UNIT 1: COURSE OVERVIEWPHARMACOLOGY CONCEPTS

CHAPTERS 2 AND 3Welcome! Feel free to “chat” with each other.

I’m here if you have any questions or comments. I’m looking forward to meeting you all!

Dr. Smith

IT’S NICE TO MEET YOU!

Michele Smith, PharmD, RPh, CPh Dr. Smith or Dr. S

University of Florida School of Pharmacy Graduate

Registered Pharmacist in Florida Experience in ambulatory care and long-term

care

SEMINAR TIPS

Class is one hour No apologies necessary if arriving late or

leaving early Seminars will be graded by Fridays;

can still do seminar option 2 if desired Grades based on:

Arriving on time Staying entire seminar Active participation throughout seminar Please see grading rubric in syllabus for details

SEMINAR TIPS Questions encouraged! Be sure to include question

mark”?”! Benefits to attending live seminar:

Meet your classmates! Get to know your instructor Opportunity to ask questions Real time practice (especially calculations!) Tips/hints for assignments and quizzes often included

Alternative Seminar Assignments or Seminar Option 2 Due Tuesdays 11:59 pm EST of the Unit

Power Point slides posted previous Tuesday in DocSharing Encouraged to print out and bring to seminar for note

taking

COURSE OVERVIEW

Print and Read Course Syllabus, then Read it again!Course calendar with assignments and

readingsGrading RubricsCourse policiesAIM informationEmail – usually answered within 24

hoursEmail Subject Lines should include Course,

Section, UsernameHS140 – 03-TAllen: Question regarding

Calculations

LATE POLICY “Late work will not be accepted unless there are

clear and compelling extenuating circumstances. If you have extenuating circumstances that prevent you from completing course assignments/exams you must contact your instructor immediately -prior to the assignment/exam/quiz due-date unless prevented from doing so by emergency circumstances. Examples of extenuating circumstances are serious personal and/or family illness/hospitalization, death in the family, weather-related evacuation/emergencies, work emergencies, and issues related to active military assignment. Personal computer/software/internet connectivity issues and course blocks are not considered extenuating circumstances. Granting of late-work submission due to extenuating circumstances is at the discretion of the instructor and will require documentation for verification of extenuating circumstances.”

DISCUSSION BOARD

Discussion Board each week (except Unit 10)Post initial response by SaturdayPost responses to classmates by Tuesday

11:59 pm ESTFor full credit, must post 3 responses

with initial response by SaturdayEncouraged to provide web links, discuss

current eventsAvoid discussing personal medication

histories/asking adviceSee Grading Rubric in Syllabus for details

ASSIGNMENTS

Save files properly – points deducted if not username-project-unit#.doc. For example, a student named Tina

Allen would name her file TAllen-Calculations-Unit 3.doc.

For seminar: TAllen-Seminar-Unit 3.doc Show work for math assignments to earn

partial credit Read questions thoroughly and answer all

questions

TIPS FOR SUCCESS

Keep up with reading – get to know the text!

Stay involved in discussions and seminars – adds interest (and points)!

Familiarize w/ resources – and use them!Study guides for quizzes, practice

worksheets, text workbookEmail, AIM

Learn Calculations – don’t just “get by”Seek help early

REFERENCES

Pharmacology is constantly changing

Every year….New drugs come into the marketOther drugs are taken off the marketNew generics become availableNew warnings are issuedNew indications are approved

REFERENCES

Books should be current published within last 2 years

Websites –www.rxlist.comwww.webmd.comManufacturer’s website

Must cite using APA format

WHAT IS A DRUG?

A chemical used for a therapeutic application Drug indications

Therapeutic Diagnostic Replacement Supplemental Preventative Curative Maintenance Supportive

MEDICATION INDICATIONS

Therapeutic – to relieve symptoms Cough and cold medications

Diagnostic – to diagnose a disease or disease progression Contrast dye for procedures

Replacement – to replace missing chemicals the body needs Thyroid

Supplemental – to prevent deficiencies Vitamins

MEDICATION INDICATIONS

Preventative – to prevent an illness Vaccines

Palliative – to reduce symptoms, but doesn’t cure Pain Medications

Curative – to cure a condition Antibiotics

Maintenance – to maintain health that may be at risk Blood pressure medications

Supportive – to maintain “homeostasis” Asthma “rescue” inhalers

WHAT MAKES A DRUG?

Active ingredient Pure, undiluted form of a chemical having an effect

on body function Inert ingredient

Little or no effect on body function Adds flavor, bulk, color

Vehicle Inactive ingredient carrying an active medicinal

ingredient

WHERE DO DRUGS COME FROM?

Pharmacognosy – the origins of drugs Historically drugs come from…

Plants Animals Minerals Synthetic substances (chemicals)

Recently… Recombinant DNA technology (gene splicing)

WHAT DOES THE BODY DO TO A DRUG?

Involves four processes (A-D-M-E) Absorption – movement of a drug from its administration site into the blood Distribution – movement of a drug form the blood into tissues and cells Metabolism –physical and chemical alteration of a drug in the body Excretion-removal of waste products from the body

A - ABSORPTION

Medications are administered by three routes:

GI Tract (orally)

Parenteral (IV, IM, SQ)

Through the skin (topical)

Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Saunders.

HOW ARE DRUGS NAMED?

Chemical name – based on molecular structure N-acetyl-p-aminophenol.

Generic/nonproprietary name –USP/NF official name Lowercase acetaminophen

Trade/Brand/Proprietary name- manufacturer’s registered name for the drug while it is under patent Tylenol

WHAT CAN AFFECT ABSORPTION?

Solubility – tendency of a drug to dissolve pH-acidic drugs are easily absorbed in the

stomach Absence or presence of food in the stomach –

food slows absorption rate Fat solubility-medications high in fat are

easily absorbed in the stomach

TOPICAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER

Topical drugs’ absorption depends on: Length of time in contact with skin Skin thickness Composition of vehicle (cream, ointment)

Topical medications can be dangerous in elderly patients as thinner skin may absorb more leading to toxicities

D - DISTRIBUTION Drug is delivered to

tissues through blood vessels and capillaries

Drug’s effect takes place in tissues, not blood vessels

Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Saunders

DRUG BLOOD LEVEL

Amount of drug circulating bloodstream Physicians may monitor blood levels

Digoxin Dilantin

M - METABOLISM

Series of chemical reactions altering a drug by converting it into a water soluble compound for excretion

Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Saunders

E – EXCRETION (ELIMINATION) May occur through…

RespirationPerspirationUrinationDefecation

Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998).

Foundations of nursing practice. PA: Saunders.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

The combined effect of drugs administered together

Synergism – Two drugs taken together BOOST each other’s effect more than either drug alone Coumadin/Aspirin

Antagonism- One drug counteracts or reduces the effect of the other drug Blood pressure medication/pseudoephedrine

Potentiation-One drug prolongs the effect of another drug Tagamet/theophylline

EFFECTS OF DRUGS

Desired effect – intended response Side effect- mild, undesired response Adverse reaction – undesirable response

causing unintended symptoms Allergic reaction- hypersensitivity to a drug Anaphylaxis – severe, potentially fatal

allergic reaction

DRUG FORMS

Tablets May be coated, may be scored Chewable, sublingual, buccal May be extended release – do not crush

Capsules May hide unpleasant odor, taste Some may be opened and added to food May be extended release – do not open

DRUG FORMS

Liquids Syrup Elixir Extracts

Topical Lotions Creams Ointments