UNHCR COUNTRY BRIEFING FOLDER ON ERITREA Protection Information Unit (PIU) Pillar I, Law and Policy DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION SERVICES (DIP) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: refworld@unhcr.org Website: http://www.refworld.org/ December 2010

Status Determination and Protection Information Section Division of International Protection Services

Table of Contents

CORE UNHCR DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................3 A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................4

A.1. General Information; Country Profile; Maps .................................................4 a. Country Profile ........................................................................................4 b. Maps.......................................................................................................4 c. Language ................................................................................................5

A.2. Political and Security Situation ......................................................................5 Human Rights Situation (in General).......................................................................8

B. LEGAL CONTEXT .....................................................................................................8 B.1. Citizenship; Identification; Nationality; Statelessness ...................................8 B.2. Judiciary; Legal and Penal Systems ...............................................................9 B.3. Political Structure; Political Parties ................................................................9 B.4. Internal Security; Police; Law Enforcement; Armed Forces........................10

C. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS ...............................................10 C.1. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers .....................................................................10 C.2. Internally Displaced Persons ........................................................................10 C.3. Political Opinion; Political Activities...........................................................11 C.4. Women; Gender Issues; Domestic Violence; Children................................11 C.5. Membership of a Particular Social Group ....................................................12 C.6. Race; Ethnicity; Minority Rights..................................................................13 C.7. Freedom of Religion and Belief ...................................................................14 C.8. Freedom of Speech and Expression: Media Issues ......................................15 C.9. Freedom of Movement; Travel Documents; Entry and Exit ........................16 C.10. Military Service; Forced Conscription; Draft Evasion.................................16 C.11. Exclusion ......................................................................................................17 C.12. Return; Repatriation; Integration; Resettlement...........................................17

D. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION..................................................................................19 D.1 Early Warning; Conflict Prevention .............................................................19 D.2 Education; Food; Health; Employment; Social Rights.................................19 D.3 Migration; Mixed Flows; Secondary Movement..........................................19 D.4 Miscellaneous ...............................................................................................20 D.5 Suggested Websites and Further Reading ....................................................20

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CORE UNHCR DOCUMENTS

LATEST COUNTRY POSITIONS: - UNHCR, Eritrea: Risk Groups and Protection-Related Issues, January 2005 - UNHCR, Applicability of the “Ceased Circumstances” Cessation Clauses to

Eritrean Refugees Who Fled Their Country as a Result of the War of Independence Which Ended in June 1991 or as a Result of the Border Conflict Between Ethiopia and Eritrea Which Ended in June 2000, 18 February 2002

LATEST COUNTRY OPERATIONS PLAN (COP): - Country Operations Plan – Eritrea: 2003, 1 September 2002 LATEST GLOBAL APPEAL: - UNHCR, UNHCR Global Appeal 2008-2009 – East and Horn Africa Regional

Overview, 1 December 2007 LATEST GLOBAL REPORT: - UNHCR, UNHCR Global Report 2006 – Eritrea, 1 June 2007 LATEST UNHCR STATISTICAL YEARBOOK: - 2005 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook – Eritrea, 30 April 2007

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A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

A.1. General Information; Country Profile; Maps

a. Country Profile A.1.1 United States Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs, Background

Note: Eritrea, 14 June 2010 A.1.2 Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook – Eritrea, 29 September 2010 A.1.3 BBC News, Timeline: Eritrea. A chronology of key events, 12 August 2010 A.1.4 BBC News, Country Profile: Eritrea, 12 August 2010 A.1.5 United Kingdom Home Office, Country of Origin Information Report -

Eritrea, 8 June 2010 A.1.6 United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Country Profile Eritrea,

28 April 2010 A.1.7 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2010 – Eritrea, 3 May 2010 A.1.8 United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Travel Advice by

Country- Eritrea, 15 October 2010 A.1.9 International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC Annual Report 2009 –

Eritrea, 19 May 2010 A.1.10 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, National Documentation Package

– Eritrea, 29 September 2010 A.1.11 Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Eritrea, 2010 A.1.12 Reuters AlertNet, Country Profile Eritrea, 2010 A.1.13 WriteNet, Eritrea: Challenges and Crisis of a New State, 1 October 2006 A.1.14 United States Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, Country

Profile: Eritrea, September 2005 A.1.15 Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report Eritrea, November 2010

b. Maps A.1.16 United States Department of State – Humanitarian Information Unit, Horn of

Africa Conflict (July – Sept. 2007), 16 November 2007

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A.1.17 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Map of Eritrea, as of

September 2006, September 2006 : A.1.18 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Report 2005 –

UNHCR in Eritrea, 1 June 2006 A.1.19 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Reference

map of Eritrea, 28 February 2006 A.1.20 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Map of Ethiopia Eritrea

border, as of November 2005, 2 December 2005 A.1.21 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Eritrea: Internal displacement,

30 November 2005 A.1.22 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Map of Eritrea – Tesseney

Area, as of October 2003, 27 October 2003 A.1.23 Eritrea Ethiopia Boundary Commission, Map 1: Eritrea-Ethiopia Border

Area, 2002 A.1.24 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Map of Western Eritrea, as

of 1 December 2001, 30 January 2001 : A.1.25 Quid.fr, Erythrée Carte Politique A.1.26 Quid.fr, Asmara

c. Language A.1.27 Ethnologue Languages of the World, Languages of Eritrea, 2009 A.1.28 Ethnologue Languages of the World, Language Map – Djibouti, Eritrea, and

Ethiopia

A.2. Political and Security Situation A.2.1 International Crisis Group, Eritrea: The Siege State, 21 September 2010 A.2.2 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on Eritrea,

22 June 2010 A.2.3 TVNZ, Reuters, Eritrea says 10 Ethiopian troops killed, 4 January 2010

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A.2.4 UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1907 (2009) Security Council imposes sanctions on Eritrea over its role in Somalia, S/RES/1907(2009), 12 December 2009

A.2.5 BBC News, Eritrea denies Somali involvement, 16 May 2009 A.2.6 Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, Final Award - Eritrea's Damages

Claims between the State of Eritrea and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 17 August 2009

A.2.7 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on

Ethiopia and Eritrea, 7 April 2008 A.2.8 UN Security Council, Letter dated 11 September 2008 from the Secretary-

General addressed to the President of the Security Council : report of the United Nations fact-finding mission on the Djibouti-Eritrea crisis, S/2008/602, 12 September 2008

A.2.9 International Crisis Group, Beyond the Fragile Peace between Ethiopia and

Eritrea: Averting New War, 17 June 2008 A.2.10 Reuters Foundation, Eritrea accepts “virtual” border with Ethiopia, 16

January 2008 A.2.11 Tesfamariam, Sophia, Demarcation of the Eritrea Ethiopia Border is Final

and Binding, 30 December 2007 A.2.12 Voice of America, Eritrea Accuses Ethiopia of Border Attacks, 27 December

2007 A.2.13 Simon Tisdall, Eritrea’s fighting talk takes region to brink, The Guardian,

14 December 2007 A.2.14 United Nations News Centre, Security Council calls on Ethiopia and Eritrea

to resolve boundary dispute, 13 November 2007 A.2.15 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on

Ethiopia and Eritrea, 1 November 2007 A.2.16 United Nations News Centre, Eritrea accuses Security Council members of

allowing Ethiopia to disregard law, 1 October 2007 A.2.17 BBC news, Eritrea ‘arming’ Somali militia, 27 July 2007 A.2.18 Xan Rice, US blames Eritrea over Somalian insurgency, The Guardian, 9

April 2007

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A.2.19 UN News Centre, Eritrea expels UN mine clearance chief, claiming violations of laws and regulations, 21 March 2007

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Human Rights Situation (in General) A.3.1 Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch World Report 2010 – Eritrea,

January 2010 A.3.2 US Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices –

Eritrea, 11 March 2010, A.3.3 Freedom House, The Worst of the Worst Report, 3 June 2010 A.3.4 Human Rights Watch, The House Committee on Foreign Affairs “Horn of

Africa: Current Conditions and US Policy”, 17 June 2010 A.3.5 Tronvoll, Kjetil, The Lasting Struggle for Freedom in Eritrea – Human

Rights and Political Development, Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights, 1991-2009, 2009

A.3.6 Amnesty International, Human Rights in State of Eritrea, 2009 A.3.7 Amnesty International, Eritrea: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic

Review, 6th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council, November –December 2009

A.3.8 Human Rights Watch, Slender land, Giant Prison, 8 May 2009 B. LEGAL CONTEXT

B.1. Citizenship; Identification; Nationality; Statelessness B.1.1 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Procedures

for obtaining Eritrean nationality for persons born outside Eritrea; whether new nationality legislation is being drafted or enacted, 3 September 2009

B.1.2 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Prevalence

of fraudulent national identity cards, 8 July 2008 B.1.3 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Eritrea:

Information on official identity documents and the names of agencies that issue them (2005 – 2006), 27 February 2007

B.1.4 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Whether

deportations of Ethiopians still occur, November 2005 B.1.5 Constitution of Eritrea, 23 May 1997

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B.1.6 Eritrean Nationality Proclamation (No. 21/1992), 6 April 1992

B.2. Judiciary; Legal and Penal Systems B.2.1 Governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia, Agreement between the Government of

the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 12 December 2000

B.2.2 Penal Code (provisions relating to “Military Offences and Offences Against the

Armed Forces and the Police Forces”), 23 July 1957

B.3. Political Structure; Political Parties B.3.1 Economist Intelligence Unit, Political Structure, 2 August 2010 B.3.2 Awate.com, Eritrean Political Organizations: 1961-2007, 4 March 2007 B.3.3 Fitiwi A., Eritrea’s Unstable Politics, Awate.com, 25 August 2006 B.3.4 AllAfrica.com, Eritrea: Enough! A Critique of Eritrea’s Post-Liberation

Politics, 6 November 2003

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B.4. Internal Security; Police; Law Enforcement; Armed Forces B.4.1 Shabait, The Eritrean Police, 2010 B.4.2 IRIN News, Eritrea-Ethiopia: ‘Troops harvesting buffer zone’, 17 October

2006 B.4.3 Global Security, Eritrea Adopts High Risk Strategy on Border Stalemate,

15 December 2005 B.4.4 IRIN News, Eritrea: Government denies giving military support to

Sudanese rebels, 29 June 2005 C. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS

C.1. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers C.1.1 AFP, Six Eritreans ‘shot dead on Egypt-Israel border’, 14 August 2010 C.1.2 IRIN, Eritrea-Ethiopia: Refugees embrace life “out of camps”, 30 August

2010 C.1.3 VOA, Ethiopia gives freedom of movement to Eritrean refugees, 12 August

2010 C.1.4 The Guardian, The Plight of Eritrean Refugees, 20 June 2009 C.1.5 Canadian Refugee Board, Situation of people returning after spending time

abroad or seeking asylum or refugee status, 15 April 2009 C.1.6 IRIN, Eritrea-Sudan: A forgotten Refugee problem, 3 December 2009 C.1.7 VOANews.com, Crackdown on Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in

Khartoum, 17 July 2009 C.1.8 Sudan Tribune, Eritrean opposition condemns refugees’ deportation by

Sudan, 25 September 2008 C.1.9 Sudan Tribune, Ethiopia: Over 1000 refugees settled to a third country, 7

September 2010

C.2. Internally Displaced Persons C.2.1 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Eritrea: IDPs returned or re-settled

but border tensions remain, 31 December 2009

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C.2.2 Government of Eritrea, Eritrea: Rehabilitated IDPs in Gash-Barka leading

better life thanks to assistance extended to them, UN official says, 13 December 2007

C.2.3 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Uncertain future for thousands of

returning IDPs, 13 June 2006 C.2.4 State of Eritrea Ministry of National Development, Emergency Project

Focusing on the Return of IDPs in Zoba Gash-Barka and Zoba Debub to their Villages of Origin, March 2006

C.3. Political Opinion; Political Activities C.3.1 Farajat, Eritrea says Refugees not fleeing political repression, 21 October

2010 C.3.2 Canadian Refugee Board, Whether the Eritrean government has a

surveillance system or agents of surveillance in the United States (US) to monitor Eritrean citizens who live in the United States and who are involved in activities, including demonstrations and meetings, against the Eritrean government, 15 April 2009.

C.3.3 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Activities of

the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), specifically whether the EPLF committed human rights violations; whether certain actions of the EPLF were condemned by the international community or human rights organizations (1977 – 1994), 19 October 2006

C.3.4 Research Directorate Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Eritrean

Revolutionary Democratic Front (ERDF); party status; relations with the Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Eritrea (DMLE); government response to ERDF activism or its perceived affiliations; whether the ERDF has a Canadian representative, 3 January 2003

C.3.5 Amnesty International, Eritrea: Arbitrary detentions of government critics

and journalists, 18 September 2002

C.4. Women; Gender Issues; Domestic Violence; Children C.4.1 UNICEF, Eritrea – Statistics, 2 March 2010 C.4.2 Child Rights Information Network, Eritrea: Child Rights References in the

Universal Periodic Review, 30 November 2009,

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C.4.3 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Eritrea, 20 May 2008

C.4.4 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports submitted

by States parties under article 44 of the Convention: Convention on the Rights of the Child: concluding observations: Eritrea, CRC/C/ERI/CO/3, 23 June 2008, paras. 40 and 70

C.4.5 United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of reports

submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention: Convention on the Rights of the Child : 2nd and 3rd periodic reports of States parties due in 2006 : Eritrea, 23 October 2007

C.4.6 Bailliet, Cecilia M., Examining Sexual Violence in the Military Within the

Context of Eritrean Asylum Claims Presented in Norway, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 19, No. 3, October 2007, pp. 471-510, Oxford University Press

C.4.7 United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF Humanitarian Action: Eritrea, 2

May 2007 C.4.8 IRIN, Eritrea: Government outlaws female genital mutilation, 5 April 2007 C.4.9 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Information

on the protection, services and legal recourse available to women who are victims of domestic violence (2005 – 2006), 28 February 2007

C.4.10 United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against

Women, Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women : Eritrea, 3 February 2006

C.4.11 United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against

Women, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women : combined initial, second and third periodic reports of States parties : Eritrea, 3 February 2004

C.4.12 United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, UN Committee on the

Rights of the Child: Concluding Observations, Eritrea, 2 July 2003 C.4.13 World Organisation against Torture, Violence against girls in Eritrea,

A Report to the Committee of the Rights of the Child, 2003

C.5. Membership of a Particular Social Group

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C.5.1 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Legislation and legal protection available to homosexuals; their treatment by society and government authorities, 28 February 2007

C.5.2 United Kingdom: Home Office, Operational Guidance Note: Eritrea, June

2010 C.5.3 United Kingdom Home Office, Operational Guidance Note: Eritrea, March

2009 C.5.4 International Lesbian and Gay Association, Male to Male Relationships, 2009 C.5.5 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Eritrea: Legislation and legal

protection available to homosexuals; their treatment by society and government authorities, ERI102153.E, 28 February 2007

C.5.6 Behind The Mask, 6 men arrested in Asmara, 6 November 2003 C.5.7 Behind The Mask, Legal but not accepted, 19 June 2003

C.6. Race; Ethnicity; Minority Rights C.6.1. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Treatment of

the Jeberti people by government authorities, 1 September 2009 C.6.2. BBC News, Tigrayans want end to border row, 20 December 2007 C.6.3. Louise Thomas, ‘Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Mixed Eritrean-

Ethiopian families in Cairo’, American University Cairo, June 2006 C.6.4. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Eritrea:

Treatment of Jebertis by government authorities, 7 December 2005 C.6.5. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Whether

deportations of Ethiopians still occur, 7 December 2005 C.6.6. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Eritrea:

Treatment of individuals of mixed Ethiopian (Tigrean) and Eritrean ethnicity by the government and general society; treatment by Eritrean authorities of those whose parents/family members worked for the Mengistu regime, 12 August 2004

C.6.7. Refugees International, Forgotten People: The Kunama of Eritrea and

Ethiopia, 18 February 2004 C.6.8. Minority Rights Group, Profile: Afar

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C.6.9. Minority Rights Group, Profile: Kunama and Nara C.6.10. United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Eritrea:

Information on the Kunama Ethnic Group, 13 May 2003 : C.6.11. United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Eritrea &

Ethiopia: Large-Scale Expulsions of Population Groups and Other Human Rights Violations in connection With the Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict, 1998-2000, 1 January 2002

: C.6.12. OrvilleJenkins.com, The Afar People of the Horn of Africa C.6.13. OrvilleJenkins.com, The Tigrinya (Tigray-Tigrinya) People C.6.14. Joshua Project, Ethnic People Groups of Eritrea

C.7. Freedom of Religion and Belief C.7.1 US Commission on International Religious Freedom, USCIRF Annual Report

2010 – Eritrea, 1 May 2010, C.7.2 Persecution.org, How Christians are being persecuted in Eritrea, 4 June 2010 C.7.3 UK Border Agency, Operational Guidance Note, June 2010 C.7.4 Jehovah’s Witnesses, Minority faiths in Eritrea have few choices, 19 April

2010 C.7.5 BBC News, Eritrea arrests 30 praying women relatives say, 11 December

2009 C.7.6 International Christian Concern, Hall of Shame 2010 – Hall of Shame Report,

5 December 2009 C.7.7 US Department of State, 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom –

Eritrea, 26 October 2009 C.7.8 Amnesty International, Human Rights in the State of Eritrea: Report 2009 C.7.9 Persecution.org, The dismantling of the Eritrean Orthodox Church, 7 May

2008 C.7.10 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of

Religion or Belief, Asma Jahangir: addendum, A/HRC/7/10/Add.1, 28 February 2008

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C.7.11 Compass Direct News, Eritrea: Christian students shut into shipping containers, 11 August 2008,

C.7.12 Release Eritrea, Religious Persecution in Eritrea Worsens, 10 September

2007 C.7.13 United Kingdom Home Office, Immigration and Nationality Directorate,

Country of Origin Information Service, Evangelicals: Unregistered Christian Churches Country of Origin Information Bulletin: Eritrea, July 2006

C.7.14 BBC News, Eritrea targeting ‘permitted’ churches, 20 April 2006 C.7.15 BBC News, Eritrea church leader ‘dismissed’, 26 August 2005

C.8. Freedom of Speech and Expression: Media Issues C.8.1 Committee to Protect Journalists, Eritrean journalist attacked at public

seminar in Houston, 27 May 2010 C.8.2 Reporters Without Borders, Prominent journalist arrested, ex prison guard

reveals fate of other detained journalists, 12 May 2010 C.8.3 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, Eritrea’s Human Rights Record in the

spotlight at the United Nations, 2 December 2009 C.8.4 Committee to Protect Journalists, Truth about Journalists is locked away in

Eritrea, 9 April 2010 C.8.5 Reporters Without Borders, Press Freedom Index 2009 – Eritrea, 20 October

2009 C.8.6 Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2008 – Eritrea, 29 April 2008, C.8.7 Voice of America, Allegations of Media Rights Violations Angers Eritrea,

6 December 2007

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C.8.8 Reporters Without Borders, State TV editor goes missing while trying to flee across border into Ethiopia, 13 August 2007

C.8.9 International Press Institute, IPI concerned about ongoing detention of

journalists, calls on aid donors to do more for human rights and press freedom, 11 July 2007

C.8.10 Committee to Protect Journalists, Prominent journalist dies in a secret

government prison, 9 February 2007 C.8.11 The Eritrean Press Proclamation No. 90/1996, 10 June 1996,

C.9. Freedom of Movement; Travel Documents; Entry and Exit C.9.1. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Situation

of people returning after spending time abroad or seeking asylum or refugee status, 15 April 2009

C.9.2. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Procedure

for applying for a national identity card, including which office issues such documents and whether an office is located on Fiat street in Asmara; whether the applicant must bring three witnesses with him or her; whether the background of the card has a pattern consisting of the word "Eritrea" repeated 8 times per line; whether "PGE" is printed on the border of the laminate and, if so, its significance; whether the card identifies the bearer's occupation; whether the place of residence appearing on the card is the current place of residence of the bearer or the ancestral place of residence, 8 July 2008

C.9.3. US Department of State, 2009 Human Rights Report: Eritrea, 11 March 2010 C.9.4. Regulation of Travel Documents and Immigration No. 4/1992, 15 July 1992 C.9.5. Proclamation No. 24/1992 issued to regulate the issuing of travel

documents, entry and exit visa from Eritrea, and to control residence permits of foreigners in Eritrea, 1992

C.10. Military Service; Forced Conscription; Draft Evasion C.10.1 Human Rights Watch, Service for Life – State Repression and Indefinite

Conscription, 16 April 2009 C.10.2 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, The

Eritrean Army structure, including its units, ranks, functions; whether all

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divisions of the army are involved in military operations; military activity in Asab, Gash and Tsorona, 5 April 2008

C.10.3 Cecilia M. Bailliet, Examining Sexual Violence in the Military Within the

Context of Eritrean Asylum Claims Presented in Norway”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 2007, Vol. 19, Issue 3, pp. 471-510

C.10.4 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Whether

women serving in the military are discharged when they marry; if so, evidence required to prove marriage, ERI102729.E, 28 January 2008,

C.10.5 Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Military

service, including age of recruitment, length of service, grounds for exemption, penalties for desertion from and evasion of military service and availability of alternative service (2005 – 2006), 28 February 2007

C.10.6 Amnesty International, Eritrea: Over 500 parents of conscripts arrested,

AFR 64/015/2006, 21 December 2006, C.10.7 Proclamation on National Service No. 82/1995, 23 October 1995

C.11. Exclusion C.11.1 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terror

(START), Terrorist Organization Profile: Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM)

C.11.2 Agence France Presse, Eritrean rebels say killed 18 soldiers in attack, 24

April 2010 C.11.3 Human Rights Watch, UN: Atrocities Fuel Worsening Crisis in Horn of

Africa, 3 December 2007

C.12. Return; Repatriation; Integration; Resettlement C.12.1. Reliefweb, Over 1000 Refugees resettled to a third country, 6 September

2010 C.12.2. Reuters AlertNet, Italy: Offer to Shelter Eritreans Detained, Abused by

Libya, 9 July 2010 C.12.3. Amnesty International, Libya: 200 Eritreans in Libya at risk of forced

return, 2 July 2010

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C.12.4. Human Rights Watch, Egypt: Stop Deporting Eritrean Asylum Seekers, 8 January 2009

C.12.5. Human Rights Watch, Israel: Court Should Halt Forced Returns of Migrants

to Egypt, 12 December 2009 C.12.6. Amnesty International, Eritrea: Fear of torture/incommunicado

detention/forcible return: Miskir Semerab Goitom (f), 29 November 2007 C.12.7. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Eritrean refugees fly out of

Ethiopia for a new life in the United States, 5 July 2007

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D. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

D.1 Early Warning; Conflict Prevention D.1.1. TVNZ, Reuters, Eritrea says 10 Ethiopian troops killed, 4 January 2010

D.1.2. International Crisis Group, Beyond the Fragile Peace between Ethiopia and

Eritrea: Averting New War, 17 June 2008

D.1.3. International Crisis Group, Ethiopia and Eritrea: Stopping the Slide to War, 5 November 2007

D.2 Education; Food; Health; Employment; Social Rights D.2.1 CIA, World Factbook Eritrea 2010, 29 September 2010 D.2.2 UNDP, Eritrea reducing maternal death, on track to reducing MDGs, 20

September 2010 D.2.3 UNICEF – Humanitarian Action Report 2010, Therapeutic feeding stems the

tidal wave of malnutrition in Eritrea, 7 May 2010 D.2.4 Aadalvoice, UNICEF wants $24.8 million for Eritrean food shortages, 4

March 2010 D.2.5 BBC News, Eritrea refuses food aid, 3 January 2010 D.2.6 DFID, Rations and Child Screening make for healthier picture in Eritrea, 8

January 2010 D.2.7 IRIN, Eritrea: How bad is the food crisis really?, 12 June 2009 D.2.8 Aadalvoice, WFP: concerned about Eritrea as can not get any information,

28 September 2009 D.2.9 The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, Eritrea Country

Situation Analysis

D.3 Migration; Mixed Flows; Secondary Movement D.3.1. Jerusalem Post, UNHCR: Eritreans by far the largest refugee group in

Israel, 3 October 2010 D.3.2. Amnesty International, Eritreans at risk of forcible return from Libya after

detention centre disturbances, 6 July 2010

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D.3.3. UNHCR, UNHCR shocked by accounts of survivors from boat tragedy in

the Mediterranean, 21 August 2009 D.3.4. Human Rights Watch, Egypt: Stop deporting Eritrean asylum seekers, 8

January 2009 D.3.5. Reuters AlertNet, Yemen: Move to stem influx of Ethiopians, Eritreans, 22

October 2008 D.3.6. United Nations News Centre, UN campaign warns migrants about dangers of

crossing Gulf of Aden, 19 December 2007 D.3.7. World Health Organization, Eritrea: Map of the migratory routes of the

nomads in northern and southern Red Sea Zobas, 30 May 2007

D.4 Miscellaneous D.4.1 International Crisis Group, World must act to prevent another failed state, 7

October 2010 D.4.2 Norway, The Official Site in Eritrea D.4.3 The Economist, Eritrea: A state of siege, 23 September 2010 D.4.4 BBC News, How Eritrea fell out with the west, 11 September 2007 D.4.5 IRIN News, Authorities expel 3 foreign NGOs, 23 March 2006

D.5 Suggested Websites and Further Reading D.5.1. AllAfrica - Eritrea D.5.2. Aadalvoice D.5.3. Amnesty International Country Page – Eritrea D.5.4. Asmara and Eritrea D.5.5. Asmarino D.5.6. Awate D.5.7. Dehai Eritrean news

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D.5.8. Delegation of the European Commission to the State of Eritrea D.5.9. Permanent Court of Arbitration, Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission D.5.10. Eritrean Liberation Front – Revolutionary Council D.5.11. Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict D.5.12. Human Rights Watch – Eritrea D.5.13. The ICRC in Eritrea D.5.14. Intergovernmental Authority on Development, D.5.15. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre – Eritrea D.5.16. International Crisis Group – Ethiopia/Eritrea D.5.17. International Steam, The Darjeeling of Africa 2002 D.5.18. IRIN Country Page – Eritrea D.5.19. State of Eritrea, Ministry of Information D.5.20. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights – Eritrea D.5.21. UNHCR Country Page – Eritrea D.5.22. United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE)

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