Unit 2 - ChangeUnit 2 - Change

Topic 1 – Location of Topic 1 – Location of EuropeEurope Civilizations in Europe were the Civilizations in Europe were the

models of our present day North models of our present day North American society. The cultures of American society. The cultures of the early Greeks, Romans, the early Greeks, Romans, German, French, and English people German, French, and English people helped, in part, to shape Canadian helped, in part, to shape Canadian society into what it is today. society into what it is today.

Topic Two: WorldviewTopic Two: Worldview Societal belief systems play an Societal belief systems play an

important role in guiding human important role in guiding human behaviour. Individuals in society, behaviour. Individuals in society, including Canadians, use beliefs to including Canadians, use beliefs to guide behaviour because they guide behaviour because they provide authority, stability and provide authority, stability and predictability regarding issues that predictability regarding issues that are important and/or controversial. are important and/or controversial.

Worldview (cont.)Worldview (cont.)

Each society has fundamental belief Each society has fundamental belief systems from which people draw the systems from which people draw the core of their personal beliefs and core of their personal beliefs and behaviours. These collective belief behaviours. These collective belief systems are the basis for a society's systems are the basis for a society's worldview. Individual beliefs may vary worldview. Individual beliefs may vary somewhat from society's worldview, but somewhat from society's worldview, but if there are huge differences, deviant if there are huge differences, deviant individuals will find that sanctions will individuals will find that sanctions will be used to force conformity.be used to force conformity.

Worldview (cont.)Worldview (cont.)A worldview is necessary to the A worldview is necessary to the

orderly functioning of a society orderly functioning of a society because it determines:because it determines:

what things are worth working for (purposes) what things are worth working for (purposes) what things are worth believing (values) what things are worth believing (values) those ideas that are acceptable (based on those ideas that are acceptable (based on

values) values) those things considered beautiful, pleasurable, those things considered beautiful, pleasurable,

fun, tragic, and/or comic (aesthetics) fun, tragic, and/or comic (aesthetics) those things that are worth enforcing (rules those things that are worth enforcing (rules

and laws). and laws).

Topic 3: The Concept of Topic 3: The Concept of ChangeChangeFactors That Influence Change:Factors That Influence Change:

Three general factors can influence Three general factors can influence individuals to accept change within a individuals to accept change within a culture:culture:

If the natural environment changes or the culture If the natural environment changes or the culture moves to a new environmentmoves to a new environment

When two societies with different cultural patterns When two societies with different cultural patterns come in contact, gradual cultural change will be come in contact, gradual cultural change will be the result. the result.

Cultures are not static, so over time cultural Cultures are not static, so over time cultural changes occur naturally and people tend to adapt changes occur naturally and people tend to adapt to these changes gradually. to these changes gradually.

Types of Change:Types of Change:

Change is a process that occurs Change is a process that occurs continually. Change can be either continually. Change can be either evolutionaryevolutionary, occurring naturally and , occurring naturally and gradually, or gradually, or revolutionaryrevolutionary, occurring , occurring suddenly and often by force (e.g., the suddenly and often by force (e.g., the result of one society taking over another). result of one society taking over another). Individuals and societies require a period Individuals and societies require a period of adjustment in order to adapt to change. of adjustment in order to adapt to change. The process of adjusting to change varies The process of adjusting to change varies from individual to individual, and from from individual to individual, and from society to society. Often, the reaction and society to society. Often, the reaction and adjustment to change follows a pattern adjustment to change follows a pattern similar to the following:similar to the following:

Types of Change: (cont.)Types of Change: (cont.) Denial/rejectionDenial/rejection of the change as being of the change as being

unthinkable or impossible. Any acceptance of unthinkable or impossible. Any acceptance of change at this point is often coincidental. change at this point is often coincidental.

Acknowledgment Acknowledgment of change occurs when of change occurs when the new idea is given some credibility and the new idea is given some credibility and recognition by admired leaders and other recognition by admired leaders and other members of society. members of society.

AcceptanceAcceptance of change begins as more of the of change begins as more of the behaviour of the individual or society reflects behaviour of the individual or society reflects the new idea or approach rather than the old. the new idea or approach rather than the old.

DefenceDefence of the change occurs when the old of the change occurs when the old idea is perceived as wrong and the new idea idea is perceived as wrong and the new idea is seen as basic common sense or truth. is seen as basic common sense or truth.

Topic Four: The Roman Topic Four: The Roman Empire and Why it FailedEmpire and Why it Failed

Tradition and Change:Tradition and Change: In the third to sixth centuries A.D., Roman In the third to sixth centuries A.D., Roman

civilization experienced great change, and the civilization experienced great change, and the government was uncertain how to handle it. government was uncertain how to handle it.

The second century A.D. had been a period of The second century A.D. had been a period of prosperity in which agriculture and trade prosperity in which agriculture and trade flourished. flourished.

In the third century A.D., Rome underwent a In the third century A.D., Rome underwent a period of misrule and civil war. period of misrule and civil war.

As a result, in the fourth century A.D., large As a result, in the fourth century A.D., large movements of people from outside the Roman movements of people from outside the Roman Empire found it much easier to invade. Empire found it much easier to invade.

Failure of Roman Empire Failure of Roman Empire (cont.)(cont.)The breakdown of central authority meant that: The breakdown of central authority meant that:

people could not trust the government to protect people could not trust the government to protect them them

the rich could take advantage of the poor the rich could take advantage of the poor farmers became impoverished and left their lands farmers became impoverished and left their lands coinage was debased, trade routes were coinage was debased, trade routes were

unprotected, and taxes were collected unfairly, unprotected, and taxes were collected unfairly, leading to inflation and a decline in productivity leading to inflation and a decline in productivity

farmers, who had been free, were so threatened farmers, who had been free, were so threatened by chaos that they turned to the landlords for by chaos that they turned to the landlords for protection and many ended up being bound to the protection and many ended up being bound to the land as serfs land as serfs

Christianity was recognized as a legitimate Christianity was recognized as a legitimate religion because its spread and hold on ordinary religion because its spread and hold on ordinary Roman people was too strong to be ignored. Roman people was too strong to be ignored.

Topic Five: Migration Topic Five: Migration Contributed to the Fall of Contributed to the Fall of

the Roman Societythe Roman Society Migration of peoples has been a dominant Migration of peoples has been a dominant feature of European history.feature of European history.

In the fourth century A.D. the pressure of the In the fourth century A.D. the pressure of the migration of the Germanic peoples was migration of the Germanic peoples was significant in the break-up of Western Roman significant in the break-up of Western Roman Society.Society.

The most numerous migrants were the The most numerous migrants were the Germanic peoples (Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Germanic peoples (Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Vandals, Lombards, Ostrogoths and Visigoths) Vandals, Lombards, Ostrogoths and Visigoths) who shared similar religious beliefs, social who shared similar religious beliefs, social organizations and dialects. These people organizations and dialects. These people replaced the Romans as rulers of most of replaced the Romans as rulers of most of Europe and their customs and traditions Europe and their customs and traditions formed the basis of European society.formed the basis of European society.

Topic Six: The Growth of Topic Six: The Growth of CatholicismCatholicism

During the fifth century, the Bishops of Rome, During the fifth century, the Bishops of Rome, known as popes, believed they ruled over the known as popes, believed they ruled over the Kingdom of God on Earth. They claimed to Kingdom of God on Earth. They claimed to represent St. Peter, the chief of apostles.represent St. Peter, the chief of apostles.

Christianity appealed to ordinary people Christianity appealed to ordinary people because:because:

It gave a promise of a better life after death. It gave a promise of a better life after death. The congregations collected money and cared The congregations collected money and cared

for the poor. for the poor. It provided the individual with a sense of It provided the individual with a sense of

community in which everyone was acceptable community in which everyone was acceptable despite their status. despite their status.

The Church over the centuries held many The Church over the centuries held many different visions of what is fundamental to different visions of what is fundamental to Christianity. Christianity.

The Growth of Catholicism The Growth of Catholicism (cont.) (cont.) In the fifth century Augustine wrote In the fifth century Augustine wrote

what would be for centuries the standard what would be for centuries the standard statement of Christian philosophy on the statement of Christian philosophy on the role of the Church in history:role of the Church in history:

Humans are fallen creatures who do evil even Humans are fallen creatures who do evil even when they know better, and who can enter when they know better, and who can enter Heaven only through the intercession of the Heaven only through the intercession of the Church. Church.

As the state is a human organization, it is subject As the state is a human organization, it is subject to corruption. to corruption.

Any civil government that fails to provide justice Any civil government that fails to provide justice is little better than a band of gangsters. is little better than a band of gangsters.

The Church, representing the spiritual power of The Church, representing the spiritual power of God, must have authority over kings to make God, must have authority over kings to make sure government is conducted according to God's sure government is conducted according to God's commandments. commandments.

Topic Seven: Development Topic Seven: Development of the Medieval Worldview - of the Medieval Worldview -

FeudalismFeudalism Medieval Social Organization (Feudalism):Medieval Social Organization (Feudalism):

Feudal kings, who could not afford a bureaucracy Feudal kings, who could not afford a bureaucracy or an army, granted estates in return for loyal or an army, granted estates in return for loyal service from the nobility. service from the nobility.

Vassalage evolved as a feudal contract between Vassalage evolved as a feudal contract between the church, the king, the lord, and the common the church, the king, the lord, and the common people. people.

In theory, kings were seen as supreme, but in In theory, kings were seen as supreme, but in practice they were manipulated by feudal lords practice they were manipulated by feudal lords who became increasingly powerful. who became increasingly powerful.

Feudalism, by the 10th century, evolved into a Feudalism, by the 10th century, evolved into a political system in which power was treated as a political system in which power was treated as a private possession and divided among a large private possession and divided among a large number of lords. number of lords.

Development of the Medieval Worldview Development of the Medieval Worldview (cont.)(cont.)Catholic Social Values:Catholic Social Values: The humanitarian ethic of Christianity The humanitarian ethic of Christianity

asserted that manual labour was part of asserted that manual labour was part of spiritual life: "To work is to pray." spiritual life: "To work is to pray."

Christian monks combined intellect and Christian monks combined intellect and labour, and made monasteries materially labour, and made monasteries materially successful by turning the forest into farmland successful by turning the forest into farmland in the 9th and 10th centuries. in the 9th and 10th centuries.

The Rule of Saint Benedict outlined a monastic The Rule of Saint Benedict outlined a monastic life in which the monk swore: life in which the monk swore:

to live his life in the same monastery to live his life in the same monastery to strive to improve himself by growing in to strive to improve himself by growing in

knowledge and understanding of God knowledge and understanding of God to obey completely the abbot of the to obey completely the abbot of the

monastery. monastery.

Catholic Social Values: Catholic Social Values: (cont.)(cont.)

All those taken into the monastery had to All those taken into the monastery had to accept the same rules and treatment. accept the same rules and treatment.

Monastic rule was adapted for women and Monastic rule was adapted for women and many convents were established.many convents were established.

Topic Eight: The Medieval Topic Eight: The Medieval WorldviewWorldview Manorialism:Manorialism:

Manorialism refers to the system of services and Manorialism refers to the system of services and obligations owed by the peasant classes to the obligations owed by the peasant classes to the nobility. nobility.

A manor was like a small country in which the A manor was like a small country in which the king's castle was the capital. A typical manor king's castle was the capital. A typical manor consisted of meadows, forests, fields, pastures, consisted of meadows, forests, fields, pastures, rivers, orchards, a mill and bake-house, a well, a rivers, orchards, a mill and bake-house, a well, a wine press, a tannery, a church and a village. wine press, a tannery, a church and a village.

The economic power of the aristocrats depended The economic power of the aristocrats depended on the landed estates and the workers who on the landed estates and the workers who worked them. worked them.

Labour and land (not money) were the key Labour and land (not money) were the key commodities in producing wealth in Medieval commodities in producing wealth in Medieval times. times.

Manorialism: (cont.)Manorialism: (cont.)

Peasants needed protection, which the lords Peasants needed protection, which the lords supplied in return for the peasants' land and supplied in return for the peasants' land and labour. labour.

The peasants were allowed to farm their land, The peasants were allowed to farm their land, but were tied to the land by the obligation to but were tied to the land by the obligation to provide various customary payments and provide various customary payments and services. services.

By 800 A.D. about 60% of the population of By 800 A.D. about 60% of the population of Western Europe had been reduced to serfdom Western Europe had been reduced to serfdom in an attempt to find some security. in an attempt to find some security.

Technological Change:Technological Change: The frontier conditions that many new manors faced The frontier conditions that many new manors faced

required the adoption of new technology in order to required the adoption of new technology in order to be successful. be successful.

The lord had an interest in the actual production of The lord had an interest in the actual production of goods on the manor, which meant that the lord goods on the manor, which meant that the lord understood the need for technological innovation. understood the need for technological innovation.

In the next centuries, technology (much of which In the next centuries, technology (much of which came from the Far East) began to change farming came from the Far East) began to change farming practice: practice:

plows with iron shares plows with iron shares horse shoes and horse collars horse shoes and horse collars three-field crop rotations: cereal crop, nitrogen-three-field crop rotations: cereal crop, nitrogen-

generating crop, then fallow, which was plowed generating crop, then fallow, which was plowed twice to loosen soil and rid it of weedstwice to loosen soil and rid it of weeds

Productivity increased and yields grew from 3:1 Productivity increased and yields grew from 3:1 seeded to 5:1. seeded to 5:1.

Topic Nine: Development of Topic Nine: Development of Urban SocietyUrban Society

Urban Society:Urban Society: Between 1000 and 1300 A.D., the climate Between 1000 and 1300 A.D., the climate

consisted of mild winters and dry summers. consisted of mild winters and dry summers. This resulted in steady economic growth and This resulted in steady economic growth and

the population grew by at least 200 percent. the population grew by at least 200 percent. The increased agricultural production led to a The increased agricultural production led to a

food surplus that could support the food surplus that could support the townspeople, making specialization and trade townspeople, making specialization and trade possible. possible.

In the 11th century, merchant trade was In the 11th century, merchant trade was limited mostly to trade in luxury items. limited mostly to trade in luxury items.

By the 14th century, trade had moved from By the 14th century, trade had moved from the edge of most people's lives to the centre. the edge of most people's lives to the centre.

Development of Urban Society Development of Urban Society (cont.)(cont.)

First in Italy, then along trade routes First in Italy, then along trade routes and on the Baltic coast, towns grew and on the Baltic coast, towns grew larger, wealthier, and more larger, wealthier, and more important politically. important politically.

Fairs were held at strategic locations along Fairs were held at strategic locations along trade routes. trade routes.

Cities that had been insignificant in earlier Cities that had been insignificant in earlier times were now growing and organizing times were now growing and organizing into trading leagues, which gave them even into trading leagues, which gave them even more wealth and power. more wealth and power.

If a serf escaped to a town for a year and a If a serf escaped to a town for a year and a day, the serf then became free. day, the serf then became free.

Development of Urban Society Development of Urban Society (cont.)(cont.)Rise of the New Monarchies:Rise of the New Monarchies:

French and English kings formed informal French and English kings formed informal alliances with the rising merchant class. alliances with the rising merchant class.

The burghers had the skills and resources to The burghers had the skills and resources to manage the king's bureaucracy so that it was manage the king's bureaucracy so that it was now better able to govern the country. now better able to govern the country.

In return the monarchs gave the cities In return the monarchs gave the cities protection against: protection against:

the frequent wars and arbitrary demands of the the frequent wars and arbitrary demands of the feudal lords and bishops feudal lords and bishops

the many tolls and taxes on trade by the feudal lords. the many tolls and taxes on trade by the feudal lords. The townspeople, as they became more The townspeople, as they became more

confident and prosperous, were able to get a confident and prosperous, were able to get a charter from the king licensing them to act as a charter from the king licensing them to act as a corporation.corporation.

Development of Urban Society Development of Urban Society (cont.)(cont.)Reaction of the Rural Nobility:Reaction of the Rural Nobility:

Despite the changes, Europe was still Despite the changes, Europe was still made up of many feudal lords who: made up of many feudal lords who: seriously interfered with trade and seriously interfered with trade and

continually fought with each other continually fought with each other wished to control the wealth and power that wished to control the wealth and power that

the towns represented the towns represented were fearful of the centralizing power of the were fearful of the centralizing power of the

new monarchs. new monarchs.

Development of Urban Society Development of Urban Society (cont.)(cont.)Reaction of the Catholic Church:Reaction of the Catholic Church:

The popes believed it was the church's moral The popes believed it was the church's moral duty to guard against individual selfish duty to guard against individual selfish interests in society. interests in society.

In 1198, a period of papal supremacy began In 1198, a period of papal supremacy began in which the popes were involved in the in which the popes were involved in the affairs of virtually every European state. affairs of virtually every European state.

This ended in 1302 when Pope Boniface VIII's This ended in 1302 when Pope Boniface VIII's doctrine of papal authority was rejected by doctrine of papal authority was rejected by Philip IV who had a French archbishop Philip IV who had a French archbishop elected pope and headquartered in Avignon elected pope and headquartered in Avignon where Philip could control him. where Philip could control him.

This limited some of the popes' prestige and This limited some of the popes' prestige and power. power.

Topic Ten: Environmental Topic Ten: Environmental and Technological Changeand Technological Change

In the second decade of the 13th century, an In the second decade of the 13th century, an unusual number of storms brought torrential unusual number of storms brought torrential rains that ruined grain and hay crops. rains that ruined grain and hay crops.

Northern Europe suffered a great food Northern Europe suffered a great food shortage because of crop failures from 1315-shortage because of crop failures from 1315-1317. 1317.

Then, the Black Death struck in 1348, killing Then, the Black Death struck in 1348, killing between one and two thirds of the populations between one and two thirds of the populations of the cities. of the cities.

The Hundred Years War between England and The Hundred Years War between England and France created economic hardship and civil France created economic hardship and civil discord. discord.

The war was to be a triumph of chivalry, but The war was to be a triumph of chivalry, but chivalry ended with technological changes that chivalry ended with technological changes that brought about the longbow and the cannon. brought about the longbow and the cannon.

Environmental and Environmental and Technological ChangeTechnological Change (cont.) (cont.) The war was a disaster for both England The war was a disaster for both England

and France: farmland and many ports and France: farmland and many ports were destroyed; high taxes demanded to were destroyed; high taxes demanded to pay for the war caused revolts; many pay for the war caused revolts; many returning soldiers turned to petty crime returning soldiers turned to petty crime and vagabondage as a way of life. and vagabondage as a way of life.

Many nobles found that their incomes Many nobles found that their incomes could not keep up with rising prices, so could not keep up with rising prices, so they turned to crime as a way of raising they turned to crime as a way of raising money. money.

The lower classes also found that their The lower classes also found that their standard of living declined. standard of living declined.

The nobility attempted to re-impose the The nobility attempted to re-impose the ancient duties of serfdom, a move that ancient duties of serfdom, a move that was unacceptable to the lower classes was unacceptable to the lower classes

Topic Eleven: The Growth Topic Eleven: The Growth of a New Worldviewof a New Worldview

In the fourteenth century, people's In the fourteenth century, people's expectations had risen to the point where they expectations had risen to the point where they were demanding a better lifestyle were demanding a better lifestyle economically and socially. economically and socially.

Peasant revolts against the nobles began to Peasant revolts against the nobles began to occur with increasing frequency, caused by occur with increasing frequency, caused by increased taxation, increased crime, a demand increased taxation, increased crime, a demand for higher wages and few manorial obligations. for higher wages and few manorial obligations.

Rural serfdom was under serious challenge in Rural serfdom was under serious challenge in much of Western Europe by the fourteenth and much of Western Europe by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.fifteenth centuries.

The kings and upper middle class could not The kings and upper middle class could not overcome their aristocratic feudal worldview overcome their aristocratic feudal worldview and joined with the nobles in savagely putting and joined with the nobles in savagely putting down the peasants. down the peasants.

The Growth of a New The Growth of a New WorldviewWorldview (cont.) (cont.)

Society underwent a period of chaos in which Society underwent a period of chaos in which there were insurrections against the feudal order, there were insurrections against the feudal order, civil wars over the succession to the throne, or civil wars over the succession to the throne, or insurrections against kings who were indifferent to insurrections against kings who were indifferent to their administrative responsibilities. their administrative responsibilities.

Beginning in the fifteenth century a new style of Beginning in the fifteenth century a new style of monarchy in Italy, France, England, and Spain monarchy in Italy, France, England, and Spain ruthlessly curbed violence, controlled warlike ruthlessly curbed violence, controlled warlike nobles and created domestic order. nobles and created domestic order.

These kings began to assemble the power, These kings began to assemble the power, bureaucracies and armies that would make this bureaucracies and armies that would make this possible. possible.

Thinkers such as Machiavelli argued that a king Thinkers such as Machiavelli argued that a king was justified in using power to impose a central was justified in using power to impose a central authority on those who would create disorder for authority on those who would create disorder for their selfish purposes. their selfish purposes.