unit 1: russia in revolution 1905 - 1917 background to the 1905 revolution
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1: Russia in Revolution1905 - 1917
Background to the 1905 revolution.
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Task 1:
Look at the information on the following
slides. Make detailed notes on the following
Question.
• What problems did the Tsar face when trying to govern Russia?
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–Russia covered 2 continents Europe & Asia.
–From W to E it covered over 6400km.
–From N to S it covered over 3000km
–It covered 1/6th of world’s total land mass. America could fit into it 2.5 times.
–Large parts were (are) uninhabited or sparsely populated.
– 11 different time zones
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Communication
• Few paved roads outside cities
• Roads were earth and turned to mud
Railway– Limited track– Trans-Siberian railway took a long time.
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Siberia
Trans-Siberian railway
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Nationality Millions
Russian 55.6
Ukranian 22.4
Polish 7.9
Jewish 5.0
Finnish 3.1
Lithuanian 1.2
Estonian 1.0
Georgian 0.8
and many more
Different nationalities living in Russia.
Diversity of population
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Resentment towards Russia and their policy of Russification
– National minorities resented Russian control
– Minorities resented “Russification” policy (making non-Russians use Russian language, clothes and customs rather than their own.)
– During the 19th century there were a number of uprisings because people wanted more self government.
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Social Structure of
Russia
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Breakdown of Russia by class in 1900, based on 1897 census
76%
1%
11%
1%
8%
1%2%
Clergy
Nobility
Others
peasants
Merchants
Urbanites
Cossacks
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Nobility
• Just over 1% of population but owned 25% of land.
• Enormous and expensive estates but most lived in St Petersburg or Moscow
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Middle classes
• A growing class of merchants, bankers and industrialists.
• The professionals were beginning to play a significant role in local government
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Urban Workers• Literacy in 1897 was 57.8%, twice the national average.
• Workers could express their opinions and were receptive to revolutionary ideas.
• Working conditions were poor e.g. average working day was 14 hours, Trade unions banned but some strikes took place and wages were low
• Living conditions poor.
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Peasants • 80% of pop.
• Subsistence farmers
• 60%+ = illiterate
• Life expectancy = 40 yrs
• Land ownership rare. They worked on small patches of land and on the nobles estates
• Land owned by OBSCHINA (Commune)OBSCHINA (Commune) which allotted strips of land to each household
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• They could not leave the commune without the consent of the elders
• Discipline and punishments harsh
• Drought and crop failure common
• 1891 = famine + cholera and typhus = 400,000 dead
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Agricultural methods were inefficient and backward.
• Peasants used a strip method of farming and wooden tools.
There was not enough land for everyone because of
– The vast increase in peasant population
– Only 25% of Russia was really good farmland.
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The best farmland – the “black earth” regionSt Petersburg
Moscow
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Emancipation Act of 1861 gave peasants their freedom.
They were
• given land from the nobles estates.
• BUT they had to pay for this their land with yearly redemption payments to the government.
• Most could not afford this and went further and further into debt. They felt betrayed by this as they felt the land belonged to them as they worked it.
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Tsar • Autocracy = unlimited government by one person
“Fundamental laws” 1832 (Article 1)
“The Emperor of all the Russians is an autocratic and
unlimited monarch; God himself ordains that all must
bow before his supreme power, not only out of fear but
also out of conscience”
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• He appointed his ministers and could ‘hire and fire’ them at will
• Backed by an army of 1 million and also the secret police (OKHRANA)
• Political parties banned – critics ended up in prison or exile
• Press was censored
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Unrest prior to 1905
The Russian people had their limits though
• May 1896 – riots in St. Petersburg
• 1902 - Street demonstrations in Rostov on Don
• 1901-1907 arson of manor houses in rural areas became commonplace
• 1904 – Viacheslav Plehve – Minister of the interior assassinated by Social Revolutionary party
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Task 2: Look at the notes you have made.
What do you think are the 3 most important factors that could lead
to a revolution? WHY?