Unit 13- Organic Chemistry• Addition reaction• Alcohol• Aldehyde• Alkane• Alkene• Alkyne• Amide• Amine• Amino acid

• Esterification• Ester• Ether• Fermentation• Functional group• Hydrocarbon• Isomer• Ketone• Organic acid

• Organic halide• Polymer• Polymerization• Saponification• Saturated• Substitution

reaction• Unsaturated

What is organic chemistry?

• Organic- containing carbon• Study of carbon and carbon containing

compounds• Carbon compound characteristics:– C almost always forms covalent bonds– Bonds are strong– Aren’t very reactive under ordinary conditions– Can bond to 4 other atoms due to valence electrons

• Therefore can produce a vast number of compounds

Carbon compounds• Allotropes- different forms of an element– Diamond vs. graphite vs. buckminsterfullerene

• Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes– Contain just C and H– Can be saturated- all single bonds or

unsaturated- containing a double or triple bond– Can be in a straight line form or ring

Alkanes

• Saturated hydrocarbons• CnH2n+2

• Release E when burned• 5C’s – 12C’s – found in

gas• 10C’s- 16C’s- heating oil• 20+C’s – candle wax• 40+C’s- tar (asphalt)• As # of C’s increases,

boiling point increases

• CH4- Methane– 90% of gas that heats

homes

• C2H6- Ethane– Rest of natural gas

• C3H8- Propane– Heating fuel, grills

• C4H10- Butane– Disposable lighters

Alkenes

• Contain at least 1 double bond

• CnH2n

• Needs to have at least 2 C’s so not methane equivalent

• C2H4- Ethene– Common name-

ethlyene- used in plastics

• C3H6- Propene

• C4H8- Butene

Alkynes

• Contains a triple bond• C2H2n-2

• C2H2- Ethyne– Common name-

acetylene- used in welding

• C3H4- Propyne

• C4H6- Butyne

Isomers • Same molecular formula; different structural

formula• They have different physical and chemical

properties– Greater structural difference= greater difference in

properties• As the number of C’s increases; number of

isomers increase

Both C4H10

Naming hydrocarbons

• Rules of IUPAC- international union of pure and applied chemistry

• If it’s a straight chain: normal; n- preceeds name

• If it’s branched:– Find longest chain and name accordingly• Using Greek prefixes and the correct suffix

– Number starting from nearest double or triple bond or branch

– (If branches) name the groups that make up branches• Alkyl groups- alkane with 1 less hydrogen• Ex: methane (CH4) methyl group (CH3)

– If more than one attached branch; a number prefix is used to indicate the C to which it is attached along with mono, di, tri etc to indicate how many groups are attached• Commas are used separate numbers of carbons to

which groups are attached

Examples:

• 1-butene• 2- methylpropane

Try these:

What if there’s more than just C and H?

• Functional groups: – Groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon– Give distinct physical and chemical properties– Table R– Halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,ethers,

esters, organic acids, amides, amines,

Functional groups:

• Halides– Halogen is added– Compound is now called

organic halide or halocarbon

– Named by citing location of halogen

– Used as solvents and pesticices

– Ex: chloromethane

• Alcohols– -OH (hydroxyl group) is

added– Creates polar molecule– Nonelectrolytes– Ends in –ol– Classified as 1o,2o etc

depending on what C the –OH is attached to

– If 2 –OH groups it’s a dihydroxy alcohol- antifreeze

• Aldehydes– -C=O (carbonyl group) is

added– **on end carbon– Ends in –al– Preservatives,

formaldehyde

• Ketones– -C=O (carbonyl group is

added)– **on interior carbon– Ends in –one– Solvents, acetone

• Ethers– R-O-R’– Oxygen bridge in carbon

chain– “R” represents other

atoms– Add ether to end of

name

• Esters– is added– Responsible for odors,

flavors in many foods– Ends in -oate

• Organic acids– -COOH (carboxyl group)

is added– Ends in –oic acid– Strong odors– Weak electrolytes

• Amines– is added– Add amine to end of

name– Vitamins, hormones,

anesthetics, dyes

- Amino acids- contain both amine and carboxyl group to the same C atom

• Amides– is added– Happens when two

amino acids are joined together

– Peptide bond

Organic Reactionsoccurs more slowly than inorganic reactions due to covalent bonds

• Combustion

– If there is enough oxygen= complete combustion– If there isn’t enough oxygen= incomplete

combustion• Carbon monoxide is produced

• Substitution – Replace one atom but another atom or group of

atoms– For saturated hydrocarbons – Ex: halogenation

• Addition– Adding 1 or more atoms or groups to an

unsaturated hydrocarbon; at site of double/triple bond

– Ex: hydrogenation• Turn vegetable oil into fat

– Requires catalyst and high heat; hydrogen gas is bubbled into oil

• Esterification– Organic acid + alcohol ester + water– To name: use alkyl group of alcohol and end in –

oate– Fats are derived this way by reacting glycerol with

fatty acids

• Saponification– Ester + inorganic base alcohol + soap

– Soap is the salt of an organic acid and glycerol• Fermentation– Sugars are broken down by yeast enzyme to

produce carbon dioxide and alcohol

• Polymerization– Monomers put together to create polymers– Ex:nylon, rayon, polyethylene, protein,starch,

cellulose– Addition polymerization: joining monomers of

unsaturated compounds– Condensation polymerization: joining monomers

by removing water molecule; creates ester

Plastic recycling codes