Unit 12 Crossing Culture

Outline• Text A

Conversation: Are We Dating?• Text B

The Influence of Culture• Exercises

Text A Conversation: Are We Dating?

• Date: v. to spend time with someone you have a romantic relationship with 约会 e.g. They were dating for five years before they got married.How long have you been dating Nicky?

Text A: An Overview• Alvaro Jaramillo from a university in

Mexico has come to the United States for a three-day conference held by Rita’s department. Yesterday, Rita invited Alvaro to join her for dinner, and tonight they’re meeting at Shalimar, a popular Indian restaurant. Though Rita has explained how to get there from his hotel, Alvaro still can not find the restaurant. So he asks Ryan, a passerby, for direction.

• Alvaro: Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me where Main Street is? I’m looking for Shalimar, an Indian restaurant.

• Ryan: Oh, Shalimar, that’s a good place. Turn left at the second light and then go straight for two blocks. Shalimar is on the corner.

• Alvaro: Is it far?• Ryan: No. It's only a five-minute walk.• Alvaro: Thanks a lot.

• (At the restaurant) • Rita: Hi, there! Glad you could make it! I

was a little concerned. • Alvaro: What time is it? Am I late?• Rita: It’s almost 7:30. You’re only 20

minutes or so late, so it’s no big deal. • Alvaro: In Mexico people are usually at

least 20 minutes late. If people decide to meet at 7, no one will be there until 7:30, maybe even 8 o’clock.

• Rita: You are kidding! Most of the people I know get upset if I’m more than 10 or 15 minutes late.

• Alvaro: I assume most Latin Americans are just not as concerned with time.

• Rita: I suppose you are right. • Alvaro: In fact, this whole experience is

pretty strange. • Rita: What do you mean?

• Alvaro: Well, in my country, women don’t invite men to dinner very often.

• Rita: Really? I suppose there are a lot of women in the U.S. who won’t ask men out either. But there are a lot of women who like doing it, like me. I like to decide who I want to spend my time with and how. Whenever a guy asks me out, that usually means he’s the one in charge.

• Alvaro: So, are you in charge tonight? You asked me out, you picked the restaurant, you reserved the table…

• Rita: Come on! Quit giving me a hard time. I figured you are here by yourself and probably sick of your hotel room. I’m just trying to be nice…

• Alvaro: So this isn’t a real date?• Rita: Not at all!

• Alvaro: I just needed to make sure, you know? People in Mexico don’t usually go on, how do I say it, this sort of casual date.

• Rita: People here do it all the time, you know.

• Alvaro: At home I would go out with a group of friends if I just wanted to have fun, but going out with just one woman would automatically be considered a date.

• Rita: So, what looks good to you?• Alvaro: I don’t know what I want. I’m

actually not very hungry yet. This is a little early for me.

• Rita: What are you talking about? It’s almost 8 o’clock. I’m starving!

• Alvaro: Is this late for you? I usually don’t have dinner until 9 or later.

Detailed reading• Alvaro Jaramillo from a university in Mexico

has come to the United States for a three-day conference held by Rita’s department.

• Yesterday, Rita invited Alvaro to join her for dinner, and tonight they’re meeting at Shalimar, a popular Indian restaurant. Though Rita has explained how to get there from his hotel, Alvaro still can not find the restaurant. So he asks Ryan, a passerby, for direction.

• Alvaro Jaramillo from a university in Mexico has come to the United States for a three-day conference held by Rita’s department. – a three-day conference held by Rita’s

department: 过去分词 held 做定语修饰conference

• Conference: n. a meeting in which matters are discussed formally 会议 e.g. a conference on women's rights

They frequently hold conferences at that hotel.

• be in conference (formal) to be in a meeting

Ms O'Neill isn't available at present. She's in conference.

• Yesterday, Rita invited Alvaro to join her for dinner, and tonight they’re meeting at Shalimar, a popular Indian restaurant.– join her for dinner e.g.

Would you like to join us for fun?– Indian restaurant 印度餐馆

• Though Rita has explained how to get there from his hotel, Alvaro still can not find the restaurant.– though conj. 尽管– explained how to get there… 动词不定式– still: 仍然

• So he asks Ryan, a passerby, for direction. – passerby: n. someone who is going past

a particular place, especially when something unusual happens 过路人 e.g. The gunmen opened fire, killing a policeman and a passer-by.

– ask sb. for direction 问路

– direction: instructions that you give to someone about how to find a particular place e.g. Can you give me directions to your house?

"Did you have any difficulty finding the theatre?" "No, your directions were excellent."

• 来自墨西哥某高校的阿尔瓦罗 ·雅拉米罗来美国参加一个为期三天的会议，会议主办方是丽塔所就读的系。昨天，丽塔邀请阿尔瓦罗共进晚餐，今天，他们在莎乐美，一家知名的印度餐厅见面。虽然丽塔已经向阿尔瓦罗解释了怎么从酒店前往此处，可他还是找不着。于是，他向路人赖安问路。

• Alvaro: Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me where Main Street is? I’m looking for Shalimar, an Indian restaurant.

• Ryan: Oh, Shalimar, that’s a good place. Turn left at the second light and then go straight for two blocks. Shalimar is on the corner.

• Alvaro: Is it far?• Ryan: No. It's only a five-minute walk.• Alvaro: Thanks a lot.

• Conversation skill: asking for and giving directions 问路--Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me where Main Street is? I’m looking for Shalimar, an Indian restaurant. --Oh, Shalimar, that’s a good place. Turn left at the second light and then go straight for two blocks. Shalimar is on the corner.

• Can you tell me where Main Street is?– Can you tell me 后接 where 引导的宾语从句，句子用正常语序

• Turn left at the second light (traffic light)• go straight for two blocks ( 街区 )• on the corner 在转角处 E.g.

– Then we passed the bookshop on the corner. – It's on the corner opposite the hospital.

• It's only a five-minute walk.– five-minute walk 走路 5 分钟的距离，也可以

说 five minutes’ walk.– 10-minute/ 10 minutes’ drive 开车 10 分钟– 用于回答 how far 有关的问句。Conversation:– How far is it from here?– It’s within walking distance.

• 阿尔瓦罗：对不起，先生。您能告诉我缅因街怎么走吗？我在找莎乐美，一家印度餐厅。• 赖安：哦，莎乐美，那个地方不错。在第二个交通灯处向左转，然后直走两个街区。莎乐美就在转角处。• 阿尔瓦罗：远吗？• 赖安：不远，走路 5 分钟。• 阿尔瓦罗：谢谢您。

• (At the restaurant) • Rita: Hi, there! Glad you could make it! I

was a little concerned. • Alvaro: What time is it? Am I late?• Rita: It’s almost 7:30. You’re only 20

minutes or so late, so it’s no big deal. • Alvaro: In Mexico people are usually at

least 20 minutes late. If people decide to meet at 7, no one will be there until 7:30, maybe even 8 o’clock.

• Hi, there! Glad you could make it! I was a little concerned.– Hi, there! 嗨，你（们）好！用于打招呼，网络互动中常见。– Glad you could make it!– make it v. < 口 > 获得成功，达到预定目标 , 及时抵达 e.g.

The train goes at10.15. I think we shall make it.  火车 10 点 1 刻开，我想我们能赶上。Give me a chance. I can make it. 给我个机会，我能做到。

– concerned adj. worried 关心的 担忧的 e.g.I'm a bit concerned about/for your health.

He was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers were leaving. Concerned parents held a meeting.  忧心忡忡的家长们开了一次会。

concerned 也可以表示“与……有关” e.g.as far as… is concerned 就……而言Where money is concerned,I always try to be very careful.  在有关钱的问题上，我总是尽量小心谨慎。

• You’re only 20 minutes or so late, so it’s no big deal. – 20 minutes late 迟到 20 分钟– or so ： about 大约 e.g.

There are 300 students or so in this middle school.  这所中学大约有 300 个学生。

– it’s no big deal: It’s not a serious problem. 什么大不了的。 e.g. We'll have to pay a little more - it's no big deal.

• In Mexico people are usually at least 20 minutes late.

• At least : 至少 e.g. – He ate at least three apples.– This car will cost you at least 300

thousand Yuan. – You might at least apologize.  – compare: at most 至多

• If people decide to meet at 7, no one will be there until 7:30, maybe even 8 o’clock.– … no one will be there until 7:30 ， 7:30以前没有人来– no one 没有人 – no one vs. none

no one vs none• none 相当于 nobody 或 nothing ，既可指人，也可指物，用于对三者或三者以上的人或物的否定，其后可接 of 短语；当它作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数均可。例如：

– None of us are(is)interested in this book ． 我们对这本书都不感兴趣。 – None of the food was bad ．食物都没有坏。 – I like none of these books ．这些书我都不喜欢。

• no one 相当于 nobody, 只能指人，不能指物，其后不可接 of 短语，语气比 none更强烈。当它作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： – No one knows where Jack has gone ．没有人知道杰克到哪去了。 – No one likes the film ．没有人喜欢那部影片。 　

• none 用来回答以 how many 或 how much 开头的问句； noone 用来回答以who 开头的问句。例如： 　　 How many students are there in the room? 房间里有几个人 ? 　　 None ．一个人也没有。 　　 Who will go to the party? 谁要去参加那个聚会 ? 　　 No one ．没有人。

• His father has bought many books home, but _______ is easy enough for him to read. A. none B. no oneC. every one D. some one

• She doesn't know anyone here. She has got______to talk to. A. anyone 　　 B. someone

C. everyone 　　 D. no one

A

D

• （在餐厅）• 丽塔：嗨，这里！真高兴你来了，我还有些担心呢。• 阿尔瓦罗：现在几点了？我来晚了吗？• 丽塔：快 7 点半了，你只晚了 20 分钟，没什么大不了的。• 阿尔瓦罗：在墨西哥，人们通常至少要迟到 20分钟。如果决定 7 点见面，没有人会在 7 ： 30甚至 8 点之前到的。

• Rita: You are kidding! Most of the people I know get upset if I’m more than 10 or 15 minutes late.

• Alvaro: I assume most Latin Americans are just not as concerned with time.

• Rita: I suppose you are right. • Alvaro: In fact, this whole experience is

pretty strange. • Rita: What do you mean?• Alvaro: Well, in my country, women don’t

invite men to dinner very often.

• You are kidding! Most of the people I know get upset if I’m more than 10 or 15 minutes late. – You are kidding! 你一定是在开玩笑吧！表示惊讶、不相信。也可以说：

You must be kidding me! You must be joking. Are you kidding me?

• get upset:– upset: adj. afflicted with or marked by

anxious uneasiness or trouble or grief 烦燥的 ,不高兴

– I‘m always upset when I don’t get any mail.  我接不到任何邮件时总是心烦意乱。

– upset 做名词： Last-minute changes caused a great deal of upset.  出现的临时变动造成一片混乱。

– upset 作动词： The news quite upset him.  这消息使他心烦意乱。

• I assume most Latin Americans are just not as concerned with time. – assume: v. to accept something to be

true without question or proof e.g. I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school.

Let's assume (that) they're coming and make plans on that basis.

– Latin America: 拉丁美洲– not as concerned with time 这是一个省略句，省略用来进行比较的 as Americans– as… as 与… .. 一样，用于比较句型 ,中间插入的是形容词或副词的原级。意思是“达到与什么相同的程度”。 Your pen writes as smoothly

as mine. 你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。 – 否定式为 not as/so +adj./ adv. +as 。例如：

This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think. 这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。

• I suppose you are right.– suppose v. 想 , 设想 , 猜测 ; 认为 , 以为

e.g. I suppose you are right. Let's suppose (that) the news is true.

– be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 e.g.You are supposed to sumbit your writing before the end of this month.

• In fact, this whole experience is pretty strange.– in fact 实际上– this whole experience 整个的经验– pretty: adv. 相当

• 丽塔：开玩笑吧！如果我迟到 10 或 15 分钟，我认识的大多数人都会心烦意乱的。• 阿尔瓦罗：我想大多数拉美人对时间没有那么关注。• 丽塔：我想你是对的。• 阿尔瓦罗：实际上这整个经验都很奇怪。• 丽塔：你指什么？• 阿尔瓦罗：哦，在我们国家，女人们通常不大邀请男人吃饭。

• Rita: Really? I suppose there are a lot of women in the U.S. who won’t ask men out either. But there are a lot of women who like doing it, like me. I like to decide who I want to spend my time with and how. Whenever a guy asks me out, that usually means he’s the one in charge.

• I suppose there are a lot of women in the U.S. who won’t ask men out either. But there are a lot of women who like doing it, like me. – there are a lot of women who… 定语从句– ask men out 约男人出去– either adv. 也，用于否定句 e.g.

It's not as heavy, either.  这也不那么重。

• But there are a lot of women who like doing it, like me.– 两个 like ，第一个是动词，喜欢，用于 like to

do/ doing sth. 第二个是介词，“好像”。 e.g.– We like our work to be justly evaluated.  我们喜欢别人公正的评价我们的工作。– Like me, she enjoys all kinds of music.她和我一样，各种音乐都喜爱。– He is a like a son to her. 他对她就像是儿子。

• I like to decide who I want to spend my time with and how.– who I want to spend my time with是 decide 的宾语从句，此句中 with 不可省略，因为 spend my time with sb.

– and how 在此为省略句，即 and how to spend my time 。

• Whenever a guy asks me out, that usually means he’s the one in charge. – he’s the one in charge ， in charge修饰 the one ， the one 是代词，指人– whenever 无论何时– in charge:

• whenever: adverb , conjunction :every or any time无论何时

e.g. I blush whenever I think about it. Whenever I go there they seem to

be in bed. I try to use olive oil whenever

possible.

• in charge: being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something

e.g. Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves?

I left Jack in charge of the suitcases while I went to get the tickets.

• 丽塔：真的？我想在美国也有许多女人不会邀请男人出来吃饭，不过也会有许多女人乐意这么做，比如我。我喜欢决定自己跟谁共渡时光，以及如何度过。如果一个男人邀请我出来吃饭，通常意味着他是有控制权的一方。

• Alvaro: So, are you in charge tonight? You asked me out, you picked the restaurant, you reserved the table…

• Rita: Come on! Quit giving me a hard time. I figured you are here by yourself and probably sick of your hotel room. I’m just trying to be nice…

• Alvaro: So this isn’t a real date?• Rita: Not at all!

• You asked me out, you picked the restaurant, you reserved the table…– ask me out– pick: v. to choose挑选　　 e.g.

pick a card from the pack.– reserve: v. to keep something for a particular

purpose or time 预订 e.g. I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters.

These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies.

• Come on! Quit giving me a hard time.– Come on! 在此表示不同意，“得了吧”。– quit: v. stop 停止，辞职

quit doing sth. 停止做某事quit smoking 戒烟Would you quit your job if you inherited lots of money?

– give sb. a hard time 为难某人

• I figured you are here by yourself and probably sick of your hotel room.– figure: v认为 , 领会到 e.g.

They figured it was better to stay where they were.  他们断定还是呆在原地好。

– (be) sick of: be tired of 厌烦 e.g. I’m sick of the way you’re behaving. I’m sick of doing nothing all day long.

• 阿尔瓦罗：所以，今晚控制权在你手中吗？你请我出来，你选择了餐厅，你预定了位子……

• 丽塔：拜托，别这样挖苦我了。我想你独自一人在此，可能待在酒店房间里会觉得烦。我只是想尽量表现得友好些……• 阿尔瓦罗：那么我们不是真的在约会了？• 丽塔：当然不是！

• Alvaro: I just needed to make sure, you know? People in Mexico don’t usually go on, how do I say it, this sort of casual date.

• Rita: People here do it all the time, you know. • Alvaro: At home I would go out with a

group of friends if I just wanted to have fun, but going out with just one woman would automatically be considered a date.

• Rita: So, what looks good to you?

• I just needed to make sure, you know?– make sure 确保 to establish something

without doubt – just want to make sure that everything is

ok.我只想确认一切安好 .– Make sure he writes everything down.– be sure of/ that 确定 e.g. I'm sure that no

one will love me more than he does.我确定没有人会比他更爱我了 .

• People in Mexico don’t usually go on, how do I say it, this sort of casual date. – how do I say it 插入语，说话时为自己争取更多时间– casual: adj. not taking or not seeming to

take much interest; not finding something important 随便的 e.g. The psychologist's attitude seemed far too casual.

• At home I would go out with a group of friends if I just wanted to have fun, but going out with just one woman would automatically be considered a date. – 虚拟语气– have fun 有意思– automatically 自动地– be considered a date

• automatically: adv. If something happens automatically, it happens as part of the normal process or system

e.g. Employees who steal are dismissed automatically.

• Conversation ： -- So, what looks good to you? 你看有什么好吃的？类似上一单元的 What are you going to get? 都是邀请对方点菜。

• 阿尔瓦罗：我只是想确定，你知道吗？在墨西哥，人们通常不会有，该怎么说呢，这种随意的约会。 • 丽塔：你要知道，这里的人总有这样的约会。• 阿尔瓦罗：在家乡，我要是想找乐子，会跟一群朋友出去；但是如果只跟一个女人出去，那就自然而然被认为是在约会。• 丽塔：那么，你想点什么吃？

• Alvaro: I don’t know what I want. I’m actually not very hungry yet. This is a little early for me.

• Rita: What are you talking about? It’s almost 8 o’clock. I’m starving!

• Alvaro: Is this late for you? I usually don’t have dinner until 9 or later.

• This is a little early for me. 对我来说有点太早了。– This course is a bit difficult for me. 这个课程对我有点太难了。– He is a little demanding for me. 对我来说他要求太高了。

• I’m starving!• v. to (cause to) become very weak or

die because there is not enough food to eat 饥饿 e.g. – Whole communities starved to death

during the long drought. – From talking to former prisoners in the

camps, an obvious conclusion is that they have been starved.

• 阿尔瓦罗：我不知道想吃什么，实际上我还不太饿。这个时间对我有点早了。• 丽塔：你说什么？已经 8 点了，我都饿死了。• 阿尔瓦罗：对你已经很晚了吗？我通常要

到 9 点或者 9 点以后才吃晚饭。

Idiomatic Study: asking for directions

• A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where Main Street is?

• B: Turn left at the second light and then go straight for two blocks. It's only a five-minute walk.

• A: Excuse me. Could you please tell me how to get to the station?B: Turn left at the first light. You can't miss it.

• A: Can you help me out? I'm trying to find a post office.B: Go three block and make a right. It's right there.

• A: Excuse me. How do I find the city hall?

• B: Just go straight, it’s on this street, on the right, about a mile and a half.

• A: Pardon me, I’m lost. How do I get to the museum?

• B: Go to the second light and turn left. Then go the third stop sign. The museum is on that corner.

• Thank you!

Text B The Influence of Culture

Main idea• Para. 1: It is wrong to assume that

different cultures socialize children in the same way.

• Para 2-3: There are evidence showing the differences of different cultures in socializing their children.

Detailed reading: para. 1• It is easy to assume that

every culture socializes children in the same way. Studies of other cultures, however, show that children are socialized differently depending on the culture they are brought up in.

• It is easy to assume that every culture socializes children in the same way.– 句型： It is easy to do sth. ，其中 it 是形式主语， to do sth. 是真正主语。– assume 后接 that引导的宾语从句

• assume: v. to accept something to be true without question or proof e.g.

• [ + ( that ) ] I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school.

• Let's assume (that) they're coming and make plans on that basis.

• [ + to infinitive ] We can't assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent.

• socialize the children in the same way– socialize: v. to train people or animals to

behave in a way that others in the group think is suitable e.g. Here at the special school we make every effort to socialize these young offenders.

– in the same way 以同样的方式in the way of/ in … way 以……方式

• Studies of other cultures, however, show that children are socialized differently depending on the culture they are brought up in.– however adv. 然而 I thought those figures were

correct. However, I have recently heard they were not.  我原以为那些数字正确无误。不过我最近听说并不正确。

– that引导宾语从句，其中 depending on … 是现代分词短语作状语– 在宾语从句中 they are brought up in 为定语从句，修饰 culture

• depend on: to be decided by or to change according to the stated thing e.g.– Whether or not we go to Spain for our

holiday depends on the cost. – It all depends on whether she like the

boss or not.  一切都取决于她喜欢还是不喜欢这个老板。– All living things depend on the sun for

their growth.  万物生长靠太阳。

• bring (brought, brought) sb up: to care for a child until it is an adult, often giving it particular beliefs e.g. – She was brought up by her

grandmother. – They brought her up (as/to be) a

Catholic.

• 我们很容易主观认为，各文化均以同等方式将儿童社会化，可关于其他文化的研究却表明，根据儿童成长的文化，儿童的社会化方式有所不同。

Para. 2• A study of 6-to 11-year-old children in six

farming communities in the United States, Kenya, Okinawa, northern India, the Philippines, and Mexico is a good example of these studies. Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) found a big difference between the types of household chores that children were expected to do in these cultures. More importantly, they found that parental expectations about work around the house were an important part of children’s socialization.

• A study of 6-to 11-year-old children in six farming communities in the United States, Kenya, Okinawa, northern India, the Philippines, and Mexico is a good example of these studies.– 基本结构： A study of… is a good example…– farming communities 农业社会– … is a good example of…举例

• community: n. the people living in one particular area or people who are considered as a unit because of their common interests, social group or nationality 社群，共同体，社会

• E.g. – local community – farming community – There's a large black/white community

living in this area.

• Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) found a big difference between the types of household chores that children were expected to do in these cultures.– Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) 中， 1975是研究发表的时间– that children were expected to do 定语从句– household chores – be expected to do sth. e.g.

• Household: n. a group of people, often a family, who live together e.g. – household expenses – a household name

• Chore: n. a job or piece of work which is often boring or unpleasant but needs to be done regularly e.g. – I'll go shopping when I've done my chores.– I find writing reports a real chore .

• expect sb to do: to think that someone should behave in a particular way or do a particular thing e.g. – Borrowers are expected to (= should)

return books on time. – Teachers are expected to be well

prepared for every lesson.

• More importantly, they found that parental expectations about work around the house were an important part of children’s socialization. – more importantly 更为重要的是 – parental expectations about… 父母的期望– work around the house 家务– socialization n. 社会化

• expectation: n. when you expect good things to happen in the future e.g. – I have high expectations for this job.– We did so well - beyond all our

expectations. – She ate a light lunch in expectation of

a good dinner.  她午饭吃得很少，期待晚饭时饱餐一顿。

socialization theory• The term socialization is used to refer to

the process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies.

• It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society; a society itself is formed through a plurality of shared norms, customs, values, traditions, social roles, symbols and languages.

• Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.

• 某一针对美国、肯尼亚、冲绳、北印度、菲律宾和墨西哥这六大农业社会中 6 至 11岁儿童开展的调研就是此类研究中一个绝佳的例子。毕崔斯和约翰 ·怀廷（ 1975 ）发现，这些文化期待儿童完成的家务劳动类型有很大差异。更为重要的是，他们发现，父母对于家务活的期望是子女社会化的一个重要部分。

• Where children were expected to take care of other younger children and do chores that helped the whole household (as in the Kenyan and Mexican communities studied), they quickly learned to be responsible and caring toward others. In communities like the one studied in the United States, where children were only expected to do chores such as cleaning their rooms and picking up toys, they were less likely to develop these traits at an early stage.

• Of course, not every family in the particular culture socializes their children in exactly the same way—and this would be true of expectations about household chores also. Nevertheless, many cross-cultural differences in socialization have been identified by researchers.

• Where children were expected to take care of other younger children and do chores that helped the whole household (as in the Kenyan and Mexican communities studied), they quickly learned to be responsible and caring toward others.

• 句子结构： where引导地点状语，主句为 they quickly learn …

• 状语从句中有一个 that引导的定语从句修饰chores

• take care of other younger children 照顾弟弟妹妹– take care of 照顾– take care 保重

• do chores 做家务• the whole household (n.) 全家，全家人

• responsible adj. 有责任的 , 负责的 e.g.Who‘s responsible for the terrible mess?  谁应该对这种混乱负责？

• caring adj. 关爱的 The solicitude of the caring husband for his wife made her feel unhappy.  那位体贴的丈夫对妻子的关怀使她感觉很不高兴。

• In communities like the one studied in the United States, where children were only expected to do chores such as cleaning their rooms and picking up toys, they were less likely to develop these traits at an early stage. – 句子结构： in communities… 为地点状语，其中

where 是非限定性定语从句，主句 they were less likely to do sth.

– these traits 在此处指上文出现过的 reponsible and caring

• communities like the one studied in the United States: – the one代替 community ， studied 是过去分词修饰 the one,被动关系。

• where children were only expected to do chores such as cleaning their rooms and picking up toys– such as 比如说– pick up 捡起，拾起 e.g

She picked up a valuable first edition at a village book sale.  她在乡村图书展销会上买到一本珍贵的首版书。The children have picked up the local accent.  孩子都学会了当地口音了。

– toy n. 玩具 e.g. a toy car 玩具车

• they were less likely to develop these traits at an early stage

• 本句是比较结构， less likely 后面省略了than the first group of children– be likely to – develop a trait– at an early stage 很早

• likely: adj. describes something that will probably happen or is expected

• be likely to do sth. 可能• E.g. Do remind me because I'm likely

to forget. • I suppose that might happen but it's

not very likely.

• trait: n. a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior

• E.g. His sense of humour is one of his better traits.

• at an early stage: 早期• stage n. 阶段• e.g. The project is in its final stages

and should be completed by August. • Our marriage is going through a

difficult stage at the moment.

• Of course, not every family in the particular culture socializes their children in exactly the same way—and this would be true of expectations about household chores also.– not every 部分否定– socialize their children in exaclty the

same way– this would be true of…

also, too, either, as well 用法• too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，通常用于肯定句，且通常放在句末。如： I

like you too [as well]. 我也喜欢你。• too 有时也紧跟在主语后。如： I, too, know

where he lives. 我也知道他住在什么地方。• 在 Me too, You too 这类简略答语中，通常不用 as well 或 also 。如：• A ： I’m tired. 我累了。• B： Me too. 我也是

• also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行为动词之前，特殊动词之后。有时为了强调也放在句末 (但不常见 )。如：– He also came. / He came also. 他也来了。– She is young and beautiful ， and also rich. 她年轻漂亮，而且有钱。

• either( 也 )通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。如：– I don’t know, either. 我也不知道。– He hasn’t finished it, either. 他也还没有做完。

• We won't go to the cinema next Saturday. They won't____.A. too B. also C. neither D. either

• He didn't know her address, ____ did I.A. too B. also C. either D. neither

D

D

• Nevertheless, many cross-cultural differences in socialization have been identified by researchers. – Nevertheless: adv. despite what has just

been said or referred to e.g. I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless. She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working.

• be identified by researchers • identify v. 识别 , 认明 ,鉴定

– Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?  你能在这些伞中认出你自己的伞吗？

– One can not identify happiness with wealth.  幸福和财富不能混为一谈。

– She identified that the man was her attacker.  她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。

• 在期待子女照顾其他更为年幼的孩子、帮助全家人做家务活（比如研究涉及的肯尼亚和墨西哥社区）的文化中，他们的孩子很快就学会了对其他人负责并付出关爱。在类似研究涉及的美国社区中，只期待儿童做诸如打扫自己的房间、收拾玩具等事情，这些孩子在某一早期年龄段发展上述特点的可能性较小。当然，在特定文化中并非所有家庭都以同样的方式对儿童进行社会化——关于家务劳动的期望也同样如此。但是，研究人员已经发现在社会化方面存在许多跨文化差异。

Para 3• Other evidence of these differences in

socialization practices comes from a study of how traditional Vietnamese and Chinese socialize their children (Dillard 1987). In these families, the needs of the group are seen as more important than the needs of the individual, and so children learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves. For example, many children work hard at school so that their parents will be proud of them.

• Other evidence of these differences in socialization practices comes from a study of how traditional Vietnamese and Chinese socialize their children (Dillard 1987).– evidence n. 证据– socialization practices– Vietnamese n. 越南人

• In these families, the needs of the group are seen as more important than the needs of the individual, and so children learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves.– more important than 比较级– individual

• Individual: n. a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which they belong

• E.g. Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.

• We try to treat our students as individuals.

• their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves– One’s first responsibility is to… 首先为……负责– rather than 用作连词，相当于 but not ，意为“而不”、“不是…… (而是 )” 、“与其…… (不如 )” ，前后连接的成分应该是平行的。如：– He is a writer rather than a teacher. 与其说他是教师还不如说他是作家。– You are doing this for yourself rather than for

others. 你做这件事不是为别人而是为你自己。– It was what he meant rather than what he said. 这是他的意思，而不是他说的话。

• For example, many children work hard at school so that their parents will be proud of them. – work hard at school 努力学习– be proud of: feeling pleasure and satisfaction

because you or people connected with you have done or got something good e.g. You must be very proud of your son. [ + to infinitive ] I'm very proud to have been involved in this project. [ + ( that ) ] I was so proud (that) my son had been chosen for the national team.

• 在社会化实践方面的这些差异还有一个证据，它来自一项关于传统越南人和中国人如何对子女进行社会化的研究（ Dillard 1987 ）。在这些家庭中，群体的需求被视为比个人需求更为重要，因此儿童便学会首先要对父母而非自己负责。例如，许多孩童在校努力学习以期自己的父母能为之而自豪。

Comprehension Questions

1. We can infer the best way to understand “socialize” in Line 1 is ______________.A. to place under group controlB. to become sociable C. to take part in social activities D. to convert or adapt to the needs of

society

It is easy to assume that every culture socializes children in the same way.

2. In the first sentence of paragraph 2, what does “these studies” refer to?A. the studies of the six countries B. the studies of farming communitiesC. the studies of 6-to 11-year-old children D. the studies of different influence of

culture on children’s growth Studies of other cultures, however, show that children are socialized differently depending on the culture they are brought up in. A study of … a good example of these studies.

3. Which of the following is NOT a finding of Beatrice and John Whiting study? A. In these cultures, children are expected to take up

different type of housework. B. In these cultures, what the parents expect the

children to do has an impact on the children’s socialization.

C. Children in Kenyan communities learned to be responsible and caring to others later than in USA.

D. The cross-cultural differences socialize the children differently.

• Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) found a big difference between the types of household chores that children were expected to do in these cultures. More importantly, they found that parental expectations about work around the house were an important part of children’s socialization. In communities like the one studied in the United States, where children were only expected to do chores such as cleaning their rooms and picking up toys, they were less likely to develop these traits at an early stage. Nevertheless, many cross-cultural differences in socialization have been identified by researchers.

4. The best interpretation of the sentence “not every family in a particular culture socializes their children in exactly the same way” is that ____________.A. in the same culture, parents can have

different ways to bring up the children B. in the same culture, children are

encouraged to grow up according to the same social values

C. in the same culture, no two families would bring up their children in the same way

D. in the same culture, parents always want their children to be different from the others

5. We can infer from the study of how traditional Vietnamese and Chinese socialize their children that _________________________. A. the children want to succeed mainly because

they want to glorify their familiesB. the children attach more importance to their

own needs rather than their familiesC. the children would never sacrifice their future

for the family D. the children would never challenge their

parents’ authority In these families, the needs of the group are seen as more important than the needs of the individual, and so children learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves. For example, many children work hard at school so that their parents will be proud of them.

I. Conversation1. — Pardon me, Madam. Can you tell

me how to get to the nearest bank? — ________________________.A. No, don’t ask that. B. Sure, that’s the nearest way.C. Sorry, I’m a stranger here. D. No, you’re driving too fast.

2. — Madam, do all the buses go downtown? — ___________________.A. Sorry, I’m new here. B. Pretty well, I assume. C. No, never mind. D. Wow, you got it.

3. — Good morning, sir. Can I help you?

— _________________.A. Yes, why not?B. Yes, is there a bank near here?C. Are you kidding?D. You are welcome!

4. — Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the Art museum?

— _____________. Oh yes! Two blocks away from here at the Green Avenue.

A. I beg your pardon?B. You’re welcome!C. What do you mean?D. Mm, let me see.

5. — Excuse me, where can I buy a film for my camera?

— _______________. There is one opposite the post office.

A. At the chemist’s. B. What do you want?C. Never mind.D. Pretty good.

II. Reading Comprehension

• Just as the degree of individual freedom in America seems loose and therefore uncomfortable to many visitors, in many countries, people will tell you what they think you want to hear, whether or not it is true. To them, this is the polite thing to do.

• To Americans it is considered confusing — even dishonest — to avoid telling the truth, even if the only purpose is to be polite. It is helpful to remember that different cultures consider some matters more important than others. For Americans, however, trust and truth are most important. One of the worst things that can be said about someone in America is that “you cannot trust him.”

• Considering such differences in values among many cultures of the world, it is natural that misunderstandings occur. “How far is it to the next town?” an American asks a man standing by the road. In some countries , because the man realizes the traveler is tired and eager to reach the next village, he will politely say, “Just down the road”.

• He thinks this is more encouraging, gentler, and therefore the answer the traveler wants to hear. So the American drives alone for many more hours before he comes to the village. The traveler is angry, with a feeling of being fooled. He thinks that the man has lied to him on purpose because he must have known quite well what the distance was.

• If a visitor to the United States asked an American standing by the road how far the next town was, the American would think it dishonest if he said it was near when he knew it was really 24 miles away. Although he, too, would be sympathetic with the tired traveler, he would say, “You have a long way to go yet; it is at least 24 miles more.” The traveler might be disappointed , but he would know what to expect, and there would be no misunderstanding.

1. People in other cultures choose not to tell the truth to the visitors because _______________.A. they try to confuse the visitors B. they consider it comfortableC. they try to be politeD. they consider it helpful

P2: In some countries , because the man realizes the traveler is tired and eager to reach the next village, he will politely say, “Just down the road”.

2. Americans insist on telling the truth because __________________.A. they don’t mind confusing peopleB. they are not considerate C. they are not polite D. they value trust and truth

P1: It is helpful to remember that different cultures consider some matters more important than others. For Americans, however, trust and truth are most important.

3. In paragraph 2, the misunderstanding occurs because ____________________.A. the man standing by the road doesn’t know

where the American is going B. the man standing by the road is dishonest

and lied to the AmericanC. the man standing by the road wants to

encourage the American D. the man standing by the road knows the

shortest way to the village P2:he will politely say, “Just down the road”. He thinks this is more encouraging, gentler, and therefore the answer the traveler wants to hear. So the American drives alone for many more hours before he comes to the village.

4. We can infer from paragraph 3 that ____________________.A. the American has no idea about how tired

the traveler is B. the American considers honesty important C. the American wants to disappoint the

traveler D. the American knows what the traveler

wants to hear If a visitor to the United States asked an American standing by the road how far the next town was, the American would think it dishonest if he said it was near when he knew it was really 24 miles away.

5. What is the writer’s attitude toward the different cultures? A. The writer thinks it natural for people in

different cultures to misunderstand each other.

B. The writer thinks American culture better than many cultures of the world.

C. The writer thinks American culture worse than many cultures of the world.

D. The writer thinks people will always get confused with the cultural differences.

P1: Considering such differences in values among many cultures of the world, it is natural that misunderstandings occur.

III. Vocabulary and Structure

• 1. This is a tough job. But I believe if you try your best, you can _______ it.

• A. take B. keep C. make D. hold

• 2. I feel puzzled and ________. What on earth does he want with me?

• A. upset B. excited• C. comfortable D. joyful

• 3. It's not urgent; we can do it next week or ___________.

• A. whatever B. whichever• C. wherever D. whenever

• 4. Smoke less everyday, then you might be able to quit ___________ for good.

• A. smoke B. smoking• C. to smoke D. smoked

• 5. This work is terrific, and you gentlemen should not adopt a ________ attitude towards it.

• A. careful B. cautious • C. casual D. capable

• 6. It’s no big ________ that his car is more expensive than mine.

• A. deal B. event C. thing D. stuff

• 7. It is harder to marry a daughter well than to ______ her ______ well.

• A. bring… down B. bring…in• C. bring… about D. bring… up

• 8. We can’t act on your advice. _____________, thank you for giving it.

• A. Moreover B. Nevertheless• C. Therefore D. After all

• 9. She ___________ to enjoy the party if she hadn't been very busy.

• A. would come• B. would have come• C. will have come• D. should come

• 10. The leader ordered that the task _________ as soon as possible.

• A. to be finished B. finish• C. be finished D. finished

IV. Cloze

• Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing your own psychological ( 心理的 ) space needs is important because they ___1___ affect your choices, including, for example, the ___2___ of bedrooms in the home.

• If you ___3____ in a two-child family and ___4___ you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will ___5___ separate bedrooms for them.

• In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very ___6___ in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the ___7___ bed with his parents or in bed near them.

• The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to one another and the size of their house has ___8___ to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to bed alone.

• Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they ___9___ have to be changed a little because of economic ___10___. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

• Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing your own psychological ( 心理的 ) space needs is important because they ___1___ affect your choices, including, for example, the ___2___ of bedrooms in the home.

• 1. A. hardly B. strongly C. only D. highly • 2. A. number B. amount C.

quantity D. quality

• If you ___3____ in a two-child family and ___4___ you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will ___5___ separate bedrooms for them.

• 3. A. bring up B. brought up• C. were brought up D. had brought up• 4. A. neither B. no one C. none D. both• 5. A. give B. share C. presentD. offer

• In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very ___6___ in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the ___7___ bed with his parents or in bed near them.

• 6. A. hard B. rare C. seldom D. usual • 7. A. single B. one C. same D. similar

• The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to one another and the size of their house has ___8___ to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to bed alone.

• 8. A. somethingB. anything• C. nothingD. everything

• Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they ___9___ have to be changed a little because of economic ___10___. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

• 9. A. sometimes B. sometime• C. some time D. some times • 10. A. tension B. condition• C. influence D. pressure

V. Translation: Put the following sentences into

Chinese.• 1. It is easy to assume that every culture

socializes children in the same way.

很容易认为每个文化对儿童社会化的方式都相同。

• 2. A study of 6-to 11-year-old children in six farming communities in the United States, Kenya, Okinawa, northern India, the Philippines, and Mexico is a good example of these studies.

在这类研究中有一个合适的例子，该研究在美国、肯尼亚、冲绳、北印度、菲律宾和墨西哥等六个农业社会对 6 至 11岁儿童开展。

• 3. More importantly, they found that parental expectations about work around the house were an important part of children’s socialization.

更重要的是，他们发现父母对家务劳动的期望是儿童社会化过程的重要部分。

• 4. Not every family in the particular culture socializes their children in exactly the same way—and this would be true of expectations about household chores also.

在特定文化中并非所有家庭都以同样的方式对儿童进行社会化——关于家务劳动的期望也同样如此。

• 5. In these families, the needs of the group are seen as more important than the needs of the individual, and so children learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves.在这些家庭中，群体的需求被视为比个人需求更为重要，因此儿童学习到这样一点：他们首先要为父母而非自己负责。

VI. Writing • You are required to write a composition on

the topic “Communicating Effectively Across Cultures” with no less than 80 words based on the outline given below.

• 全球化 (globalization) 时代不同文化之间的交流日益频繁；• 文化差异导致误解的出现；• 如何克服误解有效交流。

Sample • As the result of globalization,

communication across cultures is getting more and more frequent.

• Cultural differences may lead to misunderstanding. For example, most Americans are used to being on time, while in some other cultures people don’t mind being late. Knowing nothing of the other culture, people may find the other strange or ill-mannered.

• To communicate effectively across cultures, we should be positive. Remember there are different ways of thinking and living, and we need to respect those different from our own. In addition, we’d better learn about habits and customs in other cultures to avoid misunderstanding.

Additional Information• Globalization

• Globalization (or globalisation) describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and execution.

• The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.

• However, globalisation is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation.

• Culture is defined as patterns of human activity and the symbols that give these activities significance. Culture is what people eat, how they dress, beliefs they hold, and activities they practice. Globalization has joined different cultures and made it into something different.

• One classic culture aspect is food. Someone in America can be eating Japanese noodles for lunch while someone in Sydney, Australia is eating classic Italian meatballs. India is known for its curry and exotic spices. France is known for its cheeses. America is known for its burgers and fries. McDonalds is an American company which is now a global enterprise with 31,000 locations worldwide. This company is just one example of food causing cultural influence on the global scale.

• Another common practice brought about by globalization is the usage of Chinese symbol in tattoos. These tattoos are popular with today’s youth despite the lack of social acceptance of tattoos in China. Also, there is a lack of comprehension in the meaning of Chinese characters that people get, making this an example of cultural appropriation.

• The internet breaks down cultural boundaries across the world by enabling easy, near-instantaneous communication between people anywhere in a variety of digital forms and media. The Internet is associated with the process of cultural globalization because it allows interaction and communication between people with very different lifestyles and from very different cultures. Photo sharing websites allow interaction even where language would otherwise be a barrier.

Anti-globalization• The "anti-globalization movement" is

a term used to describe the political group who oppose the neoliberal version of globalization, while criticisms of globalization are some of the reasons used to justify this group's stance.

Additional Information• Western Culture vs Eastern Culture

Culture• Culture (from the Latin cultura

stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate") is a term that has different meanings.

• most commonly used in three basic senses:– Excellence of taste in the fine arts and

humanities, also known as high culture – An integrated pattern of human

knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning

– The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group

West vs East• The division between "East" and "

West" is a product of European cultural history

• With the European colonization of the Americas the East/West distinction became global.

• During the Cold War, the term "Eastern world" was sometimes used as an extension of Eastern bloc, connoting the Soviet Union, China and their communist allies, while the term "Western world" often connoted the United States and its NATO allies such as the United Kingdom and France.

Western Culture• Western culture (sometimes

equated with Western civilization or European civilization) refers to cultures of European origin. However, the idea that all European countries belong to the Western culture is refused by the majority of Western scholars of social sciences.

• The term "Western culture" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies.

• Elements of Western culture have had a very influential role on other cultures worldwide. People of many cultures, both Western and non-Western, equate modernization (adoption of technological progress) with westernization (adoption of Western culture).

Eastern culture• The term Eastern world refers very

broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of "the East", namely Asia and Eastern Europe.

• Eastern culture has developed many themes and traditions (e.g. East Asia, Indian, Middle East, etc.).

• East Asia is usually thought to consist of China, Japan, and Korea. The dominant influence historically has been China, though in modern times, cultural exchange has flowed more bi-directionally. Major characteristics of this region include shared Chinese-derived language characteristics, as well as shared religion, especially Buddhism and Taoism. There is also a shared social and moral philosophy derived from Confucianism.

Culture Shock• Culture shock refers to the anxiety and

feelings (of surprise, disorientation, uncertainty, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment after leaving everything familiar behind and they have to find their way in a new culture that has a different way of life and a different mindset such as in a foreign country.