unit 10 (still) australia, new zealand, oceania and antarctica
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 10 (still)
Australia, New Zealand, Oceania and Antarctica
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AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
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Physical GeographyAustralia is smallest continent, largest island. • Mountains in east, dry interior, tropical
grasslands in north.• Great Barrier Reef along northeast coastline. • Ayers Rock in center of continent.
New Zealand is two main islands, both very tectonically active. • Climate is cool and wet, mostly mixed forests. • Many volcanos and mountains, glaciers at
altitude.
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Human Geography
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European SettlementAustralia
• Discovered by Dutch in 1606• Colonized by Britain in 1788• Penal Colony – island for prisoners• Gave Britain a Pacific Ocean Naval base• Colonists vs. Aborigines constant
disputes.
New Zealand• Colonized by Hunters and Whalers
from Europe, America, and Australia• 1840 Treaty of Waitangi
– Signed by Maori– Britain controls NZ– Control vs. Governorship– Land Wars 1845-1847, 1860-1872
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Modern Australia
AUSTRALIA is a wealthy, stable republics with few major problems compared to other parts of the world.
• 23 million people (90% European, 8% Asia, 2% Aborigine)
• Economy based on tourism, ranching, export of resources and food, import of energy
• Issues with immigration of Asian population, and aboriginal rights
• Many types of animals found only in Australia, such as kangaroo, koala, and platypus, dingo, wombat.
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AboriginesAustralia – Settled by the Aborigines about 40,000 years ago. Arrived from Asia, had stone age technology at time of contact.
• Roughly 500 groups speaking 200 languages, less than a million people total.
• Animist religion, with belief in the “Dreaming” a complex set of myths and practices that establish the world and Aborigine culture.
• Still largely separated from Australian society, issues with discrimination and loss of ancestral lands.
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Rabbit Invasion
• 1859 Thomas Austin brings 24 rabbits to Australia to hunt for food
• 1900 Rabbit population = 1 Billion or more!
• Rabbits are heavy grazers, and strip foilage.
• Australia tried importing predators, fences, and Tularemia infections to control rabbits
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Modern New ZealandNEW ZEALAND is a wealthy, stable republic with few major problems compared to other parts of the world.
• 4 million people (65% European, 15% Maori, 20% Asian or Pacific, >1% Hobbits, Elves and Orcs)
• Economy based on film industry, tourism, resources, and agriculture.
• Issues with Maori rights, fishing and resource competition with other nations
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MaoriNew Zealand – Settled by the Maori about 1000 years ago from Polynesia
• Divided into various clans, claimed territory and warred with each other. Even after contact, they maintained a fierce warrior culture.
• Maori traditionally wear extensive tattoos, called “Moko” to show status.
• Though a minority, Maori are a large part of NZ culture, such as the “All-Blacks” rugby team.
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OCEANIA AND ANTARCTICA
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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF OCEANIA• Enormous region of the
Pacific ocean, with thousands of scattered islands.
• Islands are volcanic, coral atolls, or both.
• Islands divided into three groups:
– Melanesia – named for “dark skin of inhabitants”; includes New Guinea
– Micronesia – named for “tiny islands”; includes Guam, Marshall Islands
– Polynesia – named for “many islands”; includes Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti
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Vocabulary• Archipelago – chain of islands• low island – made of coral reefs• high island – created by volcanoes• Atoll – coral island that surrounds a lagoon
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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF OCEANIA
• Settled thousands of years ago by boat from Asia. Explored by Europeans in the 1500’s, later settled for agriculture.
• Site of most of the big battles of WW2 in the Pacific. Gained independence from Europe and the USA in 1960’s and 1970’s.
• Modern population is less than 10 million, depending on how the region is counted. Most countries are poor and underdeveloped, relying on resort tourism for their economies.
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Antarctica
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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ANTARCTICA• Coldest, driest, and windiest continent.
• The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F)
• Most is covered by a sheet of ice over a mile thick, which has 70% of Earth’s fresh water.
• Life is abundant along the coasts, but the interior is a cold desert.
• Still mostly unexplored and little known.
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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF ANTARCTICA• No permanent human presence in
Antarctica.
• Between 1000 to 5000 people live there for short periods, living in various research stations.
• No government, other than 1959 Antarctic Treaty: No mining, no military bases or weapons, only peaceful scientific research.
• Various countries claim portions of Antarctica for their own use, but these areas overlap and are generally not recognized as official.