unit 1. the organisation of the human body
TRANSCRIPT
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3º ESOThe organization of the
human body
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Organisation of living matter
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Organisation of living matter
Human beings are living things:
• Composed of biomolecules (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates)
• Made of cells (60 trillions cell). So they are multicellular organisms• Eukaryote cells: these have organelles and DNA enveloped
by a cover
• They perform the three vital functions:• Nutrition: they feed on other living things (heterotrophic)• Interaction• Reproduction
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Levels of organisation of the human being
especializadas
de varios tipos
Mismo tipo de tejido Distinto tipo de tejido
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Cell Types• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
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Characteristics of All Cells• A surrounding membrane• Cytoplasm– cell contents in thick fluid• Control center with DNA (Nucleus)
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Representative Animal Cell
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Cytoplasm• Viscous fluid containing organelles• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol– Organelles (not nucleus)– storage substances
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Nucleus • Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains – Chromosomes– Nucleolus
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Nuclear Envelope• Separates nucleus from rest of cell
• Double membrane
• Has pores
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Nucleolus• Most cells have 2 or more• Directs synthesis of RNA• Forms ribosomes
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates– Lipids
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Golgi Apparatus• Packaging & shipping station of cell
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Lysosomes• Contain digestive enzymes• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal– Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders
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Vacuoles• Membrane bound storage sacs• More common in plants than animals• Contents
– Water– Food– wastes
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Mitochondria• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose– Fatty acids
• Release energy– ATP
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Cytoskeleton• Made of proteins• Supports cell shape and function• Keep organelles organized
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Centrosome• Near the nucleus.• Formed by two tubular structures: centrioles
(made of proteins)• Coordinate cytoesqueleton movement and
cell division
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Exchange with the environment• Cells have to exchange substances to live through its
semipermeable membrane:– Diffusion: movement of small molecules from greater
to lower concentration.
– Osmosis: passage of water from the more diluted to the more concentrated medium
– Active transport: movement of substances from lower to greater concentration
– Endocytosis: cell sometimes incorporates large particles by membrane collapsing . The opposite process is called exocytosis.
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Cellular differentiation• After fertilization , egg cell begin to divide on identical cells (stem cells) till
gastrulation stage on 3rd week
Specialised cells (muscle ones for instance):• Makes a particular job. Muscle cells contract and relax to produce movement• Develop a characteristic shape. Muscle cells are usually very long .• There are changes in their cytoplasm .In muscle cells are abundant
mitocondria for energy-producing and cytoskeletal filaments .
Those 60 trillion cells in a human body have the same nucleus DNA
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Types of tissuesEpithelial tissues: cells arranged very closely together• Epithelium tissue Lining the surface of the body (skin and hollow cavities inside
the body)
• Glandular epitheliumreleases substances with different functions (pancreas and liver). Sometimes form structures called glands (saliva glands)
Type of cells
Intercellular substance among them
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Types of tissues
Connective tissues: supports and/or connects other tissues. Produce a lot of extracellular substances.• Connective tissue Located in the deepest layer of our skin (dermis) and “stuffing”
between organs
• Adipose tissueenergetic reserve. Thermal insulating.
• Bloodtransports nutrients and oxygen
• Bone tissuerigid tissue because of mineral salts it contains in its matrix
• Cartilaginous tissue protects joints from the bones, and strengthens some structures.
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Types of tissuesMuscle tissue• Composed of elongated cells called muscle fibres
• These muscle cells contract and relax causing the body to move
• Three different muscle tissues:
• Striated muscle tissue: contract voluntary (locomotor system)
• Smooth muscle tissue: contract involuntary (stomach or intestine)
• Cardiac muscle tissue: striated but contract involuntary
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Types of tissuesNervous tissue
• Composed of cells called neurons.
• Coordinates the functioning of the organism.
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Organ
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SystemsNutrition• Digestive systemPrepares food to be used by cells
• Respiratory systemSupplies O2 to the blood and takes away CO2
• Circulatory systemBlood distribute nutrients and oxygen. Picks up waste products
• Excretory systemPicks up waste products from blood and discharges them from the body. Regulates wáter content.
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SystemsReproduction• Reproductive system Ensures our survival over time. Involves both,
male and female reproductive organs
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SystemsInteraction (to internal and external enviroment)
• The sensory organs Pick up information and enable the body to adapt and survive
• The nervous systemReceives information from outside and inside the body. Coordinates all the body functions
• The endocrine systemMade up of glands, special organs that release substances (hormones) to the blood. Different effects on the body.
• The skeletal and muscular systems (locomotor system) Formed by bones and muscles respectively. Responsible for a person’s movement.
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SystemsNotice that:• The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate all the systems in the
body
• Sense organs perceive internal and external stimuli
• The nervous system sends orders to the organs in order to respond to those stimuli
• The endocrine system controls many of the reactions that take place inside cells