unfinished business your percentage for test 2 should be on the webct – not a raw score out of 62...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
216 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unfinished Business• Your percentage for test 2 should be on the
webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score).
• There are TWO classes next week – – December 2– December 4 (to make up for Remembrance Day)
• Test #3 – webCT exam dates: Dec 8 (10:00) - Dec 13
(5:00)– change in room: E610, E620 and E630
![Page 2: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Review Question 1
What did Harlow’s research imply about the veracity of Freudian and behavioural theories of attachment?
A. It supported Freudian theories, but was a challenge to behavioural theories.
B. It supported behavioural theories but was a challenge to Freudian theories.
C. It supported both theories.
D. It was a challenge to both theories.
Answer: D
![Page 3: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Review Question 2
Which of the following is not a type of attachment style as named by Ainsworth?
A. RejectingB. Anxious-ambivalentC. SecureD. AvoidantAnswer: A
![Page 4: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Review Question 3
What does moral development involve?A. Knowing right from wrongB. Knowing what a culture valuesC. Making a selfish rather than a selfless
decisionD. Deciding between choices with
different social outcomes
Answer: D
![Page 5: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Review Question 4
Moral emotions require which of the following?
A. High level cognitive abilitiesB. The ability to see the self as a causal
agentC. The ability to judge others’ abilities as
right or wrongD. Friendships based on mutual sharing
of emotionsAnswer: Moral emotions are guilt, empathy and shame so … B
![Page 6: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Review Question 5
My sister strongly hold the conservative beliefs that my father taught when we were growing up. When asked about why she holds these beliefs, she gives unclear and defensive answers. What identity status would Marcia say she is in?
A. Achievement B. ForeclosureC. Moratorium D. DiffusionAnswer: B
![Page 7: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
W. W. Norton
Expansion of Identity (Stage 5) by Marcia
![Page 8: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Personality
![Page 9: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Keep in mind:
• Medical Student Syndrome
• Continuum not either/or
• Even excessive goodness is bad.
![Page 10: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Freud Neo-Freudians
Psychodynamic
Eysenck' HierarchialModel
Five FactorTheory
Trait Humanistic Cognitive-Social
Personality Theories/Approaches
![Page 11: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Personality
“Characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling and acting.”
Four major perspectives on Personality
Psychodynamic - unconscious motivationsTrait - specific dimensions of personalityHumanistic - inner capacity for growthSocial-Cognitive - influence of environment
![Page 12: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• “anal-retentive”• “overinflated ego”• “unconscious wishes”
These are all courtesy of Freud.
![Page 13: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Psychodynamic Theories
• Day-to-day behaviour is a result of conflict between conscious and unconscious processes
![Page 14: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Psychodynamic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”
(1856-1939)
Specialized in NervousDisorders
Some patients’ disordersSome patients’ disordershad no physical cause!had no physical cause!
![Page 15: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Psychodynamic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”
Q: What caused neurologicalsymptoms in patients with no
neurological problems?
UnconsciousHypnosis
FreeAssociation
“Psychoanalysis”
![Page 16: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Unconscious“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”
Conscious Awarenesssmall part above surface
(Preconscious)
Unconsciousbelow the surface
(thoughts, feelings,wishes, memories)
Repressionbanishing unacceptablethoughts & passions to
unconsciousDreams & Slips
![Page 17: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Freud & Personality Structure
“Personality arises from conflict twixt aggressive,pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints”
Ego SuperEgo
Id
![Page 18: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Freud & Personality StructureId - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives
Pleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic waysReality Principle
Super Ego- voice of consciencethat focuses on howwe ought to behaveMorality Principle
Ego SuperEgo
Id
![Page 19: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Freud & Personality Development“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”
“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”
Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouthAnal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex”
(Identification & Gender Identity)Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormantGenital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others
Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3
![Page 20: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Psychosexual StagesStage Age Zone Conflict Effects of
FixationOral 0 – 18
monthsMouth Weaning
from breastor bottle
Smoking, gumchewing, nail biting,overeating,drinking, sarcasm
Anal 18 mos– 3 yrs
Anus Toilettraining
Perfectionist (analretentive),rebellious ordestructive
Phallic 3 – 6 yrs Genitals OvercomeOedipalcomplex
Castration anxiety,struggle with authority(M), penis envy,flirtiness (F), mateattraction preoccupation(M/F)
Latency 6 yrs –puberty
None Interactingwith samesex peers
Being Asexual
Genital Puberty-adult
Genitals Establishingintimaterelationshipswithopposite sex
![Page 21: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Defense MechanismsId
SuperEgo
Ego
When the inner wargets out of hand, theresult is Anxiety
Ego protects itself viaDefense Mechanisms
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality
![Page 22: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from consciousness (underlies all other defense mechanisms)
e.g., forgetting an upsetting childhood event such as a death
• Denial - unacceptable thoughts are ignored– e.g., alcoholics ignore their problems
Defense Mechanisms
![Page 23: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptable impulses appear as their opposites– e.g., pretending you like someone you can’t stand
• Projection - attributes threatening impulses/unacceptable qualities to others– e.g., unemployed father yells at his son for being lazy
Defense Mechanisms
![Page 24: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Rationalization - generate self-justifying explanations to hide the real reasons for our actions/think of an excuse– e.g., gambling to win some money to buy things for my
family– e.g., “everybody cheats on their taxes”
• Displacement - divert impulses toward a moreacceptable “safer” object - e.g., angry at boss so “kick the dog” response
Defense Mechanisms
![Page 25: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse into something socially valued– e.g., sadist becomes dentist or surgeon
• Conversion - manifestation of a psychic conflict as a physical symptom
Defense Mechanisms
![Page 26: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Unconscious & Assessment
How can we assess personality?(i.e., the unconscious)
Objective Tests?No - tap the conscious
Projective Tests?Yes - tap the unconscious
![Page 27: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Were Freud’s theoriesthe “best of his time”or were they simply
incorrect?
Current researchcontradicts
many of Freud’sspecific ideas
Development does notstop in childhood
Dreams may not beunconscious
drives and wishes
Slips of the tongue arelikely competing
“nodes” in memory network
![Page 28: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Were Freud’s theoriesthe “best of his time”or were they simply
incorrect?
Current researchcontradicts
many of Freud’sspecific ideas
Concept of defense mechanisms have been
supported by research.
![Page 29: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Freud’s Ideas as Scientific TheoryTheories must explain observations
and offer testable hypotheses
Few Objective ObservationsFew Objective Observations Few HypothesesFew Hypotheses
(Freud’s theories based on his recollections &(Freud’s theories based on his recollections &interpretations of patients’ free associations,interpretations of patients’ free associations,
dreams & slips o’ the tongue)dreams & slips o’ the tongue)
Does Not Does Not PREDICTPREDICT Behavior or Traits Behavior or Traits
![Page 30: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Trait Perspective
No hidden personality dynamics…just basic personality dimensions
Traits - people’s characteristicbehaviors & conscious motives
How do we describe & classify different personalities?(Type A vs Type B or Depressed vs Cheerful?)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify peoplebased upon responses to 126 questions
![Page 31: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Are There “Basic” Traits?
What trait “dimensions” describe personality?
![Page 32: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Eysenck’s Hierarchial Model of Personality
W. W. Norton
Observed behaviours
![Page 33: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Eysenck’s Hierarchial Model of Personality
W. W. Norton
Repeated behaviours across situations
![Page 34: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Eysenck’s Hierarchial Model of Personality
W. W. Norton
Repeated behaviours on many
occasions = trait
![Page 35: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Eysenck’s Hierarchial Model of Personality
W. W. Norton
Three supraordinate traits:introversion-extroversion
emotional stabilitypsychoticism (constraint)
![Page 36: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Big Five Factors
• Openness• Conscientiousness• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Neuroticism
![Page 37: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Big Five Factors
• Openness to experience– down-to-earth - imaginative– uncreative - creative– conventional - unconventional– prefer routine - prefer variety– not curious - curious– conservative - liberal
![Page 38: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Big Five Factors
• Conscientiousness– negligent - conscientious– lazy - hardworking– disorganized - organized– late - punctual– aimless - ambitious– quitting - persevering
![Page 39: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Big Five Factors
• Extraversion– reserved - affectionate– loner - joiner– quiet - talkative– passive - active– sober - fun-loving– unfeeling - passionate
![Page 40: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Big Five Factors
• Agreeableness– ruthless - soft-hearted– suspicious - trusting– stingy - generous– antagonistic - acquiescent– critical - lenient– irritable - good-natured
![Page 41: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Big Five Factors
• Neuroticism – calm - worrying– even-tempered - temperamental– self-satisfied - self-pitying– comfortable - self-conscious– unemotional - emotional– hardy - vulnerable
![Page 42: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Trait Theories
• Pros– good at
describing people
– good research support
• Cons– Where do traits
come from?– How do situations
influence traits?
![Page 43: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Assessing Traits
How can we assess traits?(aim to simplify a person’s behavior patterns)
Personality InventoriesPersonality Inventories
MMPIMMPI• most widely used personality inventory• assess psychological disorders (not normal traits)• empirically derived - test items selected based
upon how well they discriminate amongst groupsof traits
![Page 44: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Big Five Personality Test
• <a href="http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/results/?o=90&c=47&e=22&a=44&n=93">I'm a O90-C47-E22-A44-N93 Big Five!!</a>
![Page 45: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• http://cac.psu.edu/~j5j/test/ipipneo1.htm
![Page 46: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Humanistic Perspective
Maslow’sMaslow’sSelf-ActualizingSelf-Actualizing
PersonPerson
Roger’sRoger’sPerson-CenteredPerson-Centered
PerspectivePerspective
“Healthy” rather than “Sick”Individual as greater than the sum of test scores
![Page 47: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Maslow & Self-Actualization
Physiological
Safety
Love Needs
Esteem
Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential
• Studied healthy, creative people• Self-Aware & Self-Accepting• Open & Spontaneous• Loving & Caring• Problem-Centered not Self-Centered
![Page 48: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Roger’s Person-Centered PerspectivePeople are basically goodwith actualizing tendencies.
Given the right environmentalconditions, we will develop
to our full potentials
Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy
Self ConceptSelf Concept - central featureof personality (+ or -)
![Page 49: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Assessing & Evaluating the Self
?? Primarily through questionnaires in whichpeople report their self-concept.
?? Also by understanding others’ subjectivepersonal experiences during therapy
XX Concepts are vague & subjective.
![Page 50: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation
What we think about our situationaffects our behavior
Interaction ofEnvironment & Intellect
![Page 51: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Rotter
• Behaviour controlled by:– expectancies for reinforcement– AND value ascribed to reinforcer– people differ in belief that efforts will lead to
positive outcomes• “locus of control”
![Page 52: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Personal Control
Internal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of ControlLuck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of StudyMethods of Study• Correlate feelings of control with behaviorCorrelate feelings of control with behavior• Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofExperiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofcontrol and noting effectscontrol and noting effects
![Page 53: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Outcomes of Personal Control
Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness
Uncontrollablebad events
Perceivedlack of control
Generalizedhelpless behavior
Important IssueImportant Issue• Nursing Homes
• Prisons•Colleges
![Page 54: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mischel
• Controversial cognitive-social theory of personality: “situationism”– traits often fail to predict behaviour
across different circumstances - personality is not “stable”
![Page 55: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mischel
• peoples responses in a given situation are influenced by:– how they encode or perceive the situation– affective (emotional) response to
situation– skills and competencies– anticipation of the outcomes their
behaviour will produce– p. 496
![Page 56: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Are you a low or a high self-monitor?
Page 508, Baron, Earhard & Ozier, Psychology (3rd ed)
![Page 57: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Interactionism Personal/Personal/CognitiveCognitiveFactorsFactors
BehaviorBehaviorEnvironmentEnvironment
FactorsFactors
Internal World + External World = UsInternal World + External World = Us
![Page 58: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Biology of Personality
• Twin studies– genetic influence accounts for about
40 to 60 percent of the variance in personality traits
– which means: genetics accounts for tremendous amount of our personality BUT
– a tremendous amount is NOT accounted for by genetics
![Page 59: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 60: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Personality Genes• Genetic components for:
– television viewing– getting divorced– feelings about capital punishment
• This does not mean that DNA determines how many hours of TV you watch!– Genes predispose certain personality
types that are associated with beh tendendies
![Page 61: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Neurotransmsitters
• Dopamine levels associated with– novelty seeking
• Serotonin levels associated with – neuroticism– agreeableness– low levels: hostility, aggressiveness,
criminality, impulsivity, sensation-seeking
![Page 62: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Temperaments
• If genes influence personality, should have biologically based tendencies to feel or act in a certain way (p. 505)
• Buss & Plomin– three personality traits that can be
considered temperaments• activity level• emotionality• sociability
![Page 63: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Buss & Plomin
• three personality traits that can be considered temperaments
•activity level•emotionality•sociability
![Page 64: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Personality types based on Temperament
• “easy children”/”well-adjusted”– regular eaters/sleepers– positive approach to novel situations– adapt to change quickly and easily
![Page 65: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Personality types based on Temperament
• “difficult children”/”undercontrolled”– irregular eaters/sleepers– negative response to most situations– tendency to withdraw from others
![Page 66: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Personality types based on Temperament
• “slow-to-warm-up children”/”inhibited”– initially cautious and anxious in new
situations– adjust well given time– lack overall positive emotionality of
easy children – (p. 505)
![Page 67: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 68: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 69: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 70: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Arousal and Personality• Optimal levels of arousal
– Eysenk – extraverts seeking out additional arousal
• resting levels of arousal chronically under optimal level
– introverts avoiding arousal • resting levels of arousal already at or above
optimal level
– difference between groups may be “arousability” or reactivity to stimuli
![Page 71: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Zuckerman’s Sensation-Seeking Scale• http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/licensing/tests/
driverqualificationtest/sensationseekingscale/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/sensation/index.shtml
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/index.shtml?personality
![Page 72: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Personality Over Time
• Traits remain stable over time
• expression of traits change
• with aging– less neurotic– less extraverted– less open to new experiences– more agreeable– more conscientious
![Page 73: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Personality Over Time
• Traits remain stable over time– genetic makeup does not change– situations remain relatively stable
• environments tend to be relatively stable (especially after early adulthood)
• tend to marry individuals with similar attitudes and personalities
• tend to have jobs with similar levels of status
![Page 74: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Chapter 13: Social Psychology• Social psychology
– how others influence how we think, feel and act
• Social cognition– mental processes by which we make
sense of ourselves, other people and our social situations (p. 417)
![Page 75: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
self-awareness self-concept
Symbolic Self Self-Esteem Attitudes
Self
![Page 76: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Symbolic self (p. 418)
• Minimal self– conscious experience of self in the here and
now, separate from immediate environment
• Objectified self– cognitive capacity to serve as object of one’s
own attention – e.g., being aware of one’s own state of mind
![Page 77: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Symbolic self (p. 418)
• Symbolic self– abstract mental representation of oneself
through language – includes:
• sense of identity
• autobiographical memories
• expectations and beliefs about the future
![Page 78: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Self-Awareness
• Symbolic self - sense of self is the object of attention
• contribution to self-awareness by “reflected appraisals” - how we thing others view us
![Page 79: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Self-Awareness
• development – 18 - 24 months: initial sense of self develops
around (“rouge spot”)– 2 yrs.: understanding of self as existing across time– 3 yrs.: self-conscious emotions of embarassment,
shame and guilt• recognize that others are evaluating them
– 4 yrs.: episodic memory for personal experiences
![Page 80: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Self-Awareness
• Duval & Wicklund– “self-awareness produces a comparison
of self against relevant standards, which inevitably leads to emotional motivation to act in accordance with personal values, attitudes, and beliefs.” (p. 421)
![Page 81: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Frontal Lobes - Self-Awareness• Symbolic self
– absent in nonhuman animals and young infants (without developed frontal lobes)
– individuals with lesions to frontal lobes show impairments involving self-awareness• can often pick up the exact same deficits in
another person but not recognize them in themselves
![Page 82: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Self-Concept
• Cognitive aspect – Self schema
• Evaluative/emotional aspect – Self-esteem
![Page 83: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Self-Concept
• Is a cognitive knowledge structure– schema (self-schema)
• network of interconnected knowledge about oneself
– cognitive aspect of self-concept– integrated set of memories, beliefs
and generalizations about oneself
![Page 84: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Self-Schema
W. W. Norton
![Page 85: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Self-Concept
• working self-concept– varies as function of:
• which memories you retrieve, •which situation you are in, •your role in that situation, •people you are with etc.
![Page 86: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Inter/Independent Self-Concepts
• some cultures place greater emphasis on the collective self than on the personal self
• interdependent– view self inherently connected to
other people– self-concept defined more by social
roles and personal relationships
![Page 87: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 88: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Inter/Independent Self-Concepts
• some cultures place greater emphasis on the personal self
• Independent– view self fundamentally separate
from others– sense of self based on feelings of
being distinct from others
![Page 89: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 90: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Interdependent/Collective Self • Advantages • Disadvantages
![Page 91: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Independent/Personal Self
• Advantages • Disadvantages
![Page 92: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Self-Esteem
• Evaluative aspect of self-concept• emotional response as evaluate
different characteristics about themselves
• internalize values and beliefs expressed by important people in their lives (“reflected appraisals”)
![Page 93: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Self-Esteem• Sociometer theory (Leary et al)
– humans have need to belong– self-esteem monitors the likelihood of
social exclusion•acts as internal monitor of social
acceptance/rejection
– is research support •low self-esteem highly correlated with
social anxiety
![Page 94: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Sociometer Theory
W. W. Norton
![Page 95: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Biological Basis of Self-Esteem• Twin studies - self-esteem
moderately inheritable– traits associated with self-esteem
such as extraversion and neuroticism have genetic components
• serotonin levels affect self-esteem– increased activity leads to increased
self-esteem/confidence
![Page 96: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Maintaining Self-Esteem
• Strategies– self-evaluative maintenance
• exaggerate or publicize connections to winners• minimize or hide relations to losers• distance self from someone who outperforms
them on task that is personally relevant
– biased comparisons• evaluate self by contrasting actions, abilities
and beliefs with others to see where they stand
![Page 97: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Maintaining Self-Esteem
• Strategies– self-serving biases– high achievers
• take credit for success• blame failure on outside factors
– low achievers• attribute success on outside factors• blame failure on personal factors
![Page 98: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 99: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 100: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 101: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 102: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
W. W. Norton
![Page 103: Unfinished Business Your percentage for test 2 should be on the webCT – not a raw score out of 62 (that is the unadjusted score). There are TWO classes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d425503460f94a1d3ea/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
W. W. Norton