unhcr/interworks - emergency management training6.4.1. session 6.4. assessment 2: working with...

UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training 6.4.1.

Session 6.4.Session 6.4.

Assessment 2: Working Assessment 2: Working with Sectoral Indicators -with Sectoral Indicators -Sites and Sites and SheltersShelters

Corbis


ObjectivesObjectivesAfter completing this session, participants will be able After completing this session, participants will be able

to:to:

Explain the essential links between refugee protection Explain the essential links between refugee protection and site planning and site planning

List the sector standards and indicators critical to List the sector standards and indicators critical to effective site & shelter planningeffective site & shelter planning

Describe some of the major factors that affect the Describe some of the major factors that affect the decision as to what type of shelter should be used in decision as to what type of shelter should be used in a displacement emergencya displacement emergency

Understand and use basic indicators for assessing Understand and use basic indicators for assessing and designing emergency site and shelter responsesand designing emergency site and shelter responses


Refugee camps Refugee camps seldom seldom function well.function well.

They should be the last choice for They should be the last choice for provision of shelter.provision of shelter.

UNHCR photo


Site Selection & ProtectionSite Selection & ProtectionSituate site to protect it against threats from:Situate site to protect it against threats from:

authorities of country of originauthorities of country of origin

b.b. banditsbandits

c.c. the local populationthe local populationd.d. others?others?Standard - sites should be safe for refugees Standard - sites should be safe for refugees

and displacedand displacedIndicatorIndicator - - site is located more than 50 k from site is located more than 50 k from

the border (UNHCR & Sphere)the border (UNHCR & Sphere)


Site Selection & Protection (cont)Site Selection & Protection (cont)

Consider:Consider:

relationship between refugees and local relationship between refugees and local community - past and presentcommunity - past and present

compatibility of local community and refugees compatibility of local community and refugees (ethnic origin, customs, religion, etc.)(ethnic origin, customs, religion, etc.)


Site Selection ConcernsSite Selection Concerns

Security and protection?Security and protection? Access to site?Access to site? Water supply/Water table?Water supply/Water table? Size/Surface areaSize/Surface area TopographyTopography Soils: clay, sand,Soils: clay, sand,

rock, gravelrock, gravel - erosion

- drainage

- floods

Slope

~ 2%

The IDEAL situation for:


The THREE D’s of camp planning...

Drainage!Drainage!Drainage!

Camp Hope - June 1999


Land rights, tenure issuesLand rights, tenure issues VegetationVegetation Soil erosionSoil erosion Disease Disease

patternspatterns Climate & Climate &

windwind

Site Selection: Environmental IssuesSite Selection: Environmental Issues

Jalozai, camp, Pakistan2001


Indicators of an acceptable siteIndicators of an acceptable site

site ground level at min. 3 meters above water tablesite ground level at min. 3 meters above water table

good site drainage - gently sloping site @ 2%slope good site drainage - gently sloping site @ 2%slope

2%2%

3 m

100m

2m


Shelter OptionsShelter Options Shared housing/local integrationShared housing/local integration Support for self-built emergency Support for self-built emergency

sheltershelter Repair kits for damaged structuresRepair kits for damaged structures Provision of tents or other Provision of tents or other

prototype structuresprototype structures Mass shelterMass shelter Plastic sheetingPlastic sheeting

UNHCR photo


UNHCR photoUNHCR photo

A WORD ABOUT PLASTIC SHEETING…..


Consider this situation:An emergency programme is distributing standard 5m X 4m plastic sheets to a population with an average family size of 5.

What does this mean in practice?

4 m

5 m

4m x 5m = 20 m2

20 m2 5 people = 4.0 m2 per p.

But isn’t that greater than 3.5m2 - the UNHCR indicator for shelter space?

No. But why not?


4m

2.5

m

2.5 m

A = ± 2.9 m2/p

4m 5 m

A = ± 3.3 m2/p

4m

5 m

A = ± 3.0 m2/p

It all depends on context, climate, tradition, and how you use it! The indicator is for shelter space, not sq. m. of plastic sheeting.


Family

1 Community

1 Block

1 Sector

Camp Module

= 16 families

= 16 units

= 4 blocks

= 4 sectors

4-6 persons

~ 80 persons

~ 1250 persons

~ 5000 persons

~ 20000 persons

Putting it all together… Sites and Putting it all together… Sites and Shelters - Master Planning Shelters - Master Planning

(one approach)(one approach)

the the “Building block” “Building block” approachapproach


TENT TENT

Example - One Tent - Size = 12 M 2

Shelter Space per

Person = 3.5 M 2

4 M

+

3.5 M +

Storage

Storage Storage

Cooking/Heating

Storage


The Basic Planning UnitThe Basic Planning Unit

1 Community (or “Unit”) = 16 families

30

m

30 m

2 m


The “Block” The “Block” = 16 Communities (Units)

fire break: for emergency vehicles only!

75 m

+12

m

175

m +


The SectorThe Sector

15m 175 m+/-

1 Sector = 4 blocks = 64 Units)1 Sector = 4 blocks = 64 Units)

F


The Camp = 4 SectorsThe Camp = 4 Sectorssector 1 sector 2

sector 3 sector 4

F F

F F

A


Standards and IndicatorsStandards and Indicators

3.5 sq m/person floor space3.5 sq m/person floor space

30 sq. m./person site area(45 sq. m./person if land is allocated for agricultural purposes )

People should have enough sheltered space to sleep, and live without undue health and social effects


OVERVIEW OF INDICATORS

See UNHCR Handbook page 373!

LAND - 30-45 sq. m. / person

SHELTER - 3.5 sq. m. / person

FIRE BREAKS 50m wide per 300m of developed site1-1.5 m. between guy-ropes of tents

LATRINES 1/20 people, or better, 1 per family

DISTANCE TO LATRINES - 6 to 50 meters away

TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people

DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum


SOME OTHER KEY INDICATORS

From Sphere:

LAND - 45 sq. m. / person (excl. gardens)

SHELTER - 3.5 - 4.5 sq. m. / person

LATRINES - 1/20 people, or better, 1 per family

DISTANCE TO LATRINES - no more than 50 meters away (or 1 minute walk)

TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people

DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum

SLOPE - site gradient not more than 7% without extensive engineering


Remember! Plan for...Remember! Plan for...

adequate living, working, and access space for adequate living, working, and access space for the whole sitethe whole site

fire risksfire risks sheltered floor space for individuals and sheltered floor space for individuals and

familiesfamilies enough latrines for convenient and sanitary enough latrines for convenient and sanitary

useuse adequate access to water - distance, number of adequate access to water - distance, number of

water access pointswater access points


Refugee InvolvementRefugee Involvement Assess skills Assess skills Train refugeesTrain refugees Create Sectoral TeamsCreate Sectoral Teams

waterwatersanitationsanitationroadsroads

Make use of refugee skills Make use of refugee skills & & leadershipleadership


STILL MORE INDICATORS

From Sphere:

ASSESSMENT - carried out by multi-sectoral team

PARTICIPATION - both women and men are consulted and involved

COMPETENCE - Staff have relevant technical competence

LOCAL CAPACITY - local skills base is used and strengthened during the humanitarian response


CONCLUSIONS

Good site planning supports refugee protection Good site planning supports refugee protection

Contextual factors will affect the decision as to what Contextual factors will affect the decision as to what type of shelter should be used in a displacement type of shelter should be used in a displacement emergency - camps are not always the right answer.emergency - camps are not always the right answer.

An understanding of basic standards and indicators An understanding of basic standards and indicators for site and shelter response are useful for all field for site and shelter response are useful for all field personnel, these can be used for assessment, personnel, these can be used for assessment, monitoring, and design of shelter programmesmonitoring, and design of shelter programmes

unhcr/interworks - emergency management training6.4.1. session 6.4. assessment 2: working with...

Documents

emergency site

emergency programme

sloping site

displacedindicator site

shelter space

water tablegood site

site planning list

provision of shelter