2014 trade minimum trade level?

Is 2014 trade > three times the mean of the

preceding five years (2009-2013)?

AND is 2014 trade > 5% of minimum trade

level?

Yes

Yes

Select as a

‘High volume’ species

Select as a

‘High volume (globally

threatened)’ species

Select as a species

showing a

‘Sharp increase’

Yes

Direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources


30

1. High volume Species qualified for selection on the basis of ‘high volume’ trade if imports during 2014 exceeded pre-

determined thresholds based on taxa-wide assumptions of general reproductive biology (Table 4.1).

High volume (globally threatened) The high volume trade thresholds were adjusted for all species categorised as Critically Endangered

(‘CR’), Endangered (‘EN’), Vulnerable (‘VU’), Near Threatened (‘NT’) or Data Deficient (‘DD’) in the 2016

IUCN Red List of threatened species (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1. Minimum quantity of specimens from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources imported in 2014 to qualify for selection on the basis of high trade volume.

Taxonomic group CITES Appendix / IUCN Red List status

I II III I/II/III (kg)

CR, EN, VU,

NT, DD* -

CR, EN, VU, NT, DD*

- CR, EN, VU,

NT, DD* -

Mammals 50 50 5000 50 25 000 50 5000

Birds 50 50 5000 50 25 000 50 5000

Reptiles 50 50 25 000 50 50 000 50 25 000

Amphibians 50 50 25 000 50 50 000 50 25 000

Fish 50 50 25 000 50 — 50 25 000

Invertebrates (non-corals) 250 250 25 000 250 50 000 250 25 000

Corals — 10 000 25 000 10 000 50 000 10 000 25 000

Plants (non-tree) 250 250 25 000 250 50 000 250 25 000

Plants (trees) 250 m³ 250 m³ 500 m³ 250 m³ 2500 m³ 2500 25 000

* CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, DD = Data Deficient in IUCN Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/)

2. Sharp increase Species qualified for selection on the basis of a sharp increase in trade if the volume of importer-

reported imports during 2014 was more than three times the average trade volume of the preceding five-

year period (2009-2013). Species that, despite a sharp increase in trade, were still only traded in very low

volumes in 2014 (less than 5% of the high volume thresholds, not taking into account threat status; see

Table 4.2), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Newly-listed species, or species newly named

following a nomenclature change, that met this criterion artificially due to the absence of trade records

in previous years were also excluded.

Species selected

Species that were selected according to the criteria outlined above on the basis of EU or candidate

country imports are presented in Tables 4.2 and 4.3, respectively; two coral taxa selected on the basis of

EU imports recorded at the higher taxon level (i.e. genus and above) are listed separately in Annex E.

Tables 4.2 and 4.3 provide a summary of trade in 2014 for each species selected, and additional relevant

information such as SRG opinions and quotas. The trade accounts cover all direct trade in the sources

included in the selection process (wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified), in all terms, as reported by

the EU (in the case of species selected on the basis of EU imports) or candidate countries (in the case of

species selected on the basis of candidate country imports). Trade levels 2005-2014 are presented

graphically in Figure 4.2 for those species included in Table 4.2 that were not selected in the 2013

Analysis or which show sharp increases in trade, with the exception of species selected on the basis of

trade for scientific or reintroduction purposes and cases where minimal trade was reported in years

prior to 2014.

http://www.iucnredlist.org/


31

Table 4.2. Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2014 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened) or sharp increase in trade.

Annex Appendix Taxon (Common name)

IUCN Red List status*

Selection criteria

Previously selected (2010 onwards)

Summary of trade Notes†

ANNEX A: MAMMALS

A I Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah)

VU High volume (GT)

2012, 2013 The vast majority of wild-sourced imports in 2014 comprised trophies and trophy parts (55 trophies, two skins, and one skull) reported as either purpose ‘H’ or ‘P’, equating to 58 individuals. All were imported from Namibia. Imports of A. jubatus trophy items varied little from 2013, but showed a decrease of 22% from 2012 levels.

The population from Namibia was reviewed for SRG 57, following which a positive opinion was formed on 07/10/2011. Namibia published an export quota in 2014 for '150 trophies (skins) and live specimens', established through an annotation to the Appendix I listing of this species (see AC27 Doc. 18 Annex 2), of which imports by the EU accounted for 39%.

A I Panthera pardus (Leopard)

NT High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 comprised trophy items equating to 163 individuals (150 trophies, seven skins and six skulls) reported as either purpose ‘H’ or ‘P’, the majority of which were imported from Tanzania (36%), Namibia (24%) and Zimbabwe (20%). A permit analysis identified five cases where a skin and a skull were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 158, a decrease of decreased by 16% relative to 2013.

No quotas for the species were published by any countries in 2014. Resolution Conf. 10.14 (Rev. CoP16) lays out the numbers of skins that may be harvested for export per year by country. For both Zimbabwe and Tanzania, this number is 500 and for Namibia it is 250.

A II Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga)

NT High volume (GT**); sharp increase

In 2014, wild-sourced imports of D. leucas primarily comprised 531 kg meat from Greenland for personal purposes. Imports of meat in 2014 were the highest in the ten-year period 2005-2014 with an increase of 27% compared to the previous highest import of 418 kg in 2011; no imports of meat were reported in 2013.

The export of all Cetacea spp. was suspended on 09/04/2015 detailing ‘no issuance of CITES import or export permits, or certificates for introduction from the sea for primarily commercial purposes for any specimen of a species or stock protected from commercial whaling by the IWC’ (CITES Notif. No. 2015/020).


32



Selection criteria



A/B I/II Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports of Annex A L. africana in 2014 primarily comprised trophies and trophy parts reported as purpose ‘H’ or ‘P’, ’. These equated to approximately 61 individuals (48 trophies, 2 tails, 7 feet, 17 tusks). The top exporters of trophies and trophy parts to the EU in 2014 were Tanzania (50%) and Mozambique (49%). A permit analysis revealed a number of cases where multiple trophy parts were exported on the same export permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 56, a decrease of 16% compared to 2013 to their lowest volume for the 2005-2014 period.

The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and 68 following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Tanzania on 23/02/2012 and again on 24/10/2014 and 09/04/2015. A negative opinion for source W trophies was formed at SRG 72 on 02/07/2015 and most recently confirmed on 27/06/2016. Trade is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16). L. africana hunting trophies are subject to Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 338/97, as per Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/870. In 2014, Tanzania issued a quota of 200 tusks as trophies from 100 animals; 2 tusks were imported to the EU from Tanzania in 2014.

A negative opinion for wild-sourced trophies from Mozambique was formed on 02/07/2014 and most recently confirmed on 27/06/2016. Mozambique issued a quota of 200 tusks as trophies from 100 animals; 15 tusks were imported to the EU from Mozambique in 2014 representing 8% of the quota.

ANNEX B: MAMMALS

B II Lama guanicoe (Guanaco)

LC High volume; sharp increase

2012 Imports in 2014 principally comprised 45 216 kg of wild-sourced meat for purpose ‘T’, In addition, 298 kg of fibres were also imported. No meat was imported in 2013; the volume of meat in 2014 was over double that reported in 2012. All meat imported between 2005 and 2014 was imported from Chile.

The population of Chile was reviewed for SRG 70, following which a positive opinion for wild-sourced individuals from the population on the Guanaco Conservation and Management Program, Region XII, Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, Chile was formed on 08/12/2014.


33



Selection criteria



B II Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus)

VU High volume (GT)

2010♦, 2011♦, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 primarily comprised trophies and trophy parts mainly from Zimbabwe (43%), Tanzania (22%) and South Africa (25%) (52 trophies, 13 skulls, two skins, 14 feet, 38 tusks and a tail), reported for purpose ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’, equating to approximately 91 individuals. The number of trophies reported in 2014 was 32% lower than that reported in 2013, and part of a trend in declining trophy imports since 2009. The main exporters of H. amphibius trophies and trophy parts were South Africa (32%), Tanzania (32%) and Zimbabwe (23%).

The species was reviewed for SRG 68, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe on 28/05/2014. The species has been subject to scrutiny as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process (AC25 Doc.9.4 Annex). In 2014 Tanzania published an export quota for 10 598 kg of teeth and hunting trophies from 1 200 animals. H. amphibius hunting trophies are subject to Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 338/97, as per Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/870.

B II Pecari tajacu

(Collared Peccary)

LC High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 primarily comprised 25 325 skins from Peru for commercial purpose. Imports of skins in 2014 represented an increase of 26% relative to 2013, but remained lower than annual trade levels reported 2005-2010.

The species was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Peru on 07/12/2012.

B II Tayassu pecari

(White-lipped Peccary)

VU High volume (GT)

2010♦, 2011♦,

2012♦, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 solely comprised 1854 skins from Peru for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 22% relative to 2013, to the lowest levels reported in the ten-year period.

The population of Peru was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. T. pecari (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1). Peru provided a response to Secretariat consultation in 2015 (AC28 Doc. 94 Rev.2).

B II Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox)

LC High volume♦

2010♦, 2011♦,

2012♦, 2013♦

In 2014, imports principally comprised 19 273 wild-sourced skins from Argentina for commercial purposes. This changed little from 2013 imports, but maintained an overall decreasing trend in wild-sourced skins into the EU during 2005-2014.

The population of Argentina was reviewed for SRG 18, SRG 40 and SRG 46, following which positive opinions were formed on 07/11/2000, 27/03/2007 and 02/12/2008.

B II Lynx canadensis (Canada Lynx)

LC High volume 2010♦, 2011♦, 2012♦, 2013

In 2014 wild-sourced imports primarily comprised 9 161 wild-sourced skins, the majority of which were imported from Canada (99%) for commercial purposes. The import of wild-sourced skins was 34% higher than in 2013.

The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 27/03/2007. The population from the United States was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 07/12/2012.


34



Selection criteria



B II Lynx rufus

(Bobcat)

LC High volume 2010♦, 2011♦, 2012,2013♦

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 primarily comprised 16 036 skins, the majority of which were imported from USA (72%) and the remainder from Canada. Over 99% of imported skins were for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins in 2014 showed a 29% decrease relative to 2013. In addition, nine wild-sourced trophies reported as purpose ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’ were imported in 2014.

The SRG confirmed positive opinions for both the United States and Canada on 27/03/2007 and CoP15 Prop. 2 noted that the species’ status was considered to be secure, with stable or increasing populations.

B III Odobenus rosmarus (Walrus)

DD High volume (GT), Sharp increase

2013 Wild-sourced imports in 2014 mainly comprised trophy parts (65 tusks, 17 skulls, one skin and one tooth) and 27 kg of skins primarily for commercial purposes (with a small volume of trade reported as ‘H’ and ‘P’). The majority of trade in 2014 was imported from Canada. Trade that can be readily equated to whole individuals (skins, skulls, teeth, tusks) in 2014 was 17% higher than in 2013.

Reviewed at SRG 46, following which a positive opinion was formed for Canada (02/12/2008). The 4.6(b) import suspension for wild-sourced trade from Greenland that was introduced on 03/09/2008 remains valid (last confirmed on 28/05/2015).

B II Equus zebra hartmannae (Hartmann's Mountain Zebra)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 principally comprised skins traded for purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’. Combining trophy items and trophies equated to approximately 773 individuals (676 skins, 92 trophies and five skulls). Almost all were imported into the EU from Namibia. A permit analysis revealed three cases where multiple trophy items were exported on the same export permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 770, remaining stable compared to imports in 2013.

The SRG formed a positive opinion for E. zebra hartmannae from Namibia on 02/12/2008. E. zebra hartmannae was also reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies for SRG 65.


35



Selection criteria



B II Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)

VU 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports of Annex B L. africana in 2014 primarily comprised trophies and trophy parts reported as purpose ‘H’ or ‘T’. These equated to approximately 141 individuals (18 ears, 44 feet, 7 skins, 10 skulls, 14 tails, 43 trophies and 86 tusks). The top exporters of trophies and trophy parts were Zimbabwe (40%) as well as Botswana (22%), Namibia (22%) and South Africa (16%). A permit analysis revealed a number of cases where multiple trophy parts were exported on the same export permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 104; the lowest volume of imports of trophy items reported for the 2005-2014 period.

The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and 68.

A positive opinion for wild-sourced trade from Zimbabwe was formed at SRG 59 on 23/02/2012 and confirmed on 28/05/2014 and 03/09/2014. A positive opinion for wild-sourced trophies from Zimbabwe was formed at SRG 71 on 09/04/2015 and confirmed on 15/09/2015.

Previous positive opinion for trophies from Botswana, Namibia and South Africa was made on 11/11/1997.

A positive opinion for wild-sourced trade from Botswana was applied on 23/02/2012 and most recently confirmed on 03/09/2014.

A positive opinion for wild-sourced trade from Namibia and South Africa was made at SRG 59 on 23/02/2012. The positive opinion was confirmed for South Africa on 28/05/2014 following SRG 68,

ANNEX B: BIRDS

B II Phoeniconaias minor (Lesser Flamingo)

NT High volume (GT); sharp increase

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 solely comprised 60 live individuals from Tanzania for commercial purposes. No other imports of P. minor have been reported since 2005 when 303 live wild-sourced individuals were imported from Tanzania for commercial purposes.

Long-standing positive opinions for various countries including Tanzania were removed on 02/12/2011 and replaced with a no opinion i), based on no recent trade to the EU. A quota of 1600 live, wild-taken individuals was published by Tanzania in 2014, of which imports to the EU accounted for 4%.

ANNEX B: REPTILES

B II Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator)

LC High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, wild-sourced imports (including small volume of trade from ranched and unknown sources) primarily comprised of skins imported for commercial purposes (339 318). Trade in 2014 increased by 24% compared to 2013 reaching the highest annual volume of EU imports during the period 2005-2014.

The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and a positive opinion was confirmed for the United States, the only range State, on 14/09/2007.


36



Selection criteria



B I/II Caiman crocodilus (Spectacled Caiman)

LC High volume 2011,

2012♦, 2013

Wild-sourced imports of Annex B specimens in 2014 (including the subspecies C. crocodilus crocodilus and C. crocodilus yacare and C.crocodilus fuscus) primarily comprised 73 099 skins for commercial purposes, the majority of which were imported from Bolivia (60%) with the remainder from Venezuela (39%) and Paraguay (<1%). Imports of skins (including wild-sourced and ranched) increased by 26% relative to 2013.

The SRG formed a positive opinion for Venezuela on 14/09/2007. The species was reviewed for SRG 63 and 70, following which a positive opinion was formed for C. c. yacare from Bolivia on 07/02/2013 and a positive opinion was formed for C. c. crocodilus from Guyana on 08/12/2014.

A/B I/II Melanosuchus niger (Black Caiman)

NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase

2013

In 2014, 100 wild-sourced skins were exported from Brazil to Italy for commercial purposes, almost double the number of M. niger skins imported in 2013. With the exception of 10 wild-sourced skins, two live, ranched animals and 2 wild-sourced large leather products reported in 2008 and 2009, no other trade in M. niger was reported prior to 2013.

A/B I/II Crocodylus niloticus (Nile Crocodile)

LC High volume, Sharp increase

2013 Wild-sourced imports in 2014 principally involved ranched skins (80 908) for commercial purposes. Imports of skins in 2014 were almost double those reported in 2013; which in turn was previously the highest volume of trade reported during the 2005-2014 period. Almost all imports of C. niloticus skins in 2014 were from Zimbabwe (98%). In addition to imports of skins, 48 230 kg of C. niloticus meat was imported from Zimbabwe in 2014 for commercial purposes.

This species was reviewed for SRG 74 and a positive opinion was formed for wild trophies and trade from ranched sources on 25/01/2016. This opinion was confirmed on 27/06/2016.

In 2014, Zimbabwe published a quota for 200 sports hunted specimens.


37



Selection criteria



B II Kinyongia fischeri (Fischer's Chameleon)

NT High volume (GT)

2013 In 2014, 583 live, wild-sourced individuals were imported from Tanzania for commercial purposes. Imports in 2014 represented a decrease of 13% compared to 2013, and continued an overall trend in declining imports of K. fischeri into the EU 2005-2014.

K. fischeri was reviewed for SRG 74 on 15/12/2015, following which a negative opinion for wild-sourced trade from Tanzania replaced a former no opinion iii). In 2014, Tanzania published quotas for 3 000 live wild-taken specimens and 10 captive-born (source F) specimens. K. fischeri was subject to a taxonomic change at CoP15 (formerly Bradypodion fischeri). K. fischeri was included in the Review of Significant Trade at CoP15 and trade from Tanzania was categorised as of ‘urgent concern’. Tanzania was retained in the review following AC26 and did not respond to the Secretariat’s consultation of June 2014 (AC28 Doc 9.3 (Rev.1).). All exports from Tanzania were subsequently suspended on 16/03/2016 following SC66.

B II Kinyongia tavetana

(Mount Kilimanjaro Two-horned Chameleon)

NT High volume (GT)

2013 In 2014, imports of K. tavetana comprised 332 live, wild-sourced imported from Tanzania for commercial purposes Imports in 2014 remained constant compared to 2013, and continued an overall trend in declining imports of K. tavetana into the EU 2005-2014.

K. tavetana was reviewed for SRG 74 on 15/12/2015, following which a negative opinion for wild-sourced trade from Tanzania replaced a former no opinion iii). In 2014, Tanzania published quotas for 3 000 live wild-taken specimens and 90 captive-born (source F) specimens. K. tavetana was subject to a taxonomic change at CoP15 (formerly Bradypodion tavetanum). K. tavetana was included in the Review of Significant Trade at CoP15 and trade from Tanzania was categorised as ‘possible concern’. Tanzania was retained in the review following AC26 and did not respond to the Secretariat’s consultation of June 2014 (AC28 Doc 9.3 (Rev.1).). All exports from Tanzania were subsequently suspended on 16/03/2016 following SC66.

B II Tupinambis merianae (Argentine Black and White Tegu)

LC High volume 2012, 2013 Imports in 2014 principally comprised 27 020 wild-sourced skins imported from Argentina for commercial purposes, representing a decrease of 8% compared to 2013.

The SRG formed a positive opinion for Argentina on 27/03/2007.


38



Selection criteria



B II Varanus niloticus

(Nile Monitor)

- High volume 2010, 2011, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 principally consisted of 38 850 skins from Mali (70%), Chad (29%) and Sudan (1%) for commercial purposes. In addition, 212 live wild-sourced individuals were imported in 2014, also for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins in 2014 increased by 44% relative to 2013, the second consecutive year that imports of wild-sourced skins have increased. However, imports in 2014 remained much lower than levels reported 2005-2008.

The species was reviewed for SRG 44 on 26/05/2008, following which positive opinions were either confirmed (Chad) or formed (Mali and Sudan [prior to secession to South Sudan]) for these range States.

B II Varanus salvator

(Water Monitor)

LC High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 primarily comprised 55 616 skins, imported from Indonesia (89%) or Malaysia (11%) for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins in 2014 increased by 5% relative to 2013 to the highest level reported since 2005 (84 515 skins). Other trade comprised 188 live wild-sourced individuals imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia, the third lowest year over the ten year period.

The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and populations from China, India and Singapore were reviewed for SRG 54. A positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 29/02/2008. A former positive opinion for wild specimens from Malaysia was replaced by a no opinion ii) for wild-sourced specimens of the genus Varanus on 25/01/2016 (last confirmed on 27/06/2016). In 2014, Indonesia published a quota for 5400 live individuals and 426 600 skins and skin products/live. In 2014 Malaysia published quotas for 18 000 live, wild-taken from Peninsular Malaysia and 165 000 skins, wild-taken from Peninsular Malaysia.

B II Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python)

- High volume 2010, 2011♦,

2012♦, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 principally comprised of 38 328 skins and 15 875 small leather products almost all of which were imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes (>99%). Imports of skins in 2014 were 20% higher than in 2013, but did not differ substantially from the mean number of imported skins across the 2005-2014 period.

The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 62, following which the positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia was removed on 07/12/2012, but re-formed on 28/05/2013 and last confirmed on 09/04/2015. The species, including populations from Indonesia, was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15, following which the population in Indonesia was categorised as Least Concern. In 2014, Indonesia published an export quota for 157 500 'skins and skin products/live' and 4 500 live.

B II Chelonoidis denticulata (Brazilian Giant Tortoise)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012

In 2014, 60 wild-sourced live individuals were imported from Suriname for commercial purposes. This was almost double the number imported in 2013, but remained much lower than levels reported 2006-2009.

The population from Suriname was reviewed for SRG 59 and a positive opinion was formed on 23/02/2012. In 2014 Suriname published export quotas for 692 live, wild-sourced individuals.


39



Selection criteria



B II Kinixys erosa

(Forest Hinged Tortoise)

DD High volume (GT)

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 comprised 80 live individuals from Ghana (69%) or Benin (31%) for commercial purposes. No imports of K. erosa were reported in 2013, but imports of wild-sourced live individuals were 70% higher than in 2012.

A positive opinion for wild specimens from Ghana was formed on 12/03/2009. The population in Benin was reviewed for SRG 35, following which a no opinion i) for wild and ranched was formed on 20/12/2005 and last confirmed on 03/12/2010.

B II Kinixys homeana (Home's Hinge-back Tortoise)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, 150 live, ranched individuals were imported into the EU from Togo for commercial purposes, a decrease of 30% compared to 2013.

The population from Togo was reviewed for SRG 35. A 4.6(b) import suspension has been in place for wild specimens since 03/09/2008 and for ranched specimens >8 cm straight carapace length since 10/09/2012. A positive opinion for ranched individuals with ≤8 cm snout-vent length was confirmed for Togo on 15/09/2008, then replaced by a negative opinion for all ranched specimens on 15/12/2015.

The species, including populations from Togo, was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Togo was categorised as Possible Concern. Recommendations to Togo included providing information on status, distribution (including extent in protected areas), confirmation that quotas will not be increased, details of non-detriment findings for wild and ranched exports, details of ranching facilities and control measures to differentiate between ranched and wild exports (AC27 WG1 Doc.1). Togo did not respond to the Secretariat’s consultation of June 2014 (AC28 Doc 9.3 (Rev.1)) Togo published an export quota for 2 000 ranched and 500 wild-taken animals in 2014, EU imports accounted for 8% of the quota for ranched individuals.


40



Selection criteria



B II Testudo horsfieldii (Afghan Tortoise)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, imports comprised 50 844 live individuals from

Uzbekistan for commercial purposes, of which 68% were

ranched and the remainder were wild-sourced. Total

imports of live T. horsfieldii showed an overall increasing

trend 2005-2014, with imports in 2014 showing a slight

increase compared to 2013 (2% for ranched and 7% for

wild-sourced individuals respectively).

The population from Uzbekistan was reviewed for SRG 45 and 53 and discussed at SRG 70. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Uzbekistan on 26/09/2006; this was confirmed for wild and ranched specimens on 14/09/2010. A positive opinion for ranched specimens with a plastron length of <8cm was formed on 8/12/2014. There is a no opinion i) for source F specimens from Uzbekistan with carapace length 6-8 cm, formed on 27/02/2014. Following CoP14, the species was selected under the Review of Significant Trade. At AC25, Uzbekistan was categorised as of Possible Concern; following information provided by Uzbekistan, this species-country combination was removed from the process. In 2014, Uzbekistan published export quotas for live, ranched (50 000) and wild-sourced (50 000) individuals, of which imports by the EU represented 69% and 33%, respectively.

ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS

B II Oophaga sylvatica NT Sharp increase

In 2014, 41 live, ranched individuals were imported into the EU from Ecuador for commercial purposes. No other imports of O. sylvatica was reported 2005-2013.

O. sylvatica was reviewed for SRG 68 on 28/05/2014, following which a positive opinion for wild-sourced trade from Ecuador replaced a no opinion ii). This positive opinion was confirmed on 15/09/2015.

ANNEX B: FISH

B II Lamna nasus

(Mackerel Shark)

VU High volume (GT); sharp increase

Imports in 2014 comprised 24 873 kg of wild-sourced meat, the vast majority imported from Japan (96%) and the remainder from Norway. All trade was for commercial purposes. No imports of L. nasus were reported prior to 2014.

L. nasus was listed in Appendix III on 25/09/2012, then uplisted to Appendix II on 12/06/2013 (coming into effect on 14/09/2014).

B II Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Imports in 2014 solely comprised 981 kg of wild-sourced caviar from the USA for commercial purposes. Trade increased by 17% compared to 2013, but remained lower than levels reported 2005-2011.

The species was reviewed for SRG 44 and a positive opinion was re-confirmed for the United States on 12/03/2009. The conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).


41



Selection criteria



B II Anguilla

(Eel)

CR High volume (GT)

2010,

2012◊

In 2014, 172 live, wild-sourced individuals were imported into Germany from the sea for scientific purposes. With the exception of high levels of live, wild-sourced A. anguilla (reported by weight and by number) imported into the EU for commercial purposes in 2009 and 2010, the only other imports of live, wild-sourced A. anguilla were 42 animals for scientific purposes in 2011.

Zero export quotas have been in place for wild-taken A. anguilla from EU range states since 2010, with negative opinions in place for all non-EU range states (with the exception of Tunisia which published a quota of 135 000 kg wild taken A. anguilla in 2014).

B II Arapaima gigas (Arapaima)

DD High volume (GT); sharp increase

Imports in 2014 principally comprised 728 wild-sourced skins from Brazil for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins in 2014 were over 13 times higher than 2013. No trade in A. gigas was reported 2005-2008, while trade reported 2008-2011 comprised meat reported by weight. Since 2012 all trade has been in skins, leather products or skin pieces.

The population of Brazil was reviewed for SRG 74, following which a no opinion ii) was formed on 25/01/2016.

A/B II Hippocampus reidi (Longsnout Seahorse)

DD High volume (GT)

2013 In 2014, 150 live, wild-sourced individuals were imported into the UK from Brazil for commercial purposes. Imports of live H. reidi decreased by 42% relative to 2013, continuing a year-on-year decrease since 2011 to their lowest level since 2006.

B II Hippocampus zosterae

(Dwarf Seahorse)

DD High volume (GT)

2013 In 2014, 220 live, wild-sourced individuals were imported into the EU from the USA for commercial purposes, remaining consistent compared to 2013.

ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORAL)

B II Tridacna maxima

(Small Giant Clam)

NT High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports of Tridanca maxima in 2014 almost entirely comprised 4871 live clams traded for commercial purposes. French Polynesia was the main exporter (89%), with the remainder exported by Sudan (10%) and Australia (1%). The import of live, wild-sourced T. maxima in 2014 increased by 75% relative to 2013 to their highest level over the period 2005-2014.

The species was reviewed for SRG 70, and the positive opinion for French Polynesia was confirmed on 08/12/2014. A no opinion ii) for Sudan was formed on 27/02/2014, replacing a no opinion i) from 02/11/2011.

B II Tridacna squamosa (Scaly Clam)

NT Sharp increase

Imports in 2014 comprised 100 wild-sourced live individuals from Australia for commercial purposes and 200 specimens for scientific purposes from Mozambique. Prior to 2014, the only other trade in live T. squamosa for the period was in 2011 (20 clams).

The species (all range states) was reviewed for

SRG 58 following which a no opinion i) for

Australia for wild specimens was formed on

02/12/2011. The species is part of CITES

Review of Significant Trade, with ongoing

actions for Solomon Islands (AC28 Doc. 9.3).


42



Selection criteria



B II Strombus gigas

(Queen Conch)

- High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Imports in 2014 principally comprised 406 408 kg of wild-sourced meat from Jamaica for commercial purposes. Imports of meat increased by 20% compared to 2013 to the highest level since 2009.

The population from Jamaica was reviewed for SRG 48 following which a positive opinion was formed on 30/06/2009. S. gigas from range States with long-standing positive opinions was reviewed for SRG 63. The species was included under the Review of Significant Trade process following CoP11; only Grenada and Haiti remain in the process (Notif. No. 2016/018). In 2014 Jamaica published an export quota for 400 000 kg meat, with EU imports representing 102% of this quota. A permit analysis identified 64 368 kg of meat that were imported on export permits issued in 2013, bringing EU imports from Jamaica in 2014 under quota.

ANNEX B: CORALS

B II Acropora hyacinthus (Brush coral)

NT Sharp increase

2012 Wild-sourced imports in 2014 were primarily 628 raw corals imported from the Solomon Islands for commercial purposes and 1850 specimens from French Polynesia for scientific purposes. Imports of wild-sourced raw corals in 2014 were almost four times greater than in 2013, reaching their highest level in the 2005-2014 time period.

The population from the Solomon Islands was most recently reviewed for SRG 71, following which a positive opinion for Acropora spp. was formed on 09/04/2015. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Acropora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable (CITES Notification No. 2013/035).

B II Montipora capricornis (Leaf-plate montipora)

VU Sharp increase

Imports in 2014 comprised 557 raw corals from Solomon Islands for commercial purposes. No other trade in raw M. capricornis was reported 2005-2014; low levels of live corals were imported 2005-2007.

As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Montipora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable (CITES Notification No. 2013/035).

B II Pachyseris rugosa (Castle coral)

VU Sharp increase

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 comprised of 183 live individuals from Fiji, and 462 raw corals from the Solomon Islands, all imported into the EU for commercial purposes. Imports in 2014 were the highest reported for the 2005-2014 time period for both live and raw corals; imports of live corals doubled between 2013 and 2014, while raw coral imports showed increase of almost ten-fold.

This species was reviewed for SRG 53, and a positive opinion for Fiji was formed on 14/09/2010 (last confirmed 25/01/2016). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Pachyseris is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable (CITES Notification No. 2013/035).


43



Selection criteria



B II Catalaphyllia jardinei (Elegant coral)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, imports comprised 25 119 live wild-sourced individuals, the vast majority of which were imported from Australia (>99%) for commercial purposes. Imports in 2014 were 32% higher than in 2013, but remained below levels reported in 2011 and 2012.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see e.g. SRG 64/11).The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Australia on 03/12/2010 (confirmed 20/06/2011). C. jardinei (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15 (AC26 Doc 12.3). Following AC26, only Fiji was retained in the process, and was subsequently categorised as Least Concern (AC27 Doc 12.4).

B II Euphyllia ancora (Anchor coral)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 primarily comprised 14 233 live individuals from Australia (58%) and Indonesia (42%), for commercial purposes. Imports in 2014 remained relatively constant compared to levels in 2013.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see e.g. SRG 64/11). A positive opinion was formed for Australia on 20/06/2011 and confirmed on 07/11/2014; the SRG also formed a positive opinion for Euphyllia spp. at genus level on 07/11/2014. Indonesia currently has a positive opinion for live, wild-sourced E. ancora and a no opinion i) for wild-sourced raw corals of Euphyllia spp., formed on 07/11/2014; previously there was a positive opinion for E. ancora formed on 15/05/2002 and confirmed on 30/06/2009. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Euphyllia is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable for raw corals (live to be identified to species level). In 2014, export quotas were published for Indonesia for 20 000 live, wild-taken individuals, with imports to the EU representing 59% of this quota.


44



Selection criteria



B II Euphyllia paraancora (Branching anchor coral)

VU Sharp increase

Imports in 2014 consisted of 1258 wild-sourced live individuals imported for commercial purposes, the vast majority of which were from Australia (98%). Imports of wild-sourced live E. paraancora were more than six times greater than 2013, reaching their highest level over the period 2005-2014.

As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Euphyllia is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable for raw corals (live to be identified to species level). Coral species where identification to genus level is acceptable for trade purposes were reviewed for SRG 69. Following which, a positive opinion for the genus Euphyllia for Australia was formed on 07/11/2014. A 4.6(b) import suspension for live wild-sourced corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates for Indonesia was published on 28/05/2015. In 2014, Indonesia published a quota for 3000 live, wild-sourced corals, with imports from the EU representing 1%.

B II Pocillopora damicornis (Cauliflower coral)

Sharp increase

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 comprised 640 live and 651 raw corals. All raw corals were imported for commercial purposes; live corals were primarily imported for commercial purposes (70%), with the remainder imported for scientific purposes. Live coral was primarily imported from Australia (70%) and Oman (28%), and was 12% lower than imports in 2013, and 85% lower than trade levels in 2005. All raw corals imported into the EU in 2014 were from the Solomon Islands and total levels in 2014 were almost double those reported in 2013, reaching their highest level during the period 2005-2014.

The populations in Australia and Oman were reviewed for SRG 58 on 02/12/2011, following which the former positive opinions were replaced by no opinion i). On 07/11/2014, a no opinion i) was set at the genus level for Oman, and a positive opinion was formed at the genus level for Australia. The genus Pocillopora around the Solomon Islands was reviewed for SRG 71 on 09/04/2015, following which a former positive opinion was replaced with a no opinion ii) at the genus level. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Pocillopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable for raw corals (live to be identified to species level).

B II Pocillopora eydouxi (Antler coral)

NT Sharp increase

In 2014, 1095 wild-sourced, raw corals were imported into the EU from the Solomon Islands for commercial purposes, an increase of over 8 fold compared to 2013.

The genus Pocillopora around the Solomon Islands was reviewed for SRG 71 on 09/04/2015, following which a former positive opinion was replaced with a no opinion ii) at the genus level. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Pocillopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable for raw corals (live to be identified to species level).


45



Selection criteria



B II Goniopora stokesi (Flowerpot coral)

NT High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Imports in 2014 consisted of 11 950 wild-sourced live corals imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia (93%) or Australia. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals decreased by 9% compared to 2013.

The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 16/02/2010. The SRG formed a positive opinion for trade in Goniopora spp. at genus level from Indonesia on 08/12/2014, which was confirmed on 09/04/2015. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Goniopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. In 2014, Indonesia published an export quota for 39 000 live, wild-sourced pieces each at species and at genus level, of which imports by the EU reported at species level represented 28%.

B II Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Crater coral)

NT High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 almost entirely comprised of live corals (13 961), which were primarily imported from Australia (97%) for commercial purposes Imports of live, wild-sourced corals decreased by 10% in 2014 relative to 2013.

The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 56 and a positive opinion was formed on 20/06/2011. T. geoffroyi was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Only Singapore and the Solomon Islands were retained in the review (AC27 Doc.12.4 (Rev.1)).

ANNEX B: PLANTS

B II Galanthus elwesii (Giant Snowdrop)

DD High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, imports comprised of 4 402 412 live, wild-sourced plants imported from Turkey for commercial purposes. Imports in 2014 were over 1.5 times greater than in 2013, reaching their highest level since 2007.

The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. G. elwesii was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4). Turkey was reported to have provided a response at PC22. In 2014 Turkey published export quotas for 5 million wild-taken bulbs, and 1.5 million artificially propagated bulbs.


46



Selection criteria



B II Galanthus woronowii (Green Snowdrop)

- High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, trade comprised of 6 408 114 live, wild-sourced individuals imported from Georgia (66%) or Turkey (34%) for commercial purposes. All imports during the period 2005-2014 were live plants, almost exclusively for purpose ‘T’ (>99%).

The SRG formed positive opinions for this species from Georgia on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million bulbs) and from Turkey on 16/02/2010.

G. woronowii was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP12; Georgia complied with recommendations of the Plants Committee, including establishing a conservative export quota, and was subsequently removed from the process (SC59 Doc 14.1, PC22 Doc 11.2).

In 2014 Georgia and Turkey published export quotas for 15 million and 3.5 million wild-taken bulbs respectively.

B II Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla)

- High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, 336 875 kg wild-sourced wax was imported into the EU from Mexico for commercial purposes. Imports in 2014 were 10% lower than in 2013, and continued an overall trend in declining imports of E. antisyphilitica wax since 2010.

The species was reviewed for SRG 41, with information provided by Mexico for SRG 44, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Mexico on 26/05/2008.

B II Cyclamen cilicium - High volume 2010, 2012, 2013

In 2014, the Netherlands imported 25 630 live, wild-sourced individuals from Turkey for commercial purposes. Imports of live plants in 2014 were 42% lower than in 2013.

The species was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010. In 2014 Turkey published export quotas for 100 000 wild-taken tubers, and 200 000 artificially propagated tubers.

B II Cyclamen coum - High volume 2010, 2012, 2013

In 2014, the Netherlands imported 230 748 live, wild-sourced individuals, all of which were imported from Turkey for commercial purposes, a decrease of 11% relative to 2013. During the period 2005-2014, 96% of EU imports were exported by Turkey, with 4% exported by Georgia (exclusively during 2005-2006).

The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. In 2014 Turkey published export quotas for 600 000 wild-taken tubers, and 150 000 artificially propagated tubers.

B II Aloe ferox

(Cape aloe)

- High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, wild-sourced imports (including a small number reported without a source code) primarily comprised 159 928 kg of extract; the vast majority of which was imported from South Africa for commercial purposes (>99%). Imports of extract reported by weight in 2014 increased by 28% relative to 2013. In addition, 5760 litres and 744 units of extract were imported in 2014.

The population from South Africa was reviewed for SRG 59, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 23/02/2012.


47



Selection criteria



ANNEX B: TIMBER

B II Pericopsis elata

(African teak)

EN High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, wild-sourced imports comprised 6090 m3 timber imported into the EU for commercial purposes. The majority was imported from Cameroon (75%) and the DRC (24%). Imports in 2014 decreased by 20% compared to the volume of timber reported in 2013, and continued an overall downward trend in EU imports since 2010.

P. elata has been discussed at numerous SRGs, with ongoing consultations with DRC. In 2014, the relevant opinions for DRC were a no opinion ii) formed on 06/12/2013 (confirmed 27/02/2014 and 08/12/2014), with the annotation added at SRG 70 on 08/12/2014 that ‘Imports can only be accepted from the 9 forestry titles for which management inventories have been submitted by companies to the DRC forestry administration before 31 October 2014, corresponding to an overall quota of 23 240 m3.’ Currently there is a positive opinion for DRC, covering imports ‘from the 10 companies / 12 forestry concessions for which management inventories were submitted by companies to the DRC forestry administration, corresponding to an overall quota of 49 356 m³ (round wood equivalent)’ (SRG 76, 27/06/2016). The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for Cameroon on 12/03/2009.

The species was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP14; Cameroon was categorised as Least Concern and DRC as Possible Concern at the 19th meeting of the Plants Committee. Only Côte d’Ivoire remains in the RST process (PC22 Doc 11.2). In 2014 export quotas were published for Cameroon and DRC for 14 400 m3 sawn wood and 25 000 m3 logs, sawn wood and veneer sheets respectively.


48

B II Prunus africana

(African cherry)

VU High volume (GT)

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 comprised 1 335 890 kg bark, from Cameroon (78%), Uganda (14%) and the DRC (8%) for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced bark in 2014 increased by 44% relative to 2013; however levels remained much lower than peak trade reported in 2005 (2 498 627 kg).

P. africana has been discussed at numerous SRGs. Uganda has had a positive opinion in place since 02/12/2008, updated most years to reflect the annual export quota (last confirmed 02/07/2015, for a ‘Total annual quota of 176 179 kg of dry bark’). Cameroon has had a positive opinion in place since 11/03/2011, with the annotation updated numerous times to reflect the annual export quota and the region specified on the export permit (last confirmed on 02/07/2015, applicable to ‘a total annual export quota of 974 853 kg of dry bark’ divided between 6 regions); in addition, a no opinion ii) has been in place since 02/07/2015 for dry bark from Mt Oshie region (last confirmed 27/06/2016), and a negative opinion from 30/11/2009 remains in place for any trade where conditions under the subsequent positive opinions are not met. The DRC has had a positive opinion in place since 30/11/2012, with the annotation updated numerous times to reflect the annual export quota and the region specified on the export permit (last confirmed 07/03/2016, applicable to a ‘total annual quota of 231 860 kg of dry bark’ divided between 4 regions).

P. africana was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP11 and CoP16, with ongoing actions for many countries including Cameroon, Uganda and DRC (PC22 Doc 11.2).

In 2014 Cameroon published an export quota for 974 853 kg of dry bark, with EU imports accounting for 107%; a permit analysis revealed 130 000 kg of bark were imported on export permits issued in 2013, bringing imports to the EU from Cameroon under the 2014 quota. DRC published a quota for 102 000 kg of dry bark of which imports by the EU accounted for >99%. Uganda published a quota for 176 179 kg dry bark in 2014, of which EU imports accounted for 107%.


49



Selection criteria



B II Gonystylus spp. (Ramin)

VU

(15 spp.)

High volume 2012, 2013 Wild-sourced imports of Gonystylus spp. in 2014 (as reported at the genus level) comprised 1294 m3 of timber from Malaysia for commercial purposes. Imports were also reported at the species level for G. bancanus, which comprised of 111 m3 of wild-sourced timber from Malaysia for commercial purposes. The volume of timber imports of Gonystylus spp. reported at the genus level increased 4% relative to 2013, while imports of G. bancanus increased by approximately five-fold compared to 2013.

The genus was reviewed for SRG 47, following which a positive opinion for Gonystylus spp. from Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) was confirmed on 12/03/2009. Malaysia published an export quota 10000 m3

parts and derivatives from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah in 2014.

B II Bulnesia sarmientoi (Holy wood)

NT High volume (GT)

2012, 2013 In 2014, wild-sourced imports primarily comprised extract (66 260 kg), timber (10 000 kg) and oil (44 720 kg), all of which was imported from Paraguay for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced extract reported by weight were more than 2.5 times higher than in 2013, representing the highest level of trade over the ten-year period. Imports of timber (kg) were over ten times greater than in 2013; but remained below levels reported in 2009 and 2010 (13 020 and 28 976 kg, respectively). This species was listed in Annex C (Argentina) in 2008, and in Appendix II and Annex B in 2010.

The species was reviewed for SRG 56 and has been discussed at numerous SRG meetings including SRGs 65-71; a positive opinion for Paraguay formed on 28/04/2014 was confirmed on 27/06/2016. B. sarmientoi was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4), following which Paraguay has submitted an NDF (PC22 Doc. 12.2). In 2014, Paraguay published quotas of 250 000 kg of extract and 1 400 000 kg of wood of which imports by the EU accounted for 27% and 1% respectively.

ANNEX C: REPTILES

C III Graptemys oculifera (Ring map turtle)

VU High volume (GT); Sharp increase

In 2014, 400 live individuals were imported from the USA, without a purpose or source specified. No trade was reported during 2005-2013.

G. oculifera was listed in Appendix III by the USA on 14/06/2006 under the genus listing Graptemys spp.

C III Mauremys reevesii (Reeve's turtle)

EN High volume (GT)

2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, imports comprised 6 000 live individuals without a source or purpose specified, imported from China. Imports of live M. reevesii doubled between 2013 and 2014.

M. reevesii was listed in Appendix III by China on 17/02/2005.


50



Selection criteria



C III Mauremys sinensis (Chinese stripe-necked turtle)

EN High volume (GT); sharp increase

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

In 2014, imports solely comprised 31 000 live individuals, without a source or purpose specified, imported from China. The majority of imports of M. sinensis reported since its listing in Appendix III (China) in 2005 have been reported with an unknown source or a source not specified. Imports of live individuals have been variable since 2005; live imports in 2014 increased by more than six-fold relative to 2013 to their highest levels over the period 2005-2014.

Whilst listed in Annex C (hence SRG opinions are not applicable), the species was reviewed for SRG 62 to assess whether it might merit listing in Annex B. It was considered that the criteria for listing in Annex B may not be met.

* ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’ = Vulnerable, ‘NT’ = Near Threatened, ‘LC’ = Least Concern, ‘DD’ = Data Deficient, ‘-’ = not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. ** ‘GT’ = globally threatened. Species were considered globally threatened if they were classified as CR, EN, VU, NT or DD on the IUCN Red List. ◊ = met the criteria based on candidate countries’ trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade. † ‘no opinion i)’ = no significant trade anticipated; ‘no opinion ii)’ = decision deferred; ‘no opinion iii)’ = referral to the SRG.


51

Table 4.3. Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of candidate country-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2014 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened) and sharp increase in trade.

Annex App. Taxon (Common name)

IUCN Red List status

Selection criteria


Summary of trade

ANNEX A: BIRDS

A I Probosciger aterrimus

(Palm cockatoo)

LC Sharp increase

In 2014, three live birds (reported as source unspecified) were imported by Turkey from Uzbekistan for commercial purposes. No other trade in P. aterrimus was reported over the period 2005-2014.

ANNEX B: MAMMALS

B II Lycalopex culpaeus

(Red fox)

LC Sharp increase

Wild-sourced imports of L. culpaeus in 2014 comprised 2000 skins, imported by Turkey from Argentina for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by more than 3-fold in 2014 compared to 2013 reaching their highest level over the ten year period 2005-2014; the second highest level was reported in 2008 (1842).

B II Lycalopex griseus (South American grey fox)

LC High volume♦

2010♦, 2011♦, 2012♦, 2013♦

In 2014, Turkey reported the import of 10 200 wild-sourced skins of L. griseus, all of which were imported for commercial purposes from Argentina. Imports of wild-sourced skins fell by 71% between 2013 and 2014, continuing an overall decrease from a peak of 152 240 skins imported in 2007.

B II Lycalopex gymnocercus (Pampa fox)

LC High volume 2011, 2012, 2013

Wild-sourced imports in 2014 primarily consisted of 15 143 skins imported by Turkey from Argentina for commercial purposes, decreasing by almost half compared to 2013.

B II Lynx rufus

(Bobcat)

LC High volume; Sharp increase

2010♦, 2011♦,

2012◊, 2013♦

In 2014, Turkey imported 7831 wild-sourced skins from the USA for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins in 2014 increased by almost three-fold compared to 2013 reaching their highest level over the ten year period; prior to this the only imports of wild-sourced skins were in 2008 (57), 2011 (255) and 2013 (2704).

ANNEX B: BIRDS

B II Agapornis pullarius

(Red-faced lovebird)

LC Sharp increase

In 2014, wild-sourced imports of A. pullarius comprised 260 live birds imported by Turkey for commercial purposes. The majority of the wild-sourced birds originated in Uganda (62%), with the remainder from Mali (38%). Imports of A. pullarius increased by 30% between 2013 and 2014, to the highest level in the period 2005-2014; prior to 2014 the only imports of wild-sourced live birds were in 2008 (50), 2011 (200) and 2013 (200).

B II Ramphastos tucanus

(Red-billed toucan)

VU Sharp increase

2013 In 2014, 37 live, wild-sourced (and a small number reported without a source code) birds were imported by Turkey from Guyana for commercial purposes. Imports of live R. tucanus increased by more than two and a half-fold in 2014 compared to 2013 to their highest level in the ten year period.

B II Ramphastos vitellinus

(Channel-billed toucan)

VU High volume (GT); sharp increase

In 2014, Turkey reported the import of 85 live, wild-sourced R. vitellinus most of which were for commercial purposes (76%) and the remainder imported for zoos (24%). The majority of live, wild-sourced birds were imported from Guyana (69%) while the remainder were imported from Suriname (31%). Imports of R. vitellinus increased by 17 fold in 2014 compared to 2013, reaching their highest level over the ten year period.


52

Annex App. Taxon (Common name)

IUCN Red List status

Selection criteria


Summary of trade

B II Psittacus erithacus (African grey parrot)

VU High volume (GT)

2011, 2012, 2013

Turkey reported the import of 9260 live, wild-sourced birds for commercial purposes in 2014. The majority were imported from in the DRC (68%) with the remainder imported from Cameroon (19%) and Mali (13%). Imports of live, wild-sourced birds increased by 42% between 2013 and 2014, to the highest level in the period 2005-2014.

* ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’ = Vulnerable, ‘NT’ = Near Threatened, ‘LC’ = Least Concern, ‘DD’ = Data Deficient, ‘-’ = not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. ** ‘GT’ = globally threatened. Species were considered globally threatened if they were classified as CR, EN, VU, NT or DD on the IUCN Red List. ◊ = met the criteria based on EU trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade.


53


54

Figure 3.2. EU-reported direct imports of selected species showing noteworthy patterns of trade (see Table 3.2), 2005-2014.

Species valuation

55

5. Species valuation Estimating the financial value of trade in CITES species can highlight the importance of sustainable use by making the contribution of legal trade to national economies and livelihoods more explicit. The financial value of EU imports and exports of CITES-listed animal and plant species is estimated in this section. To calculate the value of relevant 2014 imports to the EU, we build on a methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2010 Analysis report. For the 2014 Analysis, this methodology has been updated to include price data at a finer taxonomic resolution, and include plants for the first time (see Annex F). The sources of price data for plants and animals differ and will therefore be discussed separately in this chapter, as they are not directly comparable. In addition, as financial values for animals have been calculated using an updated methodology, caution should be used when comparing 2014 values with previous years.

The value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals in 2014 (excluding caviar extract was estimated at USD717 million (~EUR641 million), whilst the value of EU exports (including re-exports) was estimated at almost double that value; approximately USD1.2 billion (~EUR1.1 billion). The commodities with the highest overall trade value were leather products, garments and skins, and this was true for both imports and exports. The top ten exporters of CITES listed animals to the EU made up over 81% of the total import value, each with between over USD 14 million and USD 159 million of exports each. Four of these countries (United States, China, Australia and Indonesia) are “megadiversity” countries.

The value of EU imports of CITES-listed plants in 2014 was estimated at USD286 million (~EUR261 million), with EU exports (including re-exports) estimated at less than half of that, at approximately USD102 million (~EUR91 million). The import commodities with the highest overall trade value were live plants, bark and timber. The export commodities with the highest overall trade value were carvings and live plants of several species, followed by wax of Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla). The top 10 exporters of CITES listed plant commodities to the EU made up over 85% of the total import value, exporting between USD8 million and USD98 million each.

To estimate the value of EU trade in CITES-listed species, specific values for taxon/term/unit/source7

combinations were gathered from United States annual reports to CITES (animals) and online

commerce websites (plants), and multiplied by the corresponding 2014 EU-reported trade volume (as

recorded in the CITES Trade Database). Some combinations of taxon/term/unit/source could not be

assigned a price and the exclusion of these trade records may reduce the overall estimated value of EU

trade. In addition, other median values will be high based on several reports of extremely high values

and a lower number of records; for example, of six reported prices for live wild Ursus arctos (Brown

bear), four were over USD$500 000, whilst two were around USD$2000. Finally, the different sources of

price data mean that plant and animal values are not comparable, as the animal prices reflect actual

price when the international trade took place, whereas the plant prices reflect the sales price to final

consumers which will include, for example, a profit margin for the importer. The figures should

7 Source was included only where these data were available.

Species valuation

56

therefore be interpreted with some caution. Further details of the methodology, along with caveats to

this approach, are found in Annex F.

Value of EU animal imports

Total import value, excluding caviar extract The financial value of EU reported CITES-listed animal imports in 2014, excluding caviar extract, is

estimated to be approximately USD717 million (~ EUR 641 million8). Noting potential differences arising

from the altered methodology, the value of imports appears to have increased when compared to 2013

estimates (USD644 million)9.

As in previous years, the value was dominated by reptile commodities, with trade in reptiles accounting

for 83% of the value, (Figure 5.1) reflecting the relatively high volume of EU imports of this group.

Trade in wild and ranched CITES-listed animals imported into the EU in 2014 accounted for 72% of total

import value (USD519 million or ~EUR462 million), an increase from the 2013 estimate of USD461

million. The value of captive-produced imports decreased slightly in 2014 to approximately USD186

million (~EUR167 million, or 26% of value) compared to USD177 million in 2013.

Figure 5.1 Proportion of EU animal import value (2014 USD) by source in 2014.

Leather products and skins were the top two commodities imported by value when excluding caviar

extract, representing 41% and 40% of the overall estimated value, respectively. This mirrors findings

from previous years (2010-2013). The value of the key commodities imported by the EU in 2014 is

summarised in Figure 5.2. A brief overview of the top commodities based on value is provided below.

8 All Euro equivalent values throughout this section are based on an exchange rate of 0.89 EUR to 1 USD from http://www.xe.com/ on 03 August 2016. 9 When comparisons to 2013 prices are used, these reflect values published in the 2013 EU Analysis of Annual Reports that are based on slightly altered methodology. 2013 prices were based on medians of USD equivalent value from 2008-2012, as opposed to the 2014 USD value derived from the median over 9 years (2006-2014) of United States price data. In addition, in the 2014 Analysis price data for species and genus level have been used where available; prior Analyses used only prices at Family and Order level. Annual figures from previous years have been corrected for inflation.

http://www.xe.com/

Species valuation

57

Figure 5.2. Value (2014 USD) of trade in the top five commodities imported by the EU in 2014 (excluding caviar extract), with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“other”).

Value by trading partner The main trading partners are shown in Figure 5.3.

Figure 5.3. Estimated value (2014 USD) and source of EU animal imports (excluding caviar extract) from the top five trading partners in 2014. Countries marked with a* are megadiversity countries.

Key animal commodities imported by the EU by value Leather products (encompassing both small and large leather products) accounted for 41% of animal

import value in 2014, although they accounted for only 18% of import volume. Leather product imports

were valued at approximately USD296 million (~EUR265 million), an 8% decrease in value based on the

2013 figure of USD323 million (corrected for inflation). Over 99% of the value of imports were from

reptile leather products, with Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator) accounting for 53% of total

leather product import value alone.

The second highest value import commodity was skins (USD284 million (~EUR254 million), which were

also the top commodity imported by volume (>1.5 million skins). This represents an increase in the value

of skin imports in 2014 compared to 2013, when the value was an estimated USD216 million, correcting

for inflation. As with leather products, skin imports were dominated by reptile skins and over 85% of

Species valuation

58

the reptile skin trade by value was dominated by the same four species as in 2013, in order of importance:

Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator), Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile), Python reticulatus,

(Reticulated python), and P. bivittatus (Burmese python). As in previous years, the price of skins in trade

was affected by the source of the specimens; the median value for wild-sourced Alligatoridae skins

(USD285) was higher than ranched skins (USD209) and almost three times the value of captive-

produced skins (USD73).

Live animals represented the third highest value trade flow in 2014, just under USD42million (~EUR37

million), representing a large increase compared with 2013 estimated values of USD 28 million. Whilst

corals (Anthozoa), reptiles and leeches (Hirudinoidea) accounted for 96% of imports by volume, live

mammals accounted for the highest proportion of the trade by value (48% or USD20 million, ~EUR18

million). The majority of this value was in captive-bred Macaca fascicularis (Crab-eating macaque),

imported mainly for biomedical purposes (88% of total value of live mammals). Live reptiles accounted

for 35% of import value, over 60% of which was in imports of two species Mauremys reevesii (Chinese

pond turtle) and M. sinensis (Chinese stripe-necked turtle; Table 5.1).

Table 5.1. Summary of quantities and estimated values of the highest value captive and wild-sourced live animals imported as no. individuals by the EU in 2014

Taxon Quantity (per animal)

Median price in USD per individual (at species level unless specified)

Approximate value (USD)

Captive

Macaca fascicularis (Crab-

eating macaque)

6757 2623

17 724 681

Mauremys reevesii (Chinese pond turtle)

52 202 127*

5 844 553

Mauremys sinensis (Chinese stripe-necked turtle)

51 400 127*

2 504 700

Wild

Ursus arctos (Brown bear) 3 507 475* 1 522 424

Mauremys sinensis (Chinese stripe-necked turtle)

36 000 9.5**

300 200

Scolymia australis (Button coral) 6586 41 270 276

Value of caviar extract As in previous years, caviar extract was the highest value import commodity in 2014, amounting to

USD2.58 billion10 (~EUR2.31 billion), due to extremely high value estimated for this product by the

United States Customs data (one kilogram of caviar extract is USD9.3 million (~EUR8.4 million) or

USD9 300 per gram). Used in cosmetics, luxury moisturising creams and skincare preparations due to its

purported anti-aging properties, this commodity is imported in very small quantities. However, it

unclear whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the extract

in its natural form or the luxury commodity containing the extract, both of which are traded.

In total, 181 kg of extract were imported by the EU in 2014, mainly comprising Acipenser baerii (Siberian

sturgeon; Table 5.2). Virtually all extract (>99%) originated from captive-bred or captive-born sources;

Switzerland was the main EU trading partner accounting for 89% of the value of EU imports.

When caviar extract is included, the total value of CITES-listed animals and animal products imported

by the EU in 2014 was estimated at USD3.3 billion (USD 3 295 192 596 or ~EUR2.95 billion), which is over

a billion dollars less than the estimated value for 2013 (USD4.89 billion, corrected for inflation).

10 “Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109.

Species valuation

59

Value of EU Plant imports

Total import value The financial value of EU reported CITES-listed plants imports in 2014 is estimated to be approximately

USD292 million (~ EUR256 million11), 70% of which was from wild-sourced imports. In total, imports of

non-timber plant species were higher than that of timber species, at USD156 million (EUR139 million)

over 53% of the total plant import value (Figure 5.4).

Figure 5.4. Proportion of EU plant import value (2014 USD) by source in 2014.

Value by trading partner Cameroon was the main trading partner in 2014, accounting for 34% of import value, all of which was

derived from wild-sourced products (Figure 5.5).

Figure 5.5. Estimated value (2014 USD) and source of EU plant imports from the top

five trading partners in 2014. Countries marked with a* are megadiversity countries.

11 All Euro equivalent values throughout this section are based on an exchange rate of 0.89 EUR to 1 USD from http://www.xe.com/ on 03 August 2016.

http://www.xe.com/

Species valuation

60

Key commodities imported by the EU by value The top plant commodities by value imported to the EU in 2014 are shown in Figure 5.6.

Figure 5.6 Estimated value (2014 USD) and source of trade in the top plant

commodities imported by the EU in 2014, with an indication of the combined value of

the remaining terms (“other”).

Live plants were the highest value plant commodity imported in 2014 (40% of plant imports: USD117

million or ~ EUR 105 million), and were also the top commodity imported by volume, with over 22.6

million live plants imported to the EU in 2014. Artificially propagated plants dominated imports (65% of

the total), with the 35% of imports that were wild-sourced comprising almost entirely Amaryllidaceae

(96% of wild-sourced live plant imports). The main exporter to the EU was Turkey (33% of import value)

and the main importer was The Netherlands (68%).

The top taxa exported as live plants are summarised in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3. Top 5 live plant imports by value in 2014

Taxon Total estimated export value of

trade in 2014

Price per artificially propagated plant in

USD (species level price, unless specified)

Galanthus woronowii (Green

snowdrop) 28 755 243

2.45*

Cycas revoluta 15 102 518 26.25*

Phalaenopsis hybrid 14 983 393 22.60

Galanthus elwesii (Giant

snowdrop) 14 275 170

2.45*

Echinocactus grusonii 5 453 864 17.43

* No species level price available so a proxy of the genus level price was used.

Bark accounted for 36% of plant imports in 2014, with an estimated value of USD104 million (~ EUR93 million) and a total volume of 1.3 million kg. Almost all (>99%) of the value of bark imports was derived from Prunus africana (African cherry), all of which was wild-sourced. Cameroon was the top exporter of bark (78%) and France was the main importer (74%).

Timber (reported by volume) was the third highest value plant commodity imported (USD23million or ~

EUR21 million), over 99% of which was wild-sourced timber. Of the 9 species imported for which there

was price data available, the majority of the value was derived from imports of Pericopsis elata (African

teak; 76%) and Swietenia macrophylla (Big-leaf mahagonay; 21%). CITES-listed timber was imported into

the EU by 12 countries, the top exporter by value was Cameroon (57%), and the top importer was

Belgium (84%).

Species valuation

61

Value of EU exports

This section analyses the value of both direct and indirect exports; hereafter, ‘exports’ refers to both

direct exports and re-exports, unless otherwise specified.

Total animal export value, excluding caviar extract The financial value of EU-reported CITES-listed animal exports in 2014, excluding caviar extract, is

estimated to be approximately USD1.1 billion (1 079 585 582~ EUR1.11 billion), almost double the

estimated value of imports to the EU in 2014. Export value in 2014 was lower that the estimated value of

exports in 2013 (USD1.53 billion, corrected for inflation). Caviar extracts have been excluded from the rest of the overall analysis and will be presented separately, due to their disproportionately high financial values (almost USD 23 billion [~ EUR20 billion] combined). All figures given in the rest of this section are exclusive of caviar extract, unless otherwise stated.

The relative export values of different taxonomic groups are shown in Figure 5.7. Reptiles were the

highest value group, reflecting high volumes of reptile exports in 2014. Mammal exports, although

ranked third in terms of financial value in 2013, were second in 2014, and the total export value of birds

fell from 6% of total export value in 2013 to 3% in 2014.

Overall, EU exports of wild-sourced and ranched CITES-listed animals in 2014 accounted for USD725

million (or ~EUR651 million; 67% of total estimated value), whilst captive-produced exports were worth

approximately USD308 million (~EUR276 million, or 28%). The proportion of CITES animal exports

from different sources varied between taxonomic groups (Figure 5.7).

Figure 5.7 Value of EU (re-)exports of the top animal products (excluding caviar extract) by class and source in 2014, with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“other”).

Key animal commodities exported by the EU by value The highest value animal commodity exported from the EU in 2014 was leather products (combining the

value of both small and large leather products), which were worth ~USD779 million (EUR699 million),

71% of which was wild-sourced. The highest value species exported as leather products were Alligator

mississippiensis (American alligator; 64%) and Crocodylus niloticus (Nile Crocodile; 12%). By value, the

main exporters were France (41%) and Italy (33%), and the top importers were Switzerland (56%) and

China (12%), although the EU itself is the main consumer of the leather it produces, absorbing two-

Species valuation

62

thirds of leather sales12. The total annual export value of CITES-listed leather products manufactured in

the EU is therefore likely to be substantially higher.

The value of leather products accounted for 72% of the total animal export value in 2014. The

commodities that comprise the remaining 28% are summarised in Figure 5.8, along with their sources.

Figure 5.8. Value (2014 USD) of trade in animal commodities (re-)exported by the EU in 2014 (excluding leather products and caviar extract), with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“other”).

Combined, garments, skins and skin pieces accounted for 8% of animal export value in 2014, and similar

taxa were of highest value in exports of all three terms (Table 5.4). For exports in all three groups, wild-

sourced products made up the majority of trade value (64% in total across the three groups). The top

species exported as garments, skins and skin pieces are shown in Table 5.4

12 Cotance, 2012. Social and Environmental Report – the European leather industry.

Species valuation

63

Table 5.4. The highest value species (re)exported as garments, skins and skin pieces by

the EU in 2014.

Top three taxa by value Total value of exports in

2014

Total quantity

exported (no.

items)

Median price per captive-

sourced item in USD (species

level price)

Garments

Alligator mississippiensis

(American alligator) 20 092 282 7246 5850

Crocodylus niloticus (Nile

crocodile) 12 335 792 8744 1591

Lynx rufus (Bobcat) 11 851 668 5440 NA (all wild sourced)

Skins


(American alligator) 27 464 372 91 802 280


crocodile) 4 256 417 16 526 250

Python reticulatus (Reticulated

python) 4 065 396 23 716 192

Skin pieces


(American alligator) 28 234 869 669 836 10

Caiman crocodilus fuscus 568 430 10 321 55


crocodile)

430 922 6850 23

In 2014 exports of ivory carvings were valued at over USD41 million (~EUR37 million). Ivory carving

exports were predominantly from Loxodonta africana (African elephant; 73% USD30 million or ~EUR27

million), and 97% were pre-convention.

Caviar exports were worth around USD34 million (~EUR31 million), a slight increase from 2013 (USD33

million), with over 98% being from captive sources.

Live animal exports from the EU were estimated to be worth almost USD29 million (~EUR26 million) in

2014, considerably lower than the 2013 figure of USD69 million, possibly due to a decrease in the volume

of live birds exported, from 133 000 in 2013 to 83 000 in 2014. Despite this, as in 2013, export value was

dominated by birds (83%: USD24 million or ~EUR22 million), followed by reptiles (7%: USD2 million

~EUR2 million). Table 5.5 summarises the main species in trade in each group.

Table 5.5. The highest value species (re)exported as live animals by the EU in 2014

Top three taxa by value Total value by taxa

(USD)

Total quantity exported

in 2014 (no. of

individuals)

Median price per captive-

sourced animal in USD

(species level price, unless

specified)

Birds

Falco rusticolus 8 164 575 1777 4595

Falco hybrid 6 358 560 2038 3120*

Falco cherrug 1 407 647 454 3120*

Reptiles

Testudo hermanni 513 556 10 172 51

Geochelone sulcata 301 788 5976 51

Python bivittatus 291 836 1887 155


Species valuation

64

Value of caviar extract As for EU imports, caviar extract was also the main commodity exported from the EU by value in 2014,

amounting to USD22.6 billion13 (~EUR20.2 billion), virtually all of it captive-bred. The value of this

commodity declined based on 2012 and 2013 estimated values, to reflect decreased volumes in trade.

Seventy-seven percent of the value of the exported caviar extract was derived from Acipenser baerii

(Siberian sturgeon).

When caviar extract is included the total value of CITES-listed animals and animal products exported by

the EU in 2014 was estimated at USD23.6 billion (USD23 633 068 131or ~EUR21.2 billion).

Total plant export value The financial value of EU-reported CITES-listed plant exports in 2014 is estimated to be ~USD 102

million (~ EUR91.2 billion), the majority of the value of which was timber

Trade in timber species accounted for approximately 62% of the overall value of plant exports (USD63.1

million, EUR56.7 million), with non-timber plant species comprising the remaining 38%. Within these

groups, carvings of timber species and live non-timber plants had the highest estimated financial value

(Figure 5.9). Whilst the majority of the trade in these top two commodities comprised pre-convention

(carvings) and artificially propagated (live plants) sourced products, the third, fourth and fifth most

important commodities were all wild-sourced.

Whilst 13 Member States exported plant commodities in 2014, three countries (Denmark, Netherlands

and Germany) accounted for 87% of the overall estimated export value. The majority of value from these

exports was comprised of live plants, carvings, and wax. The top three destinations for EU plant exports

by overall estimated value in 2014 were: United States of America (25%), Japan (20%) and Taiwan,

Province of China (7%).

Figure 5.9 Proportion of EU value (2014 USD) of (re-)exports of plant products by type and source in 2014.

Key plant commodities exported by the EU by value The highest value plant commodities and their sources are shown in Figure 5.10.

13 Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109.

Species valuation

65

Figure 5.10. Value (2014 USD) of trade for the top five commodities (re-)exported by the EU in 2014 with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“other”), showing sources. ‘Artificially propagated’ includes Sources A and D, and ‘Wild-sourced’ includes Sources W, U

and blank.

In terms of value, the most important plant commodity exported by the EU in 2014 was carvings (56%:

approximately USD57 million or EUR 51 million). Carving export values were highest from Denmark

(69%) and Germany (24%), and the majority of value was from Dalbergia spp. (Rosewood; >99% of

value), predominantly D. nigra (Brazilian rosewood;~ USD46 million) and D. baronii (~USD11 million).

The top import destinations (according to highest estimated value) were the United States (34%), Japan

(34%) and Taiwan, Province of China (10%).

The second highest value export was live plants (29%: approximately USD29 million or ~EUR26 million),

with 52% of this value from exports of Phalaenopsis spp. (Moth orchids). Five taxa had export values of

over USD1 million (Table 5.6). Ninety-five per cent of export value was from the Netherlands and the top

importers were Turkey and the United States (16% of value each), Norway (13%) and Switzerland (12%).

Species valuation

66

Table 5.6 Taxa with live plant (re-)exports over USD1 million in 2014

Taxon Total quantity

exported in 2014 (no.

plants)

Total estimated export value

of trade in 2014

Price per artificially

propagated plant in USD

(species level price, unless

specified)

Phalaenopsis spp. (Moth

orchids)

678 580 15 335 908 23*

Galanthus elwesii (Giant

snowdrop)

665 630 1 630 794 2.5*

Dionaea muscipula

(Venus flytrap)

142 359 1 423 590 10

Galanthus ikariae 438 820 1 075 109 2.5*

Mammillaria rhodantha 33 788 1 026 311 30


Other commodities with an export value of over USD one million included Euphorbia antisyphilitica wax

(Candelillia) (all of which was re-exported from Mexico), bark of Prunus africana (African cherry) and

extract of several species, most notably Aloe ferox (Cape aloe) and E. antisyphilitica.

Non-CITES trade

67

6. Non-CITES trade Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 provides for the control of trade in certain species that are not listed in the Appendices to CITES; such species may be listed in Annexes A, B or D. Monitoring of trade in these species is entirely dependent on reporting by EU Member States; this chapter provides an overview of this trade14 in 2014.

EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2014 principally comprised Annex D reptile skins, dried plants and plant derivatives. Imports of particular note include: skins of Homalopsis buccata (Masked water snake), Elaphe carinata (King rat snake) and E. radiata (Copperhead rat snake); derivatives of Harpagophytum spp.; Haliotis midae (Perlemoen abalone) shells and live Ctenosaura quiquecarinata (Club-tailed iguana). The top non-CITES species exported by the EU by volume in 2014 was Columba livia (Rock dove).

Imports Eight non-CITES Annex A or B taxa were imported by Member States in 2014. As in 2013, a major

proportion of the trade consisted of live Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider) imported for

scientific purposes, the majority of which were wild-sourced (Table 6.1). Four live T. scripta elegans were

imported for personal purposes in 2014. Imports of live specimens of this species increased by 8%

between 2013 and 2014. This species will be removed from the Annexes following its inclusion in EU

Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species.

Table 6.1. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex A and B taxa in 2014. Quantities have been rounded to the nearest whole number, if appropriate.

Group Annex Taxon Importer

Exporter

(Origin, if applicable) Source Purpose Qty Term

Ma

mm

als

A Hystrix cristata (Crested porcupine) France Switzerland C Z 1 live

Germany Guinea-Bissau W S 1 specimens

Kenya W P 2 derivatives

Liberia W S 1 specimens

Senegal W S 9 specimens

Spain United States C S 1 skeletons

Birds

A Bubulcus ibis (Cattle egret) Germany Gabon W S 1 specimens

Egretta garzetta (Little egret) Netherlands Russia (Unknown) O Q 1 garments

Columba livia (Rock dove) Spain Australia C T 57 live

United States C T 168 live

Struthio camelus (Rock dove) France Switzerland (Macao) O Q 1 carvings

Reptile

s

B Chrysemys picta (Painted turtle) Germany United States F S 190 live

Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider)

Denmark Russia C P 2 live

United States W S 237 live

France United States O P 1 live

Germany United States C P 1 live

United States F S 70 live

Inverts (non-coral) B

Graphium sandawanum (Apo swallowtail) Germany

Taiwan, POC (Philippines) U P 5 bodies

14 Trade in artificially propagated Annex B plants and re-exports of manufactured articles were excluded from the analysis.

Non-CITES trade

68

EU imports of Annex D animal taxa principally comprised reptile skins, the majority of which were

reported without a source or purpose specified; as in 2013, the primary reptile species in trade were

Homalopsis buccata (Masked water snake), Elaphe carinata (King rat snake) and E. radiata (Copperhead

rat snake; Table 6.2). Imports of H. buccata and E. radiata skins increased in 2014 compared to 2013 (by

14% and 6%, respectively); imports of E. carinata decreased by 3% between 2013 and 2014 but remained

above 100 000 skins (Figure 6.1). The vast majority of skins imported in 2014 were imported directly from

China, Thailand and Singapore (28%, 27% and 23% respectively).

Figure 6.1. Imports of skins of Homalopis buccacta (Masked water snake), Elaphe carinata (King rat snake) and Elaphe radiata (Copperhead rat snake) by EU-28 2005-2014, all sources.

The import of 40 kg feathers of Syrmaticus reevesii (Reeves’ pheasant) is of particular note; this trade

was entirely wild-sourced and imported from China for commercial purposes. Trade in feathers was

higher in 2014 than in the previous nine years.

Haliotis midae (Perlemoen abalone) shells were also imported at notable levels in 2014; however imports

reduced by approximately 43% compared to 2013 levels. The vast majority of shells were imported

directly from South Africa and were reported without a source or purpose code specified.

In 2014, there were notable levels of trade in live Pterapogon kauderni (Banggai cardinalfish) imported to

the EU (22 544 individuals. This species is endemic to Indonesia and is categorised as Endangered by the

IUCN; exports were predominately from Indonesia (58%) and Thailand (42%). A number of decisions

were adopted at CoP17 relating to the conservation and management of this species (found in CoP17

Com I. 32).

Other species categorised as Endangered that were imported in low volumes by the EU in 2014 were

Ctenosaura quinquecarinata (Club-tailed iguana; 56 individuals), Abronia graminea (Terrestrial arboreal

alligator lizard; 11 live individuals), and Dendrolagus goodfellowi ((Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo; one live

individual). The number of Ctenosaura quinquecarinata in trade was 70% less than 2013 levels and all

trade was either source ‘U' or without a source specified and exported directly from the United States.

Large volumes of Annex D dried plants and plant derivatives were also imported (Table 6.2). Most of

these were either wild-sourced or reported without a source specified, with the exception of extracts of

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry), which were artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution

Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15). The principal plant taxa in trade were Harpagophytum spp. (Devil’s claw;

including Harpagophytum procumbens and H. zeyheri), the majority originating in Namibia, and

Non-CITES trade

69

Gentiana lutea (Yellow gentian) mainly originating in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trade in plants was all

for commercial purposes or reported without a purpose specified. Trade in Harpagphytum commodities

reported by weight in 2014 increased by 35% compared to 2013, while trade reported by number

decreased by 77% over the same period. Trade in Gentiana lutea commodities reported by weight

decreased by 17% compared to 2013; no trade in G. lutea reported by number was reported in 2014.

Table 6.2. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex D species in 2014. Group Taxon Source Purpose Total Term (Unit) Notes

Mammals Dendrolagus goodfellowi (Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo; EN)

U T 1 live Transferred from Annex B in 2008

Birds Syrmaticus reevesii (Reeves’ pheasant; VU)

W T 40 feathers (kg)

Endemic to Central China. Population is small, largely unprotected and declining.

Hypargos niveoguttatus (Peters’ twinspot; LC)

U T 10 live Large range and stable population.

Cosmopsarus regius (Golden-breasted starling; LC)

U T 26 live Large range and stable population.

Reptile

s

Physignathus cocincinus (Chinese water dragon; NE)

U T 4014 live Reviewed SRG 48

W T 1047 live

unspecified unspecified 3872 live

Abronia graminea (Terrestrial arboreal alligator lizard; EN)

U T 7 live

All Abronia included in Appendix II at CoP17


Rhacodactylus auriculatus (New Caledonian bumpy gecko; LC)



Rhacodactylus ciliatus (Eyelash gecko; VU)



Rhacodactylus leachianus (New Caledonia giant gecko; LC)


Teratoscincus scincus (Common wonder gecko; NE)

U T 91 live

Zonosaurus karsteni (Karsten’s girdled lizard; LC)

unspecified unspecified 6 live Reviewed SRG 26

Ctenosaura quinquecarinata (Club-tailed iguana; NE)



Tribolonotus gracilis (Crocodile skink; LC)



Tribolonotus novaeguineae (New Guinea helmet skink; LC)


Tribolonotus spp. W T 50 live

Elaphe carinata (King rat snake; NE)

C T 10 live Reviewed SRG 70

U T 5 live

unspecified unspecified 305 small leather products

17 plates (m2)

4017 plates

Reptile

s

(cont.

)

5 skin pieces

164 16

2 skins

Elaphe radiata (Copperhead rat snake; NE)

O T 73 skins Reviewed SRG 27

W T 908 skins

Non-CITES trade

70

Group Taxon Source Purpose Total Term (Unit) Notes

unspecified unspecified 4032 small leather products

1.5 small leather products (kg)

24 live

6183 plates

176 plates (m2)

4 skin pieces

104 16

1 skins

Elaphe taeniura (Beauty rat snake; NE)


Enhydris bocourti (Bocourt’s water snake; LC)

unspecified unspecified 5156 skins Reviewed SRG 27

Homalopsis buccata (Masked water snake; LC)

W T 7100 skins Reviewed SRG 27

unspecified unspecified 11 large leather products

817 small leather products

11 940 live

684 plates

26 skin pieces

51 216

3 skins

Leioheterodon madagascariensis (Malagasy giant hognose snake; LC)


Endemic to Madagascar; widespread, common and stable population.

Rhabdophis subminiatus (Red-necked keelback; LC)


Lapemis curtus (Shaw’s sea snake; LC)

unspecified unspecified 922 plates Reviewed SRG 27

9871 skins

Fis

h

Pterapogon kauderni (Banggai cardinalfish; EN)

C T 13 live Subject to CoP17 decisions

U T 4773 live

unspecified unspecified 17 758 live

Inverts

Haliotis midae (Perlemoen abalone; NE)

C T 1402 shells (kg) Reviewed SRG 54

U T 22 live

unspecified unspecified 60 520 shells

Pla

nts

Arisaema erubescens (NE) unspecified unspecified 6 powder (kg) Reviewed SRG 28

Arisaema tortuosum (NE) unspecified unspecified 600 derivatives Reviewed SRG 28

Arnica montana (Mountain arnica; LC)

unspecified unspecified 1500 flowers (kg) Reviewed SRG 28

Othonna herrei (LC) W T 10 live Reviewed SRG 28

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry; LC)

A T 25 extract (kg) Reviewed SRG 28

W T 7725 dried plants (kg)

unspecified unspecified 2991 leaves (kg)

Gentiana lutea (Yellow gentian; LC)


Reviewed SRG 28

22 116 roots (kg)

unspecified unspecified 1042 roots (kg)

Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss; NE)

unspecified unspecified 10 449 leaves (kg) Reviewed SRG 28

Dasylirion longissimum (NE) unspecified unspecified 76 live

Non-CITES trade

71

Group Taxon Source Purpose Total Term (Unit) Notes

Lycopodium clavatum (Common clubmoss; NE)


Reviewed SRG 28

1200 powder (kg)

Harpagophytum procumbens (NE)

W T 26 887 dried plants (kg)

Plants Committee documents discussed at SRG 24

62 322 roots (kg)

unspecified unspecified 8000 roots (kg)

21 000 roots

Plants (cont.)

Harpagophytum spp.(Devil’s claw)

W T 23 220 dried plants (kg)


9970 powder (kg)

62 538 roots (kg)

unspecified unspecified 38 000 roots (kg)

Harpagophytum zeyheri (NE) W T 10 000 dried plants (kg)


450 roots (kg)

Selaginella lepidophylla (NE) W T 10 000 dried plants (kg)

Menyanthes trifoliata (Bogbean; LC)

unspecified unspecified 2000 dried plants Reviewed SRG 28

Adenia glauca (NE) W T 13 live Reviewed SRG 28

Non-CITES trade

72

Exports This section covers both direct and indirect exports; hereafter, ‘exports’ refers to both direct exports and

re-exports, unless otherwise specified.

EU Member States reported the export of six non-CITES taxa listed in Annex A or B (Table 6.3). The

majority of trade comprised live, captive-bred Columba livia (Rock Dove) directly exported for

commercial purposes. In total, 5584 C. livia were exported in 2014 (all live and captive-bred), an increase

of more than five-fold compared to the 1040 birds exported in 2013, but much lower than the maximum

of 23 595 exported in 2011.

Table 6.3. EU-reported (re-)exports of non-CITES Annex A and B species in 2014. Group Annex Taxon Origin (Re-exporter) Source Purpose Quantity Term

Mammals A Hystrix cristata (Crested porcupine)

Belgium (France) C T

1 body

Birds A Anas querquedula (Garganey) Netherlands C T 20 live

Egretta garzetta (Little egret)

Belgium (Netherlands) C T

2 live

Netherlands (Netherlands) C T 4 live

A Columba livia (Rock dove) Spain C T 5584 live

B Crax fasciolata (Bare-faced curassow)

Belgium C T

1 body

Reptiles B Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider)

France C T

2 live

Annexes

73

Annex A: Conversion factors Converted from Converted to

Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg)

Millilitres Litres (l)

Centimetres Metres (m)

Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items]

Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin]

Timber (including logs, sawn wood, veneer etc) in kilograms

Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199915)].

Annex B: Glossary Term Definition

Annex A/B/C/D species Species listed in the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations

Appendix I/II/III species Species listed in the CITES Appendices

Article Refers to an article in the CITES Convention text

Captive-produced Refers collectively to source codes ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’ (a full list of sources is provided in Annex D)

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CITES-listed Species listed in one of the Appendices to CITES

Commodity Item in trade (for example, “live animals”)

EU European Union

Exporter Country of export

Importer Country of import

Member States The 28 countries that were Member States of the European Union in 2014

Species For simplicity, the term “species” may be used to refer to a list of species and sub-species

Term The description of a particular item in trade, as reported in CITES annual reports (for example, “live” or “meat”), in accordance with Annex VII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006

Wildlife Trade Regulations European Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent updates

Annex C: Country/territory name abbreviations

Full name Abbreviated name

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Venezuela

Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC

Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Hong Kong, SAR

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYR Macedonia

Plurinational State of Bolivia Bolivia

Russian Federation Russia

Taiwan Province of China Taiwan PoC

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania

United States of America United States

15 Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES

Secretariat, Switzerland.

Annexes

74

Annex D: Purpose and source codes Table 1. Codes for purpose of trade

Code Description

B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation

E Educational

G Botanical gardens

H Hunting trophies

L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic

M Medical (including biomedical research)

N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild

P Personal

Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions

S Scientific

T Commercial / Trade

Z Zoos

Table 2. Codes for source of specimens in trade

Code Description

A Annex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

D Annex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

I Confiscated or seized specimens16

O Pre-Convention specimens1

R Specimens originating from a ranching operation

U Source unknown (must be justified)

W Specimens taken from the wild

16 To be used only in conjunction with another source code.

Annexes

75

Annex E: Coral taxa selected on the basis of trade reported at the higher taxonomic level

Annex Taxon Selection criteria Previously selected (2010 onwards)

A Scleractinia spp. High volume 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

A Montastrea spp. Sharp increase 2013

Annexes

76

Annex F: Valuation methodology overview Data collection: Animals

Financial values for animal products were obtained using species-specific values in United States dollars

(USD) that are included as “Declared U.S. Dollar Values” in the United States annual report to CITES (as

transmitted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service). Both import and export data for cleared

items (Status = “CL”) in annual reports from 2006 to 2014 were used to compile price data for the

analysis, and prices were corrected for inflation17 to express values as estimates of U.S. dollars in 2014.

The “Declared U.S. Dollar Value” is the amount in United States dollars declared by the trader at the

point of export from or import to the United States.

The price dataset initially included 1 048 263 relevant price records for animal commodities. Median

price values were calculated for 4956 taxa/term/unit/source combinations at the species level, 2629 at

the genus level and 1647 at the family level. The final EU importer data used included 77 851 trade

records, with 310 records with no price data available. The final EU (re-) exporter data used included

186 530 trade records for animals, with an additional 658 records with no prices. Records of animal

commodities with no prices were mainly birds traded as medicine, fish traded as extract, and mammals,

mainly ivory carvings.

Data collection: Plants

The United States annual reports do not report prices for most plant imports so data for plants were

collected from retail and wholesale websites from around the world. Google searches for the names of

the main plant groups in trade (e.g. orchids, cacti, succulents, cycads, timber species) plus the phrases

‘for sale’, ‘nursery’, and ‘buy’ were carried out to find plants and plant products for sale. In addition, eBay

searches for the main plant groups and genera plus terms were carried out. The process was repeated

using the names of some of the key genera, species and trade terms that lacked price data after the first

phase. All prices were converted to USD. No adjustments were made for inflation, as all prices were

gathered from plants currently advertised for sale.

The price dataset initially included 12 207 relevant price records for plant commodities. Median price

values were subsequently calculated for 797 taxa/terms/unit combinations. The final EU importer data

used included 16 716 trade records, with 809 records with no price data available. The final EU (re-)

exporter data used included 10 352 trade records for plants, with an additional 2023 records with no

prices for plants. Plant commodities with no price data were mainly derivatives, medicine and extracts,

and for timber species mainly oil and extract.

EU-reported trade data

Trade data were extracted from the CITES Trade Database on 19th April 2016 to determine trade volumes

as reported by EU importers and (re-)exporters in 2013. All terms, sources and purposes were included.

17 http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/.

http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/

Annexes

77

Analysis

Data were standardised to comply with CITES accepted codes18. Units and source codes were converted

or grouped (in the cases of some sources) to allow for more meaningful analysis. All sources and

purposes were included in the analysis. The two datasets were used to calculate the median value for

each combination of taxa/term/unit/source for animals, and taxa/term/unit for plants, as the source

could not be determined for the majority of retail products. These medians were then multiplied by the

reported EU (re)export and import volumes of that combination to obtain total values for CITES-listed

EU trade. Only medians for which at least five prices were found were used in the final calculations. In

cases where there was an insufficient sample size, a suitable proxy was used. For example, where the

sample size at the species level was not large enough, a proxy of the next lowest taxonomic level for

which there was a large enough sample size was used (up to order). In cases where no suitable proxy

could be found, the data were excluded.

Considerations

A number of assumptions were made in order to undertake the calculations for this report:

Records were excluded if no price data were available or if no adequate proxy could be identified.

Therefore, calculations are likely to be an underestimate of the total value of EU trade. This exclusion is

likely to be biased towards taxa/term/unit/source combinations that are infrequently traded (and

therefore do not have prices available online or in US reports).

The use of proxies at the family or order level may underestimate trade values at the species level,

especially for particularly high value species. In addition, price for any given species/commodity may

vary according to size of the individual or shipment, country of origin, quality, variety (e.g. rare breeds)

– such detail is not captured in the CITES trade data. Some values were extremely high, which could

represent estimated prices being reported for non-commercial trade (e.g. the estimated value of a live

animal imported for a zoo). There may also be incentives for traders to under-value trade on USFWS 3-

177 forms in some cases. To account for these differences, a median price was used but it is important to

note that there may still be some variation not captured.

Finally, it is important to note that the estimate of the financial value of EU trade in CITES-listed

animals is only an approximation of the actual earnings at one stage in the market chain. In addition the

use of retail and wholesale prices for plants and import values for animals may mean that they are not

comparable, due to the different sources of these data. Overall figures should therefore be interpreted

with some caution.

18 See CITES Notification No. 2011/019.

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