unit 10 ecology energy, cycles, & human impact by: brandy mcclain

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Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

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Page 1: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

Unit 10Ecology

Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact

By: Brandy McClain

Page 2: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

Where does most of the energy in an ecosystem originate from?

The sun is the main energy source for life on earth!

Page 3: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How do organisms get their energy?

There are 2 ways:

1. Autotrophs: Organism that captures energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce its own food; also called producers.

Page 4: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How do organisms get their energy?

There are 2 ways:

2. Heterotrophs: Organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy requirements by feeding on other organisms; also called consumers.

Page 5: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 6 different types of consumers?

Herbivores: Eat Plants

Page 6: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 6 different types of consumers?

Carnivores: Eat Meat

Page 7: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 6 different types of consumers?

Omnivores: Eat plants & meat

Page 8: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 6 different types of consumers?

Detritivore: Eat organic matter/poop – detritus

Page 9: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 6 different types of consumers?

Scavenger: Eats animals that are already dead.

Page 10: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 6 different types of consumers?

Decomposers: Breaks down all the rest (bones, feathers, dead trees…)

Page 11: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the difference between a food chain & food web?

Food Chain: A simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Page 12: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the difference between a food chain & food web?

Food Web: A model representing the MANY interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.

Page 13: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are trophic levels?

Each step in a food chain/web is called a

trophic level.

Page 14: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are ecological pyramids?

Ecological Pyramid: Another model used to show how energy flows through ecosystems.

Can show:

* Amount of Energy

* Amount of Biomass

* Number of organisms

Page 15: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are ecological pyramids?

Ecological Pyramid: Another model used to show how energy flows through ecosystems.

What is this one showing?

* Amount of Energy

* Amount of Biomass

* Number of organisms

Page 16: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are ecological pyramids?

What is this one showing?

* Amount of Energy

* Amount of Biomass

* Number of organisms

Biomass: The total mass of living matter at

each trophic level.

Page 17: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are ecological pyramids?

What is this one showing?

* Amount of Energy

* Amount of Biomass

* Number of organisms

Page 18: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the 1/10th Rule?* The reason that each trophic level can support only 1/10 of the amount of living tissue as the level below it is because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below.

* Only 10% of energy moves up to the next trophic level

The rest of the energy (90%) is LOST as HEAT• Running ● Hunting for food• Breathing ● Sleeping• Reproducing ● Maintaining body heat

Page 19: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the 1/10th Rule?

100,000 J

10,000 J

1,000 J

100 J

10 J

1 J90% Lost

Page 20: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are 4 different types of cycles in the biosphere?

Nutrient: Is a chemical substance that an organism obtains from the environment to sustain life.

Biogeochemical Cycle: Cycles that involves organisms (bio), geological processes (geo), and chemical processes (chemical).

4 Main Types:* Water Cycle* Carbon Cycle* Nitrogen Cycle* Phosphorus Cycle

Page 21: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the Water Cycle?Water is constantly

evaporating into the atmosphere from bodies of water, soil, & organisms.

Transpiration: When water

evaporates from the surface of plants.

Page 22: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the Carbon Cycle?* All living things have carbon in them. * Carbon is in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.* Carbon dioxide is used by plants to make energy (carbohydrates)* Carbon is released into the atmosphere when we burn fossil fuels.* Carbon can be trapped in the ground as coal, oil, and gas deposits

Page 23: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the Nitrogen Cycle?• Most of the atmosphere has Nitrogen in it (78%)• Organisms CAN’T use Nitrogen GAS!!...so it needs to be “fixed”• “Fixing” nitrogen, is turning it from a gas into NITRATES (usable)

Nitrogen Fixation: Process in which nitrogen gas is captured and converted into a form plants can use (nitrates)

Page 24: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How is Nitrogen “fixed”?There are 2 main ways to “Fix” nitrogen

1.Lightning changes nitrogen gas into nitrates

Page 25: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How is Nitrogen “fixed”?There are 2 main ways to “Fix” nitrogen

2. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria changes gas into nitrates

Found on roots of Legums only!

* Peanuts * Peas * Clover * Beans * and many more…

Page 26: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is the Phosphorus Cycle?• Phosphorus is essential for growth & development• When organisms poop or die, they return phosphorus back to the cycle.

Page 27: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is ecological succession?Ecological Succession - The series of

changes that occur in a community over time.

Page 28: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is ecological succession?

Page 29: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are the 2 types of ecological succession?

1st Primary Succession – Occurs when there was no soil for regular plants to grow.

Examples: Volcano eruptions & glaciers retreating

Page 30: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are the 2 types of ecological succession?

Volcanoes can create

new islands...

No soil isAvailable for

plants to grow

Page 31: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are the 2 types of ecological succession?

When glaciers retreat, they

leave exposed rock…

No soil for plants to grow

in.

Page 32: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How is soil created so plants can grow in the area?

Pioneer Species: A species that will colonize previously uncolonized land. Are organisms that colonize barren rock or lava during ecological succession. They are the FIRST to arrive!

They physically break up the rocks, extract minerals, and provide organic matter that will decompose and become the soil for later successional species.

Page 33: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How is soil created so plants can grow in the area?

Example: Lichens

Lichens: A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae.

Page 34: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

How is soil created so plants can grow in the area?

Lichens help break rocks to form soil so that other plants can grow there later.

Page 35: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is a climax community?Climax Community: Stable, mature

ecological community with little change in the composition of species. This is when the community reaches equilibrium, and change very little over time.

Page 36: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

2nd Secondary Succession: Orderly change that occurs in a place soil remains after a community of organisms has been removed.

What are the 2 types of ecological succession?

Page 37: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

• When a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil, secondary succession will follow.

What are the 2 types of ecological succession?

Page 38: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What are some examples of secondary succession?

Examples of Secondary Succession – Forest Fire– Farm land– Flood– Hurricane– Logging

Occurs after a climax community has been destroyed…

soil is already there.

Page 39: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

Can there be too much of a good thing?

• YES!Eutrophication: Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other substances rich in Nitrogen & Phosphorous flows into waterways, causing algae growth.

Page 40: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is biomagnification?Biological Magnification: Is the increasing

concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

Page 41: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

What is an example of the use of a toxin that caused biomagnification?

• DDT: A pesticide used between the 1940s - 1970s

Page 42: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

We sprayed DDT EVERYWHERE!

What is an example of the use of a toxin that caused biomagnification?

Page 43: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

DDT causes bird eggs to be brittle, and break when parents try to sit on them to incubate them

What is an example of the use of a toxin that caused biomagnification?

Page 44: Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact By: Brandy McClain

The End