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109Recommendations • Gehl Architects • Public Spaces and Public Life Adelaide 2011

Unify the Squares

The six squares are a significant part of Colonel Light’s Plan for Adelaide, but today thay are cut up into pieces by traffic corridors and intersections and lack identity.

• Rejoin the various parts of the squares and make them an integrated part of a general pedestrian network.

• Strengthen their individual character by upgrading the squares to create a sense of ownership.

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Unify the Squares

Public Spaces and Public Life Adelaide 2011 • Gehl Architects • Recommendations

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3 %66 %Landscape

Roadway

23 %Landscape

77 %

Roadway

35 % Landscape

65 %9 %- Increase

Landscape

73 %

59%

Landscape

76 %- Increase 11%Potential available landscape space

+ 47%

Roadway

24 %

Light Square

Potential available landscape space

+ 47%Hurtle Square

Victoria Square

Whitmore Square

Hindmarsh Square

Wellington Square


+5%


+ 31%


+ 20% Potential available landscape space

+ 39%


+17%

Rejo in the var ious par ts o f the squares

Square princ ip le

Potential available landscape space after upgrading and rejoining the squares

A strong recommendation from the 2002 Public Spaces and Public Life study was to rejoin and celebrate the squares. Since then a masterplan (2011) has been developed for Victoria Square and upgrades have been done to the northern parts of Hindmarsh Square. Nevertheless the situation remains that the squares are cut up into pieces by traffic corridors and intersections. Thus the recommendations from 2002 are still valid:

Rejoin and ce lebrate the squares• Make the squares integrated parts of a general

pedestrian network. • Upgrade the squares to create a sense of ownership

and pride and give people a feeling that the city is being carefully looked after.

• Rejoin the squares by redirecting traffic. Roads should not cut up the squares into unusable bits.

• Minimise and relocate parking as it creates a generally unpleasant recreational environment.

• Create possibilities for a multitude of uses, sports, recreation, music, resting, talking, meeting etc.

• Strengthen the squares as lunch time plazas with many different food outlets, outdoor cafés and public benches.

• Utilise the street frontages surrounding the squares to create an active and soft edge.

• Provide more dwellings surrounding the squares to create a safe night time area.

• Provide good quality lighting. • Improve the possibilities for resting.• Improve the conditions for children and elderly people

Benef i ts of upgradingThere are many benefits of upgrading the squares. By rejoining them a number of important goals can be achieved:• Less noise• Less fumes• Less traffic• Less speed• More sustainable• More space• More activity• More character to the surrounding areas• More coherence• Better orientation in the city

Reuniting the squares would need to be done in conjunction with a more balanced approach to transport in the city. A more balanced approach to transport would gradually reshift the current car dependency to more investment in public transport, an improved and extended bicycle network and an integrated walking network.

• A traff ic intersect ion • The square thought of as a whole!

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Unify the Squares

Recommendations • Gehl Architects • Public Spaces and Public Life Adelaide 2011

Square princ ip le

• A c i ty dominated by streets • Squares offering a point de vue

in a number of st reets

LINKS TO THE PEDESTRIAN NETWORK• Ensure good linkages to surroundings (connecting streets

etc.)• Raise the quality of experiences along the key connections

to the squares and make the streets attractive both at day and night time. Let the city centre have that ‘little extra’ by formulating dynamic strategies for introducing extraordinary experiences and public art in the public spaces.

REJOIN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SQUARE TO A UNITY - BY REDIRECTING TRAFFIC • Redevelop the six squares according to an overall plan. • Rejoin the squares by redirecting traffic. Roads should not cut

up the squares into unusable bits.• Through traffic in the squares should be avoided.• Squares where traffic calming schemes have already been

partly introduced, eg. Hindmarsh Square and Hurtle Square, should be carefully studied.

ENSURE LIVELY EDGES AND CONNECTIONS• Improve the interface and the interaction / relation with the

surrounding building edge. Utilise the building frontages surrounding the squares to create an active and soft edge.

• Improve nexus between squares and adjacent surroundings to enhance identity and character.

• Provide more residences around the squares to create a safe night area.

ENSURE ACCESSIBILITY• Make the squares integrated parts of a general pedestrian

network. • Promote easy, safe and direct access to the squares eg.

Whitmore Square needs direct pedestrian crossings.• High pedestrian priority in connection with the crossings

needs to be ensured.

SUPPORT VISUAL EXCHANGE• Ensure visibility into and across the squares.• Promote sightlines towards key scenic features, functions

and activities

Ensure a l ive ly edge Upgrade the adjo in ing streets

Redirect t raff ic

Secure pedestrian access Ensure v is ib i l i ty

Princ ip les for the squaresThe recommendations from the 2002 Public Spaces and Public Life study displayed 5 distinct principles for the squares. These principles deal with the traffic layout of the squares, the spatial layout of the squares and the immediate surroundings.

All principles are focused at achieving squares of high quality that can improve conditions for recreational purposes and events as well as significantly strengthen the profile of a city with six squares that function as landmarks and storytellers.

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Unify the Squares


Act iv i t ies• The grand meeting place• Civic information, Speakers’ Corner• Event space• Tourist information• Reading in the park - papers and books• Lunch park• Water features and movable chairs

Character An attractive and active meeting space where the pulse of the city can be experienced. An everyday recreational space with active edges linked to the rest of the city. A space for flexible use and staying activities all year round - the city’s gathering space when Adelaide hosts a public party. Electronic information stands and monitors are installed from which people have access to historical tales, event calendars and visitor information including current activities, festivals and exhibitions.

Vis ion for Victoria Square - Rendezvous & Exchange

Vis ion for L ight Square - Culture & Learning

Act iv i t ies• Student lounge - book bazaar, outdoor study and pausing• Crossover university and business - knowledge sharing and exhibitions• Global meetings - outdoor serving with ethnic food and specialities• Communication of art, culture and history - open-air films, music and theatre• Play and relaxation

Character A hotspot connecting and blending culture, education and business in an innovative setting promoting creativity and progress. A cultural lounge with playful and informal furniture invites all ages to settle for a long or short time. Solid surfaces invite flexible use and provide space for temporary happenings and physical activities. Artistic lighting gives a distinct atmosphere after dark.

S t rengthen the ind iv idua l character

Upgrade the squares in the c i ty centreAdelaide has a good base for becoming a more active and lively city - the physical structure is there with the beautiful city plan of Colonel Light, but opportunities for a range of activities need strengthening.

The analysis states that the six squares in Adelaide city centre have indifferent characters and lack identity. The squares need a breath of fresh air and should be providing identity for the neighbourhood. They must be the sparkling pearls in the public space network that unify and intensify the experiences in the city. On these pages are displayed various ideas and characters for five of the six squares.

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Unify the Squares


Vis ion for Hurt le Square - The Green Oasis

Vis ion for Whitmore Square - F i tness & F lowers

Act iv i t ies• Fitness, open tango lessons, tai chi, line dance• Relaxation and playing for all generations• Flower burst• BBQs and picnics

Character An urban garden for play and relaxation with strong focus on qualities for central city residents.An inclusive layout to accommodate all usergroups with playing facilities and comfortable staying opportunities, and invitations for outdoor evening courses in dancing, cards, wine tasting, picnics etc.

Vis ion for Wel l ington Square - The Vi l lage Green

Act iv i t ies• Local meetings, playing and relaxation• Water play• Seniors’ morning and afternoon gymnastics• Indigenous plants/flowers and herbs- plant exchange• Barbeques and picnics• Tea pavilion• Toddlers’ biking

Character A local oasis with generous green lawns for playing, exercising and resting. Public seating and outdoor serving in connection with lush planting stimulating the senses.Scenic lighting illuminates and stages the square at night.Water features - paddling pools, water jets, steam, water music - activate the square and inspire different user groups.

A local oasis with generous green lawns for playing, exercising and

Act iv i t ies• Physical activities and playing• Meeting place and socialising for families• Relaxation, and playing in a modulated landscape• Frisbee golf, (mini) crazy golf, swings, seesaw, basketball, climbing and

bouldering walls etc.

Character A recreational green public space for physical activities with a modulated landscape for ball games and other play for residents and visitors; everybody should be able to play a basketball game, throw a Frisbee, play tag or rounders, swing or seesaw etc. Outdoor serving in connection to public seating - and human scaled lighting illuminates and stages the square at night.

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Unify the Squares


Before

Links and movements A dynamic meeting space with great connections to the rest of the city.

Character and ident i tyA strong sense of place with a strong identity. High quality materials and design. Movable chairs and well-positioned public benches area provide a place for resting and people watching.

Act iv i ty, funct ions and edgesThe public space offers small scale city life, with shops, cafés with outdoor seating etc. people meet for a cup of coffee, shop at the farmers market or the flea market, look at other people, eat lunch on a bench or grab a soft drink after playing in the square.

A new Hindmarsh Square

A car-dominated p lace with lots of potent ia lHindmarsh Square is located in the centre of the north-eastern quarter of the city very close to Rundle Mall. The square has suffered enormously from the high level of traffic in the city. As a result the square is criss-crossed by vehicular traffic and is occupied by a generous number of parking spaces. Hindmarsh Square has thus been sacrificed to allow traffic to move through the city at higher speeds and with fewer interruptions. The impact of the traffic has produced extreme noise, fumes and endless parking. The sheer number of cars rushing by has had a severely detrimental effect on the recreational value of the square.

The c i ty ´s ‘urban lounge’Hindmarsh Square has the potential to become an urban meeting place of the city. The ‘floor’ and the building edges around the square should be focusing on this. New functions, little shops, cafés and restaurants could be added. The ‘floor’ of the square should provide a framework for market days and should in general offer excellent recreational options of both public and commercial nature.

The vision is to provide Adelaide with a large public, dynamic and lively gathering place in a potential key interchange. It should be a dynamic space for pausing and recharging. A place with intimate pockets for small breaks; a coffee, contemplation, tranquility. A mixture of commercial and recreational functions. There could be one or more good cafés and restaurants that people would wish to visit on Wednesday afternoons, Friday evenings and Sunday mornings.

Recommendat ions• Rejoin the square by redirecting traffic. Roads should

not cut up the square into unusable bits.• The traffic around the square should be simplified

and changed with zones for public transport, vehicular traffic, cyclists and pedestrians. The street profile should be narrowed down to 2 vehicular lanes and 2 lanes for bicycles.

• Incorporate the newly redeveloped sections in the north-east and north-west corner of Hindmarsh Square.

• Create a new Hindmarsh Square with a strong identity and sense of place. Develop a distinct profile and a high level of maintenance.

• Develop a catalogue of multiple uses for the plaza. • Introduce activities like weekly farmers market, flowers

and delicacies, lunch hour coffee breaks and evening cafés, fashion show and drinks in the park, relaxation and playing, flexible stalls with coffee and refreshments, Christmas tree and Christmas market.

• Coordinate street square furniture and square elements all of high quality.

• Introduce a high quality lighting scheme to enhance the qualities of the square at night.

• Illuminate prominent facades at night.

Previous street width used for carriage lanes and parking

Vision for Hindmarsh Square

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Unify the Squares


The square is currently dominated by large trees. In order to strengthen the green atmosphere, green elements should be added and have another scale and be small plants rather than trees. The green elements should be moveable and therefore be planted in high quality pots where various flowers, scents and colours enrich the experience.

The cafés in the buildings around the square might be allowed to have outdoor seating on some corners of the inner square. All café seating should have an elegant design and be easy to move away after hours.

Small scale trading such as fruit or flower stands may activate during the day.

Create a public space for recreation with high quality public seating that offers room for enjoying the sun.

39 %more space for pedestrians and bicyclists on Hindmarsh Square

Vision for Hindmarsh Square

The cafés in the buildings around the square might be allowed to have outdoor seating on some corners of the inner square. All café seating should have an elegant design and be easy to

Light ing, sensory e lements and characterist ic atmosphereTrees and moveable green

Market and smal l sca le t radingCommercia l seat ing

Publ ic seat ing

Rundle Mall is linked more clearly to Hindmarsh Square

A more protected Hindmarsh Square with less traffic and less noise and a strong green edge

A repositioning of lanes create better pedestrian conditions and access

A square with zones for markets and events. Active edges for outdoor serving and public seating

The lighting at Hindmarsh Square should add a characteristic atmosphere to the space. The lights must be beautiful and well coordinated. The trees in the square may be accentuated with light and thereby give the square a special identity and there may be lighting fixtures that support movement through the square.On particular occasions the square may be celebrated with special lights. Part of the paving and design of the square could be sensory elements such as an interactive water feature that can be switched on and off and invite play.

116 Public Spaces and Public Life Adelaide 2011 • Gehl Architects • Recommendations


Develop the Bui l t Form

Adelaide has a low density, and the built environment in many streets fails to define and support an urban character. The retail environment is disjointed and there is no synergy between Rundle Mall or any other retail-based street in Adelaide.

• Strengthen the retail environment by supporting an unfolded city centre with a network of retail streets and lanes closely connected to the surrounding city.

• Increase density by ensuring a medium density city centre with controlled growth corridors.

• Increase the number of residents by developing strategies for new residential development.

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Develop the Built Form

MelbourneStreet

O’Connell Street

Hindley Street

Rundle Mall

RundleStreet

TophamBentham

Pitt

GawlerPlace

Gouger Street

HalifaxStreet

HuttStreet

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Currently the strongest retail brand in Adelaide is Rundle Mall. This is a 520 m long pedestrianised retail strip, which struggles to materialise into a vital shopping area for visitors, workers and residents. For comparison Copenhagen (1.3 million inhabitants and thus comparable to Adelaide) enjoys a 1 km long pedestrianised main street supplemented by approx. 1.6 km of supporting pedestrianised or pedestrian priority streets.

Adelaide’s retail map is currently divided into independent precincts, all of minimal sizes, and all independently run. The division into individual bits is further exacerbated by the ability to drive to and park in every shopping street in Adelaide. As such the retail environment is disjointed and there is no synergy between Rundle Mall or any other retail-based street in Adelaide. Every one of them fight their own independent battles.

Support ing an unfolded c i ty centre• Expand the heart of the city. Invite more streets,

laneways and public spaces to be part of the retail heart. Together the various elements will support each other and create a synergy.

• Create one common board for retail streets in Adelaide to strengthen a holistic approach and view.

• Support the retail environment in Adelaide by frequent running public transport that continues to run after shopping hours to support night time businesses.

• Develop a program for laneway and side street activation by focussing on the smaller businesses and establishments who can enjoy lower rents and support in de-regulating.

• Run a parallel events program supporting the retail activities and inviting customers to come to the city.

• Increase the residential population and the number of businesses in the city to grow the number of customers.

• Support initiatives to attract tourists. • Further increase and advance the integration with the

local universities. Invite post graduates to establish incubator businesses in Adelaide in visible hot spots. Grow an atmosphere of a creative and innovative Adelaide.

Retail streets in the city centre

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Strengthen the re t a i l env i ronment

Retai l princ ip le

• An isolated l inear shopping experience • A network of st reets and lanes c losely connected to the surrounding c i ty

• Treasure is land• A network of reta i l s t reets• Treasure is land



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Inc rease dens i t y

Adelaide has a low density, most significantly in the sprawl surrounding the city 50 km to the north and 50 km to the south. But even the city centre is quite dispersed. What defines the city centre the most is the significant street pattern, while most of the buildings defining the streets are quite low, 1-2 storeys, and often not of great architectural value or distinct character. As such the built environment in many streets fails to define and support an urban character. This adds to the difficulty of telling the streets apart, but it also provides visitors with the impression that there is nothing worthwhile south of Grote /Wakefield Street.

The State’s 30 year plan defines the future growth in Adelaide and it is evident that a significant part of this should be placed in the city centre to support that it is just that and not another suburb. Placing the growth carefully can help better define the structural pattern of Adelaide and enhance the qualities of the original plan. Great care should be taken in preserving and exploring the use of heritage buildings and equal care needs to be shown in preserving the pockets of terrace housing that form a significant part of Adelaide’s character as a garden city.

Transforming Adelaide from a low to a medium density city is a gradual process that will happen over many years, as will transforming Adelaide to a city inhabited by people at all times of the day and night.

1-2 1-22-5 2-5

88 8

Density princ ip le

Future increased density in the city centre

Density: average height 8 storeys

Density: average height 5 storeys

(pockets of 1-2 storeys)

Density should similarly be

increased in the inner rim area.

• A low densi ty c i ty with some ta l ler bui l ings • A medium densi ty c i ty centre with control led

growth corridors

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Increase the number o f res idents

Adelaide needs to increase its residential population in the inner city area (marked to the right). At present this is a mono-functional area dominated by shopping and businesses which close at 5.30pm, and at night the streets are deserted. There needs to be an overlap between the business/retail focused city and the residential city in order to create a critical mass that can support a lively and diverse city that underpins the vision of a great place to work, live and play.

Strategies for new res ident ia l developmentAdelaide can develop various ways of targeting the growth parameters and retaining the urban growth boundary.

Inner c i ty area: This area is especially challenged by the noise issues, meaning special measures need to be put in place to tempt people to settle here. One way of dealing with both the need for more residents and the need for activation of the laneways is to develop a laneway strategy for city living in selected laneways, primarily those with less potential for successful bars or other potentially noisy establishments. Residences in the laneways and side streets could be situated in the upper floors and still leave options for retail, galleries, businesses, community facilities etc.

Overlooking Park Lands: Along the edges of the Park Lands could be developed significant new residential buildings overlooking the Park Lands. As part of this development scheme is a combined strategy of creating improved access to Park Lands, stepping up the programming of Park Lands and improving the interface between the city and Park Lands in terms of traffic calming the streets in between, in particular West Terrace.

Resident ia l Pockets : The southern part of the city centre holds a number of pockets of mixed residential developments. Some streets are characterised by newer residential schemes, while others are lined by the traditional Australian terrace house or villa. More could be done to enhance the environment in these pockets by adding more community facilities, focused at all residential areas, and by designing more characteristic street scapes, that can encompass children playing, common dining, gardening, elderly playing petanque etc.

$ $$

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$

Resident princ ip le

FACTS:• Growth targets from State Government’s 30 Year Plan:

Greater Adelaide is projected to grow up to 560,000 people during the next 30 years. Growth target for the city centre is 27,300 residents.

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Future growth areas in the city centre

• Monofunct ional c i ty centre • Mixed use c i ty centre

Inner city area: Provide more housingResidential pockets: Strengthen the community facilitiesNew residential buildingsLaneways Strategy

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A fu ture Bentham St reet

Before

ENCOURAGE MORE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT• Increase the number of residences and spread them equally in the city centre. • Invite more students to live in the city centre by promoting student housing.• Provide community facilities that support housing and improve the quality of living in an

area.• Locate new residential developments strategically so that light from the windows provides

a friendly and safe character along pedestrian routes. Develop residences to ensure that main pedestrian links have functions that overlap in time.

• Make use of derelict buildings for alternative, creative uses at low rents.

Vauban, GermanyAmsterdam, Nederlands

WORK TOWARDS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL CITY CENTRE• Encourage a better distribution of functions in the

city. Break up mono-functional areas by encouraging mixed use. Strive for a mixture of functions within the block and within a particular area. Identify a zone, consisting of certain key streets, where multi-functionality is especially important.

• Develop a policy for minimum requirements regarding mixed use. For example retail at ground floor, residences above (30% of the total floor space in the building), offices at the top.

Melbourne, Australia

PROVIDE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPEN SPACE FOR RESIDENTS• Provide private outdoor space in direct relation to the

apartment and with visual contact to public space (front gardens, balconies, roof terraces). The private outdoor space should be as close to the ground as possible since this will stimulate activity. (above 4-5 stories people on balconies and people on streets are not likely to notice each other or feel related)

• Provide excellent intimate spaces very close to the residential developments. Places for sitting, for children to play etc.

Malmø, Sweden

Bring in more res idents Introduce green pockets Create more d iverse areas

Laneways of various scales can become places for specialty city living, with retailers, cafés and restaurants enriching and diversifying the city offer and adding new experiences.

Vision for Bentham Street

Soft edges to support interaction between function, building and the public realm.

City retreats for pausing and recreation, shopping for specialities, staying at outdoor cafés and bars.

Unifying surfaces establish a common space for movements and recreation.

Let the laneways and side streets be surprising and innovative to create and underline an exceptional atmosphere.

City living could be situated in the upper floors and still leave room for options for retail, galleries, businesses, community facilities etc.


The fo l lowing quick wins are th ings that can be in i t iated right away Delivering physical outcomes of the strategy will be clear indications to all that Adelaide has seriously embarked on a journey to the 21st century. Starting the various quick wins secures that even the small things done are part of a bigger picture, where everything works together.

• Stretch budgets to cover more projects by thinking Economy, Business and First class.

• Think clever when doing maintenance work. Time for new lighting, new paving, street trees or even a bicycle lane.

• “Governor House Garden”: initiate conversations with the Governor.

• Visualise existing connections between North Terrace and the river in the university precinct and in the Entertainment Centre precinct. Connections could have a painted blue line running through them, consistent planting, signage, artwork etc.

• Street tree program in which street trees could be planted immediately and where moveable green could be added to strengthen a green character.

• Greening Park Lands through a tree planting program, which could involve the broader public.

• Program for activities. Coordinate events arranged by

the arts & culture departments with city projects. Use the festivals as catalysts for testing new uses, street closures etc.

Qu ick wins

• Hindmarsh Square, close the southern parts for parking and take out roadspace entirely.

• Install direct pedestrian access to all squares.

• Kintore Avenue, create a strong walking and bicycle link between the city and the river.

• Gawler Place, continue Kintore Avenue into Gawler Place. Make Gawler Place a pedestrian priority route.

• Increasing pedestrian priority through increasing

crossing times and reducing waiting times at intersections.

• Use Road Diet space gained for bicycle lanes, street trees or/and tables and chairs in high level pedestrian areas.

• Widen footpaths through the road diet scheme, remove clutter, remove angle parking etc. A desirable quick approach could be to first claim the space through paint, furniture and greenery and later on do a more complete upgrade.

• Traffic calm Gouger Street and Rundle Street on Saturdays. No traffic and no parking.

• Prioritise Grenfell Street for public transport only, no private vehicles.

• Introduce a Ciclovia, a bicycling program in the city on Sundays with inspiration from Bogota, Colombia.

• Introduce lunch time closures of Rundle Street, Gouger Street, Gawler Place and Pirie Street.

• Increase the information level on public transport.

• Introduce integrated ticketing.

• Introduce new types of residential streets, with space for activities, not just parking.

• Develop a laneway art program with inspiration from Melbourne and Sydney.

• Encourage small businesses to locate in laneways by using less formal legislation.

• Develop a partnership with the local universities where local students can work on strategic city development projects as well as design projects through competitions set up by the city.


Adela ide is at a crossroadsIt is either business as usual or a new approach to how the city should expand and develop in the coming years. Business as usual is a comforting choice as it represents well-known ways of doing things with well-known results. No unpleasant surprises. A new approach, however, represents the possibility of unleashing an enormous potential for the city, both in terms of physical assets and business potential and also in terms of the mental capabilities that the city holds. This report is arguing to unleash the potential of Adelaide and to shift gear into the 21st century.

The recommendations of this report represent a holistic, long term view, where it is not the individual projects that lead the direction of the city, but the strategies behind that lead the way forward. As such it is not the various flagship projects that compete for interest, but the overriding aim and goals of where Adelaide should be heading. The flagship projects become the means of getting there, but they are pieces of a larger jigsaw. As such the plans are less vulnerable to changing cash flows and there is a wide variety of things to do that can also help to make changes. These initiatives may be of small, medium or large scale and can have a short, medium or long term effect.

Another big shift is the need for stronger community engagement. The public voice needs to be heard and responded to. The community needs to take part and take action in transforming Adelaide into a great place to live, work and play. A city for people is also a city made by people. The ideas, the opinions and the initiatives that the community, the institutions and the businesses of Adelaide possess are valuable assets for the future to come.

The work undertaken by Gehl Architects in Adelaide could not have been done without strong partners in the process. The Integrated Design Commission and the Adelaide City Council have been close partners in delivering the Public Spaces and Public Life Study 2011. DPTI and DFC are other close partners that have committed to making real change in Adelaide. Actually getting there is a long journey where short-term goals need to be set. 5000+, the Integrated Design Strategy is building the ladder to achieve change and it is vital that the support expressed by all the partners for the vision presented in this report can also encompass 5000+.

It took Melbourne 10 years to transform from a deserted city centre to a place that is now flourishing and where nobody argues whether Melbourne 10 years back was a better city.

There is no reason why Adelaide could not embark on a similar journey. The potential is certainly there.

Gehl Architects, Copenhagen, December 2011

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