unique function photosyntesis absorption cell wall prokaryote and eukaryote ingestion turgor...
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UNIQUE FUNCTIONPHOTOSYNTESIS
ABSORPTION
CELL WALLPROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE
INGESTION
TURGOR PRESSURE
METABOLISM & GROWTH
FIVE KINGDOM WHITTAKERFORMED ON THE BASES OF TROPHIC
RELATIONSHIP (BARTNICKI-GARCIA, 1987)
CELL WALL
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
?
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CELL WALL EVOLUTION
•ACCORDING TO FOSSILRECORD 3-5 BILLION YEAR
•THE EVOLUTION FASTERAFTER CELL FORMATION3.5 - 4 BILLION YEAR
• FURTHER EVOLUTION TODIFFERENTIATION
THE HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION OFTHE CELL WALL (BARTNICKI-GARCIA,1987)
EVOLUTION SCHEME FROM PROKARYOTE TO FUNGI
MICROFIBRIL OF CYST WALL OFROUXII (BARTNICKI-GARCIA, 1987)
FUNGAL WALL
KITOSOME YEAST CELL OF MUCOR
PHYTHOPTHORA PALMIVORA
(BARTNICKI-GARCIA, 1987)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PHYLOGEETIC AND THE CELL WALL
CHITIN
BIFLAGELLATE
ANCESTOR
CHITIN
1,3-1,6 -GLUCAN
CHITRYDIOMYCETES
EUASCOMYCETES
HOMOBASIDIO-
MYCETES
CELlULOSE
BIFLAGELLATE
ANCESTOR
CELLULOSE
CHITIN
HYPHO-
CHYTRIDS
CELLULOSE
-1,3-1,6 GLUcAN
OOMYCETESCHITIN
CHITOSAN
ZYGOMYCETES
1,3-1,6 –GLUCAN
–MANAN
HEMIASKOMYCETES
CHITIN
–MANAN
HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES
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LOST LYSINE
?
?DOLIPORE SEPTUM
MYCELIA WITH REGULAR SEPTUM
DIKARYOTIC PHASE
LOST OF FLAGELLA AND CENTRIOLE
SPINDLE POLE BODY
FUNGAL PHYLOGENETIC TREE
ASCOSPOREBASIDIOSPORE
COLLAGEN MATRIX
SEPTUM CONNECTIONLOST OF PHAGOTROPIC
LYSINE SYNTHESIS: AAA
CHITIN? mtDNA UGA=TRYPTOPHAN
GLYCOGEN: STORED ENERGYPOSTERIOR FLAGELUM, WHIPLASH
EVOLUTION OF FUNGI THROUGH PARASITISM
Assumption 1: parasitism requires a degree ofspecialization greater than for saprotrophy
Assumption 2: defence mechanisms in autrotrophs pre--date themove of plants to land and have always beendeterrent against parasitism
Parasitism needs the ability of:
1. respond to the plant surface
2. penetrating the host tissue
3. colonise and sporulate
System that controlled this ability exist in prokaryotes
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PHYLOGENETICRELATIONSHIP OF THEFUNGI (CAVALIER-SMITH, 1987)
HYPOTHESIS:PROTOCTIS FUNGI:POLYPHYLETIC GROUP1) Acrasid slime mold diverged early in eukaryotic lineage along with certain
amoeba. Discoidal cristae2) Other slime molds (myxomycetes and diyctiostelid) diverge independently.
tubular cristae3) Plasmodiophora have infection apparatus similar to ciliate protozoa
PSEUDOFUNGIStramenophila/ Chromista: having a heterokont flagela
TRUE FUNGI1) Eufungi is a monophyletic group and having a relationship with animal
through choanoflagela ancestor2) Ascomycetes not evolved from red algae
FUNGI
DISCOIDAL
EVOLUTION FROM CHOANOCILIA TO CHYTRID
METAZOA• CRISTAE MITOCHODRIA
CHYTRID
• ZOOSPORA WITH A SINGLEPOSTERIOR FLAGELLUM
FUNGI RELATED TO ANIMAL AS :1. CHITIN FOR EXOSKELETON2. GLICOGEN AS ENERGY
RESERVE3. ACHLOROPHYLOUS4. UGA : CODE TRYPTOPHAN
NOT TERMINATION
SPIZOMYCETES
1. RESEMBLE PROTOZOA:• Ribosome: disperse in
cytoplasm (primitive)• Fan shape array of micro-
tubules diverge from arc-likedense body beside kinetosomeand the end of the fan is crossstriated
2. More amoeboid3. Non flagelate centriole
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RUMPOMYCETES (CHYTIDIALESDAN MONOBLEPHARIDALES)
1. Flagelar root not surrounding the nucleus(derived)
2. Ribosome are packed (derived)
3. Having rumposome (ER attach to lipid,microbodies, mitochondrial complex)
ALLOMYCETES (BLASTOCLADIALES)
1. Flagelar root cone shaped (derived)
2. Ribosom packed formed nuclear cap (derived)
3. Cristernae not stacked
4. Having complex structure: lipid drop, microbodiesand mitochondria
ZYGOMYCOTAAncestor: Allomycetes asCentrosome smilar to that ofzygomycetesEVOLUTION:••
Loss of flagelaClosed mitosis with centriole outside thenucleus
ENTHOMOPHORALES-----KICKXELLALES-Allomyces
TRICHOMYCETES???????
MUCORALES(SPORANGIOSPORA)
ENDOGONALES (SPOROKARP)
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ALLOMYCES
Lost of flagela.
Procentriole from degenerated kinetosome
Procentriol (11-12 singlet microtubule)
Formed spora
Formed zigospore (resembling restingspore)
Coenocytic
No dictyosome
Basidiobolus ranarum(A-C) spore formation and release,(D) spore on insect(E) zigospore with clamp
(BASIDIOBOLUS, ENTOMOPHORALES)
ASCOMYCOTA Ancestor Endogonales
Evolution plectomycetes• Formation of ascogenous hyphae• Sporocarp evolved towards cleistothecium• Zygospore evolved towards endospora
(karyogamy delayed for multiplication ofzygote, and meiosis does occur)
Endogone
Ascocarp variation as
• Spore dispersal efficiency(Pyrenomycetes,Discomycetes,Loculoascomycetes)
• Trophic adaptation(Laboulbeniomycetes)
ascocarp evolution
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ENDOMYCOTA
• No ascocarp• No ascogenous hyphae• No chitin
Ancestor ????????? ------ Zygomycotina?????Parasite----- Completoria (Enthomophorales)----- Limited mycelia- Ascus development (Dipodascus)
Saccharomycetes (budding, chitin only in bud scar )
Taphrinomycetes (chitin absent)
Different from Ascomycota in 2 aspects:1. Basidiospora is exospora not endospora2. Heterokaryon as hyphae
Basidiospora evolved from Enthomophora spores probably not fromascospore. Spore of Enthomophora formed bud and disconnected to formmetabasidium with septum or sterigma. This zygomycetes is the parasiteof fern.
Enthomophora actively release the spores
In this evolution, 2 aspects should be change :1) Spore release mechanism
2) Nuclear fusion zigosporangium delayed and form dikaryotic hypha
Basidiomycota
globular centrosome Centrosome with many layers
HOLOBASIDIUM
UREDOMYCETES
ORTHOMYCOTA
UREDOMYCOTA
SEPTOBASIDIALES
UREDINALES
Somatic simplificationDOLIPOREATTRACIELLALES
TILETIALES
EXOBASIDIALES
BRACHYBASIDIALES
USTILAGINALES
SEPTOMYCETES
Saprothrophy and lost of teliospores
SPORIDIALESUSTOMYCETES
basidiocarp not jelly-like and
parentosome with many pores
HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES
Basidiokcarp jelly-like and parentosomevesicular and pores less
HOLOBASIDIA AURICULARIALES
Septum reoriantation
HOLOBASIDIUM
TREMELLALESfurcate basidia
TULASNELALES
DACRYMYCETALES
sterigmata swollen
GELIMYCETES
Basidimycetes ancestor
EVOLUTION OF PSEUDOFUNGI- SPORANGIA
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Primary
zoospores
cyst
Secondary zoospores
cyst
Monomorphic withmany swarm cell
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Dimorphic