Unit 13: Part 2Japan, Pearl Harbor and War

Section 1

Japans ambitions in the Pacific“Co-Prosperity Sphere of Influence”

• With the fall of France and Britain under siege, colonies in Pacific are unprotected.

• July, 1941: Japan takes over French

bases in Indochina (today Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)… threatens move on Dutch East Indies

• need oil, rubber, tin

U.S Reaction to Japanese Aggression

• FDR freezes Japanese assets in the U.S.• Places embargo on sales of scrap steel and

aviation fuel to Japan

U.S. breaks Japanese secret communications code

Learns that Japan is preparing for a strike- Did not know from where attack would occur

Peace talks fail- Dec. 6th: Japan rejects U.S Sec. Of State

Cordell Hull’s proposal to release Japanese assets in return for Japan’s withdrawal from China and French Indochina…

Japan Attacks the United States

Pearl Harbor: Home of the U.S. Pacific FleetPearl Harbor: Home of the U.S. Pacific Fleet

Japanese planes prepare to take off for the Pearl Harbor attack

Torpedo exploding into USS West Virginia, as seen from Japanese plane

USS Utah took a torpedo hit and capsized early in the battle The wreck remains at Pearl Harbor

U.S.S. Arizona

““A date that live in infamy…” A date that live in infamy…”

http://www.historyofwar.org/Pictures/PearlHarbor04.jpg

• American casualties: 2403 killed, 1,178 wounded• 21 ships; 300 aircraft damaged or destroyed

US Enters the WarUS Enters the War

• December 8, 1941 US December 8, 1941 US declares war on Japandeclares war on Japan

• December 11, 1941 December 11, 1941 Germany declares war Germany declares war on the United States on the United States

http://dase.laits.utexas.edu/media/american_politics_collection/viewitem/000117156_400.jpg

FDR

Americans join war effort

Demand for GI’s• 5 million volunteered• 10 million drafted• Labor shortage at home

6 million women join labor force

2 million minorities hired

American Industry responds

• Automobile plants were converted to build tanks, armored vehicles, etc.

• Factories across nation convert to war production

• Shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser– Liberty ships, tankers, carriers

The American HomefrontThe American Homefront

• The United States The United States government stirs patriotic government stirs patriotic feelings feelings

• Movies are used to build Movies are used to build moralemorale

• Propaganda is used to keep Propaganda is used to keep war effort going:war effort going:

1. Bugs Bunny Racist Propaganda

• People rationed People rationed goods/supplies and started goods/supplies and started Victory GardensVictory Gardens

http://www.ethicurean.com/wp-content/uploads/image/plant-victory-garden.jpg

Continued War EffortContinued War Effort

http://www.teacheroz.com/images/homes.gifhttp://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/R/O/propaganda_quiet.jpg

http://www.usmm.org/p/looselips.jpghttp://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/1940sphotos/posters/ridewithhitler.jpg

Women Enter the WorkforceWomen Enter the Workforce

http://www.edupics.com/en-coloring-pictures-pages-photo-rosie-the-riveter-p7219.jpghttp://www.rosietheriveterphotos.com/images/

070705172615_Woman_Working_a_War_Job_LG.jpg

Japanese Americans Interned Japanese Americans Interned • Japanese-Americans (Nisei)Japanese-Americans (Nisei)• Thousands of Nisei were forced into internment Thousands of Nisei were forced into internment

camps in the West & Southwestcamps in the West & Southwest

http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/imagefolder/japaneseinternment.jpg

Internment CampInternment Camp

Poston, AZ

http://education.eastwestcenter.org/asiapacificed/ph2006/PH2006projects/7_clip_image001.jpg

End of Sec. 1 Notes

• HW: read Sec 1 of Required Reading and do the worksheet….

• You can find both of these docs on my Web page

With the U.S. now at war:

• We’ll divide our study of the war into 2 geographic areas:

Section 2• The Eastern Theater of Operations (the

ETO)…Europe and No. Africa

Section 3• The Pacific Theater of Operations (the

PTO)

The Nazis had broken their pact w/USSR:Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

By 1942 : War not going well for the Allies:– Germany controlled all of Europe and

N. Africa and were deep into Russia

Gloomy Prospects for the Allies The chain of spectacular victories disguised

fatal weaknesses within the Axis alliance: Japan and Germany fought separate

wars, they never coordinated strategies.

The early defeats also obscured the Allies’ strengths: The manpower of the Soviet Union and

the productive capacity of the United States.

Turning Points of the War: The Battle of Stalingrad

• The Pivotal battle in the war in Europe– Enemy at the Gates

• The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) had already lost 2 million men on the eastern front.

• In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad.

• After losing a massive tank battle at Kursk, the Germans began a long retreat home…

• The Red Army crossed into Poland in January 1944.

Stalingrad

House by house…

Brick by brick

North Africa: El AlameinNorth Africa: El Alamein

• In 1942 German forces In 1942 German forces tried to seize Egypt tried to seize Egypt and the Suez Canaland the Suez Canal

• American invasion: American invasion: “Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”

• Yanks and Brits drove Yanks and Brits drove Germans outGermans out

• Turning point in N. Turning point in N. Africa: Africa: El AlameinEl Alamein

Defeat of Italy (1943)Defeat of Italy (1943)

• Invasion of Sicily opened door for Invasion of Sicily opened door for invasion of Italyinvasion of Italy

• Allies fought their way north up Allies fought their way north up the “boot”the “boot”

• Mussolini forced to flee… Mussolini forced to flee… captured , executed, and hung by captured , executed, and hung by his heels by anti-Mussolini Italianshis heels by anti-Mussolini Italians

Sec. 3

The Doolittle Raid (April 1942)• Col. Jimmy Doolittle (related to me!) put

together mission to bomb Tokyo & other targets IN Japan

• Bombers taking off a carrier?

• Military value? Not much

• Psychological value? HUGE morale boost for American public

• Movie Trailer: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo

The Pacific Theater: Early Battles

• American Forces halted the Japanese advance in two decisive naval battles.

– Coral Sea (May 1942) • U.S. stopped a fleet carrying Japanese troops to New

Guinea

• Japanese designs on Australia ended

– Midway (June 1942)• Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway

Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again

• U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers

U.S. strategy to defeat Japan:

““Island-hopping”Island-hopping”• No need to capture EVERY island… No need to capture EVERY island…

“hop” over some, leaving Japanese “hop” over some, leaving Japanese troops isolatedtroops isolated

• 1 island chain after another1 island chain after another

Allied Island – Hopping (1942-45)

U.S. Marines assault an island

Europe: Operation Overlord

• Stalin had pressed FDR and Churchill for over a year to open a 2nd front against the Nazis…a cross-Channel invasion

• All logistics in place for the invasion of Normandy, France in June, 1944

June 6, 1944: D - DayJune 6, 1944: D - Day

• Combined American, British, Canadian assaultCombined American, British, Canadian assault• Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied CommanderDwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander

Invasion of Europe (con.t)

• Allies cont. drive into France…by Aug., 1944:

liberation of Paris

The Allies Advance

•Into Holland: “Operation Market Garden”•Into Belgium:•Nazis mount major counter-offensive•Battle of the Bulge

Germany’s Defeat

Americans advanced into Germany from the west while the Russians closed in on Berlin from the east

American and Russian soldiers meet at the Elbe River

Berlin 1945

Hitler’s Last DaysIn the underground bunker: committed suicide with companion Eva Braun

With Berlin in ruins, the Nazis surrendered May,

1945

Victory in Europe at last

Time Magazine cover - 1945

Allies learn of the Holocaust:

A Nazi Labor Camp Somewhere in Germany

From: Band of Brothers (HBO, 2001)

The Allied Leaders met several times during the War to discuss goals and to map strategy :

The most important conference was at

Yalta: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin The Allies were clearly winning the war and

the end seemed near. The questions of what would happen once Germany was defeated were of huge importance:

Yalta Conference: Feb. ‘45

Stalin claimed that historically, Poland had been used as a corridor to invade Russia…

He therefore believed it was critical that Poland become a “buffer zone” , meaning that a Polish gov’t friendly to Russia was necessary

Translation: “friendly” gov’t = communist gov’t.

The Big 3 agreed that free elections were to be held in Poland…let the people decide

A 2nd point: USSR would enter war against Japan

once Germany was defeated

A 3rd point: Germany would be divided and

occupied by the Allies Other points of agreement:

War-crimes trials Further discussion on creating a

United Nations

In the Berlin suburb of Potsdam:

Churchill Truman (FDR

had died) Stalin

Stalin balked at free elections in Poland

Discussed specifics of Germany’s occupation after the war

The capital city which lay entirely in the Russian zone of occupation was ALSO divided into 4 zones

Focus turns to Focus turns to JapanJapan

US continues US continues “island-hopping” “island-hopping” strategystrategy

Goal: control of Goal: control of islands close islands close enough to Japan enough to Japan to stage bombing to stage bombing raidsraids

FDR had died in office and new

President Harry S. Truman

learned of a new weapon.

He ordered it to be used

No surrender: Japanese military attempted a coup to seize power from the Emperor…wanted to continue to fight

Aug. 9th: 2nd bomb on Nagasaki

Quint's monologue (Jaws, 1976)

The U.S.S. Indianapolis