unit 17: vaccination & immunization. vaccination mechanical act of administering a vaccine for...

Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization

Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization Vaccination

Mechanical act of administering a vaccine for the purpose of developing immunity in an animal

Amount of immunity developed depends: Animal’s state of health Condition of the vaccine Manner in which it is infected

Immunity is relative Can be overcome by massive exposure to germs


Vaccination not the final answer in disease control Combine with:

Proper nutrition Stress reduction Sanitary measures

Antigen-Antibody reaction After vaccine is injected

Stimulates formation of immune bodies against the disease

May be accompanied by signs of poor health


Can produce the actual disease Immune response depends on type of vaccination

given: MLV Killed

Antibody buildup is normal reaction to infection Helps keep disease-causing organisms from their

normal infectious course Boosters may be used to supplement or maintain

antibody levels

Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization Types of immunity

Natural Protection an animal has when it is born Not associated with antibodies in the body fluids Species resistance

Can be specific to a certain species Ex. Scrapie and sheep

Breed resistance Variations in immunity between breeds Ex. Milk fever more prevalent in Holsteins than Jerseys


Individual resistance Some individuals have higher immunity and will be able to

overcome disease outbreaks

Acquired immunity Associated w/ presence of antibodies from another

immune animal or form exposure to the disease Active immunity

Direct contact w/ disease causing organisms Body develops specific antibodies to counteract invasion

After disease After vaccination


Relatively long-lived and often lifelong

Passive immunity Transferring antibodies from an immunized animal to a

susceptible animal Ex. Colostrum immunity

Animals have ability to absorb antibodies from colostrum in first 24 hrs from birth

Tests are available to test amount of immunoglobulins in colostrum

Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization Biologic Agents

Organisms have been prepared so that they can be safely given to livestock

Livestock carry protection with them Modified Live Viruses

Grown in lab of other animal Stimulate antibody function in the animal Can give lower doses, but get high immune response Not as safe for pregnant cattle


Killed viruses Pathogen is killed Produced in a suspension Given in high doses relative to MLV Safer for pregnant cattle

Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization Types of Immunizing Agents

Viral Vaccines Must be propagated in living cells Can be grown either from tissue culture, or in host or

non-host animals

Bacterial Vaccines High doses required to illicit an immune response Bacteria grown on artificial medium Usually given in killed form


Often times altered so as to increase duration of protection

Vaccinating animals What you need:

Good syringe Sharp, sterile needles Sterile techniques Animal restraint


Don’t use chemical disinfectants when using MLV vaccines Inactivates the vaccine

Follow administration instructions Subdermal Subcutaneously Intramuscular Usually all is given in one place

Unless large doses are given, then multiple sites


Avoid vaccinating sick animals Often will cause a disease outbreak Animal has little ability to maximize the immunity

given because of other pathogen, stress load

Proper Care of Biologics Improper care/handling can greatly reduce

strength & effectiveness of the vaccine Must be free from contaminants

Don’t reuse needles


Discard containers only partially used, if not going to be used for awhile

Keep refrigerated Empty MLV containers should be burned Understand expiration dates

Some may be used past the expiration date, but will not be at full strength

Some may not be used MLV bottles should be used w/in 2 hrs, or

vaccine loses potency


Most are sensitive to light and heat Store in cool, dark places to prevent deterioration

Improper storage can result in failure of vaccine to work properly

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