Block 4Block 4 Unit 10 BreakthroughsUnit 10 Breakthroughs

Action Plan In this unit you will learn:• To read scientifc and informational texts.• To infer the meanings of unknown words• To identify types of evidence in a text.• To understand and use comment adverbs

and reflexive pronouns.• To use words related to sciense technology

and scientific breakthroughs

Opening Task Opening Task

1. What are the things in the pictures?

Elements table, atoms, cells, DNA, microscope, bacteria, medicine and Petri dish.

2. What kind of science are you interested in?

Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, etc.

3. What are some of the advantages of becoming a scientist?

They are the first to learn about medical advances that could save your life. They get to use interesting and expensive equipment.

Lesson A The Nano-world

Vocabulary High technologyComplete the definitions with words from the box. The listen and check your answers.

science fiction digital nanotechnology atom molecule cell robot program

1. An atom is the smallest unit of matter and is surrounded by protons and neutrons.

2. A cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.

3. Molecule are made of at least two atoms combined to make a stable arrangement.

4. Nanotechnology is technology at the size of about one billionth of a meter.

5. A robot is a machine which is programmed to perform tasks by itself.

6. When you program something, you instruct it to perform certain tasks.

7. Scince fiction is a type of fantasy writing often based on future science or technology.

8. When data are digital, it means they are stored in the form of numbers.

Speaking Discuss these questions with a partner.

Pre-reading

a.Look at the title of the article on page 133. Predict

what you think the article will be about.

The coming nano-worldb. Quickly read the article on the next page. Then answer the questions.

Skim 1. What is the article about? The future of nanotechnology.

Scan 2. How big is a nanometer? One billionth of a meter.

3. Which three metals change at the nanometer level? Gold, aluminium and copper.

4. In what products is nanotechnology currently being used? Cell phones, memory chips, computers, paints.

5. Who is the ‘father’of nanotechnology? Eric Drexler.

1. Wath technological things do you have in your home (e.g., TV, cell phone, radio)?

2. List four technologies that are important to you. State why.

3. How many of them have digital technology?

The coming nano-worldnano-world

Comprehension Write T for True or F for False for the statements

T 1. Nanotechnology involves rearranging atoms and molecules.

T 2. Gold is sometimes a liquid.

F 3. Nanotechnology is science fiction.

F 4. Small robots have been developed with

nanotechnology.

T 5. Nanotechnology is a scientific and technological revolution.

F 6. Sten says that nanotechnology will destroy the planet.

Skills work Inferring the meaning of unknown word using prefixes

When guessing the meaning of an unknown word, look at its part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) and look at the sentences surronding it to get a good idea of the context. You can also use your knowledge of prefixes to help you. Look at this example from the text.

…atoms could be reprogrammed to join together in certain ways…

The prefix re- means ‘do again’ (as in rewrite, redo) and so reprogrammed means ‘programmed again’.

a. Discuss and work out the meanings of these word from the article.

1.undoubtedly Un- means not so undoubtedly means no doubt.

2.nano-engineering Nano- means small, so this word means engineering small thing.

3.unrealistic Un- means not, so this word means not realistic.

4.redesign Re- means do againg so this word means design again.

5.nano-robots Nano- means small so this word means very small robots.

b. Look at the sentences and work out the meanings of the underlined words.

1. Look at this! I think I’ ve been overpaid. I usually only get $1,200 a month. overapaid = paid too much

2. Don’t worry. She’ll come soon. Please don’t be impatient.

impatient = not patient.

3. Please don’t misuse that machine. It might break.

misuse = used badly or wrongly.

4. It’s unusually cold today. And today’s the start of summer!

unusually = not usually

5. I’m undecided about where to go. Should we go to Guadalajara or Cancun?

undecided = not decided

6. I don’t understand this company. The are always mismanaging things.

mismanaging = managin bodly or wrongly

below.Lenguage work Comment adverbsStudy how these adverbs are used in the sentences. Then rewrite each sentence below using a comment adverb.

1. This cake is fantastic. This cake is utterly fantastic!

2. I just found out that Jorge’s birthday is today. I just found out, apparently/ evidently Jorge’s birthay is today.

3. Our team won the cup because they’ve been practicing so hard. Our team won the cup clearly.

4. It is best to study hard in school. Obviously/clearly it is best to study hard in school.

5. Last winter was warm, but this year it’s freezing. It’s so cold! Last winter was warm, but this year it’s absolutely.

Making an adjective stronger Saying how something seems, or appears to be

It’s utterly amazing he passed the test!absolutely

It’s sunny, but apparently it’ll rain later.evidently

Saying something is logically true Saying something you expected

He clearly is very smart. His IQ is 160!obviously

The math test was unsurprisingly difficult.predictably

Writing Complete the paragraph with the adverbs above. There is more than one possible answer.

Our ability to predict the future is not always good. Fifty year ago, children (1) evidently/apparently believed we would be flying around in space cars by now. Looking back, (2) unsurprisingly/predictably, it has not appened. While technology can improve life, it can also cause more problems. We all know technologies such as the Internet are (3) utterly/absolutely fantastic at connecting people and it seems (4) apparently/evidently it is happening worldwide. However, it also has made more of our personal information available to millions of others at the click of a mouse, which we all would agree is (5) clearly/obviously not desirable.

Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. When identifying the part of speech, look to see which words modify others. Study these adverbs.

Identifyingadverbs

SkillBuilder

Modifying a verb Modifying an adjective Modifying an adverb

We’ve never seen technology develop so quickly.

Nanotechnology will be extremely important but really expensive.

Very soon, it will be so much easier to make better, more efficient products.

Vocabulary Scientific breakthroughs

Complete the definitions with words from the box. Then listen and check your answers.

1. A researcher is a person who examines things to find out information about them.

2. If something is organic it is made of living material.

3. Bio-fuel is gasoline that is made from organic waste.

4. A micro-organism is a very, very small living thing.

5. Sientists,perfrom experiments to collect information, or data.

6. An experimental hypothesis is a theory or idea you wish to test scientifically.

7. Biotechnology is the use of living things in industry or technology.

8. If something is genetically modified, its genes have benn changed in some way.

Lesson BLesson B Breakthrough!

organic micro-organism bio-fuel biotechnologyresearcher hypothesis genetically modified data

Listeninga. Circle the opinions you hear. Write Hector or Anna.

Ana 1. Humans should not play with nature.Hector 2. Modifying genes can lead to new treatments

and medicines.Ana 3. Modifying plants can lead to many dangers.Hector 4. Nature modifies the genes of micro-organism

itself, so it’s safe. Ana 5. There is somenthing worrying about people

messing around with genes.

b. State which opinions you agree with. Give your reasons

In Mexico

What technological advances are happening

in Mexico? Which are the most important?

Pre-readinga. Look at the title of article on page 117. Predict what you think the article will

be about.

Fueling a revolutionb. Quickly read the article on the next page. Then answer the questions.

Skim 1. What is the article about? Future Technologies

2. What do the super bugs feed on? Organic waste

3. What do the super bugs do? Fuel, oil

Scan 4. Where is Dr. Hodges doing his research? Bahía de Kino Mexico

5. What is the name of the plant he ‘s working with? Solicornia

ComprehensionWrite the letter of the answer most likely to be true. Discuss the answers

with your partner.

1. The micro-organism are…c a. plants. b. made of oil. c. very small.

2. The micro-organism…a…a danger to life on Earth.a. may be b. cannot be c. are definitely

3. Dr. Hodge's plan would create…ba. coal. b. inland. c. pollution.

4. The seawater farms will…ca. flood. b. burn wood. c. help make oil.

Skills work Identifying types of evidence

Writers often support their ideas with extra information. Read these examples of different types of evidence that a writer can use.

A. Common knowledge is something everyone knows (e. g., The earth is warming)

B. Something sounds logical and is likely to be true (e. g., Driving fast causes accidents)

C. The opinion of an expert (e. g. a researcher).

Decide which type of evidence most likely supports these sentences.

1. C Dr. Hodges estimates an area the size of Brazil can supply 90 percent of the world’s energy.

2. B Salicornia does not need rain to grow because it can grow in seawater.

3. C Dr Hodge’s research shows the waste is cleaner that burning coal or wood.

4. A Bahia de Kino is in Mexico.

5. B The natural water table will rise if more water drains into the ground

6. A The Earth goes round the sun.

7. C Dr. Sanchez say I have a very bad cold.

8. B It’s been sunny day for a month It’ll probably be sunny tomorrow, too.

9. B It looks rain. She’ll get wet if she doesn’t take an umbrella.

10. A It’s a holiday on Sunday.

Language work Reflexive pronounsStudy these reflexive pronouns. Then complete the sentences below with the

correct reflexive pronoun.

1. The light turns itself off at midnight.

2. Wait a moment. I’m just going to make myself a cup of coffee.

3. Janice designs all her clothes herself.

4. No one will help us. We have to do it ourselves.

5. Diego and Angela have bought themselves a car.

6. He was thirsty, so he bought himself a cool drink.

7. Don’t eat that. You’ll make yourself ill.

8. Come on you two. Come in and get yourselves a nice drink.

Singular Plural

I talked a little about myself.You should do it yourself.Chris hurt her/himself in the game.The cat let itself into the house.

We introduced ourselves to everyone.Please look after yourselves. Bye!They enjoyed themselves at the party.

*We use himself / myself / themselves, etc. when the subject and object of a sentence are the same.

WritingComplete the paragraph with the correct reflexive pronouns.

The other day my sister and I bought new computers for (1) ourselves. My sister can set up her computer (2) herself. I tried to do it (3) myself but I couldn’t. She keeps saying to me, “you should learn to fix the computer (4) yourself. “My dad is good with computers and can program the computers (5) himself. He fixed my computers in five minutes. People who can manage their own computers (6) themselves must be very smart.

Givingthe right

kind ofsupport

Academic writing requires you to show you know a lot about your topic and that you can support your opinions and use the right kinds of evidence to support your ideas.

More reliable information.

Less reliable information.

• Information based on research and the opinions of experts.

• Commun knowledge and ideas based on logical thinking.

• Seconhand information.• Data with no support. These are opinions that the

people give without thinking them through properly.

Real-life reading Read the wall chart. Then answer the questions below.

1. Which rule is about reading something carefully? 7

2. Which rule mentions the things you can wear? 2,8

3. Which rule is about knowing what to do if there is an emergency?3

4. Which rule are about hygiene? 1,4,5,8

5. Which rule require appropriate behavior? 1,2,4,5,6,7,9

6. Which rule require you to tell the teacher about something? 10

My Learning ExperienceLook at the list of language objectives in the unit. Draw , or .

Closing TaskLook at the photos on pages 110 and 111.

Discuss some ways that science can help your life.

Language Agree?

I can read scientific and informational texts.

I can infer the meanings of unknown words.

I can identify types of evidence in a text.

I can understand and use comment adverbs and reflexive pronouns.

I can use words for science, technology, and scientific breakthrougs.

Word builder Root words for numbersStudy the prefixes for numbers. Then complete the sentences below

with the correct word from the chart.

1. It’s over 20 kilometers from my home to school.

2. Come and look trough this microscope, you’ll see some interesting things.

3. It’s 0.45 of a kilo, or 450 milligrams.

4. My computers has over 400 gigabytes of data.

5. Did you know today it’s over 40 degrees centigrade? It’s too hot!

6. The microchip in my cell phone will hold over 10,000 songs!

Prefix Power of 10 Examples

nano-micro-milli-centi-deci-deka-, deca-hecta-, hecto-kilo-mega-giga-

10 (-9)10 (-6)10 (-3)10 (-2)10 (-1010 (1)10 (2)10 (3)10 (6)10 (9)

nanotechnology, nanosecondmicroscope, microprocessor, microchipmillimeter, milligram, millilitercentury, centenary, centigradedecimal, decibeldecade, decathlonhectare, hectoliterkilometer, kilogram, kilolitermegawatt, megabyte, megatongigabyte, gigahertz

My Dictionary

Write the words in English. Look for them in the unit.

Spanish English

alterar to modify, alter

aparentemente apparently

atomo atom

bichos bugs

bio-combustible bio-fuel

célula cell

ciencia ficción science-fiction

daño harm

deshacerse de get rid of

estable stable

genéticamente modificado

genetically modified

hipótesis hypothesis

laboratorio lab

molécula molecule

obviamente obviously

orgánico organic

propiedad property

robot robot

tierra adentro inland

Fuentes

Bibliográficas:

Chapman, J. (2009). Sequences, Teacher’s Resource Book 5. México: Heinle Cengage Learning.Waring, R., Woodall, P. y Thomlinson, J. (2009). Sequences, Student Book 5. México: Heinle Cengage Learning.

Electrónicas: http://images.google.es/images?gbv=2&hl=es&sa=1&q=breakthrough&aq=0&oq=breakt&start=0

Elaborado por: Ing. Sonia Margarita Osuna Rodríguez