Unit # 2:Colonization

Key Ideas for Early Colonization:

• Several European powers involved

• 3 distinct regions formed in North America

• Indentured Servants & Slaves key features of Settlement of North America

• 3 types of colonies

European Powers:• The Spanish• Controlled Florida• All of Mexico• Much of what we know as the Southwest

• The French• Mostly in Canada … and eventually New Orleans

• The Dutch• Had a few colonies in what is now New York

• There is a cool story how New York got its name and how the English got NY! Ask me about it if I forget!

• The English (most important)• Had colonies up and down the east coast

The Spanish:• Controlled the following areas:• Most of South America• Central America• What we think of as the Southwestern U.S.• Florida

• Supreme Naval power until 1588

• Maintained control over their New World Territory until the 1800’s

The French:• Fur trade very important for French colonists• New France• Changed from privately owned and operated to a royal colony• Colony run by two people

• Governor• Intendent

• Indentured servants sent to populate colony• Women sent to serve as wives to eligible men

The Dutch:• Dutch East India Company• Founded 1602• Made the Dutch an economic power house

• West India Company• 1621• Extension of East India Company

• New Netherland• Focus on fur trade• Very diverse population---great example of American concept as the

“Melting Pot”

The English:• Had colonies in New England, Middle, & Southern areas

• Started gaining ground against the Spanish & French during the 17th Century (1600’s)

• Became the supreme colonial power in the New World during the 18th Century (1700’s)

THERE IS SO MUCH TO TALK ABOUT FOR ENGLISH COLONIES THAT WE WILL BREAK THEM INTO REGIONS!

BUT BEFORE WE DO THAT, WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT JAMESTOWN!!

The English:• Jamestown, Virginia --- twice • 1st Permanent English Settlement in the US!• 1st: 1607

• Captain John Smith • Really cool story about Capt. John Smith! I’ll tell you about it in class!

• Disbanded in 1609• 2nd: 1610

• Colonists left original site to look for “greener pastures”• Ran into other colonists along the way and went back to original site to

restart the colony (it stuck this time)

• Powhatan Confederacy• A union of 30 different Indian tribes ruled by the leader of 1 tribe• Kind of like a Native American UN

3 Colonial Regions:• New England Colonies• CT, RI, MA, NH

• Middle Colonies• NJ, PA, NJ, DE, MD

• Southern Colonies• NC, SC, GA, VA

Wait a second … • Instead of me telling you about the colonies … why don’t you tell

me about them!• Ok, you need to find the following information about each region:• Climate & Weather• Government• Purpose• Economic activity• Date established• Religion

• Here’s a little bit of info to get you started ….

Basic Info about the Colonial Regions:• New England • Mostly Puritan• Ship building & trade were key economic activities• HARSH winters• Long life expectancy

• Middle Colonies• Religions varied• Economic activities were a mix of the other 2 regions• Malaria was rough on these colonists• Life expectancy not so hot

• Southern Colonies• Protestant (Church of England)• Cash crops = key economic activity• Lovely weather usually, but kind of hot at times• Life expectancy for plantation owners = Pretty solid• Life expectancy for slaves = really bad

Cool Links to help you research! Feel free to check out other sites

• http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/rev-early.htm

• http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/colchart.html

• https://sites.google.com/site/theamericancolonies/comparison-chart-3

• http://courses.missouristate.edu/ftmiller/chartgui.htm

Indentured Servants & Slaves:• Indentured servant

• Laborer who agreed to work for a specified period of time in exchange for passage to America

• Awesome link about indentured servants• http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/

• Slave• Person who is the legal property to another and forced to obey them• Reliable info about slavery can be found at the link below• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/

• Both lived pretty miserable lives

• Both did the same kind of work at first

• Both were pretty low on the social ladder

Indentured Servants vs. Slaves:

Indentured Servants:

• Came to America voluntarily• Entered into a mutual

contract with another person• Had the opportunity to get

out of indentured servitude• Usually died before they

earned freedom from abuse

Slaves:

• Came to America against their will• No contract• Generally bound to

slavery for life• Very few opportunities

to get out of slavery• Never earned freedom &

suffered significant abuse

3 Types of Colonies:• Royal Colony

• Proprietary Colony

• Charter Colony

American ColoniesTypeCharter

Proprietary

Royal

ColonyConnecticut, Rhode Island

GovernmentGovernor and Legislature Elected by Colonists

NoteGreat Britain had the right to approve governor, but governor could not veto legislature.

Connecticut, Rhode Island

Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania

Proprietor selected the governor and upper house. Colonists Elected the Lower House

Proprietor free to rule.

GA, MA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, SC, VA

Directly Ruled by Britain.

King appointed Gov. and Upper House. Colonists elected the Lower House.

Review: 3 Colonial Regions• New England Colonies• CT, RI, MA, NH

• Middle Colonies• NJ, PA, NY, DE, MD

• Southern Colonies• NC, SC, GA, VA

Review: Basic Info about the Colonial Regions• New England • Mostly Puritan• Ship building & trade were key economic activities• HARSH winters• Long life expectancy

• Middle Colonies• Religions varied• Economic activities were a mix of the other 2 regions• Malaria was rough on these colonists• Life expectancy not so hot

• Southern Colonies• Protestant (Church of England)• Cash crops = key economic activity• Lovely weather usually, but kind of hot at times• Life expectancy for plantation owners = Pretty solid• Life expectancy for slaves = really bad

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Plymouth & MA Bay:• Pilgrims: 2 types• Separatists• Only “visible saints” should be admitted to church• Church of England let everyone in• Only option: separate completely & start own church

• Puritans• Church of England needed to be purified … impatient with slow

process in England so they came to the New World

• Came for religious freedom – for THEMSELVES• Calvinism• Specific denomination of Protestantism that believed the following:• Predestination• Good works could not save those predestined for hell.• No one could be certain of their spiritual status.• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

Plymouth & MA Bay:• Social/Cultural Life:• Life revolved around the church• Lead minister controlled the colony• Major decisions made in the church & made for the sake of the

church• Covenant of Grace• Social Covenant

• Patriarchal system • Long life expectancy (70 years)• Strong nuclear & extended families

• Ave. = 6 kids per family

• Key People:• William Bradford: Original Leader of the Colony• John Winthrop: Leader of the Colony• Anne Hutchinson: Rebel• Roger Williams: Rebel

John Winthrop:• 1st governor of Massachusetts

• Wrote A Modell of Christian Charity• Very important work• Symbolized all things Puritan

• Believed he had a calling from God to lead MA

• Maintained social & political stability through religious uniformity

Anne Hutchinson:• Strong-willed & intelligent women (uh-oh)• This was not encouraged in Puritan society

• Taught Sunday School & Religious Instruction to women• Taught them to think for themselves • Encouraged women to be involved in religious discussions

• Threatened Patriarchal control with Direct Revelation• Antinomianism

• Put on trial and banished from MA Bay upon conviction• I wonder what happened at her trial? That information

might be important …

Roger Williams:• Argued that Winthrop & his followers were

hypocrites• I wonder why …. This might be important

• Indians should be paid for their land

• People should have freedom of religion

• 1635: banished from MA Bay

• 1636: Founded Rhode Island

Rhode Island:• Founded in 1636

• Most liberal of all colonies

• Religious freedom for all

• Great relationship with Indians while Williams was alive

• Universal male suffrage (this was restricted later)

• Freedom of opportunity for all

Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New England

New England Spreads

Out

New England Spreads

Out

New England Colonies, 1650

New England Colonies, 1650

Major Wars with the Indians:• Pequot War (1636 – 1637)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gXvUPqLEug • http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1637.htm

• King Philip’s War (1675 – 1676)• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DCFIJ26EaI• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GMV0OQjGsM

MIDDLE COLONIES

Social/Cultural Life:• Types of settlers:• Young, single men• Indentured servants• Slaves

• Social/ Cultural:• Strong merchant class• Developing slave class• Mix of New England & Southern characteristics • Mix of different races, ethnicities, & nationalities• Freedom of religion common• Dutch were a BFD until the 1660’s

• Economic• Trade• Cash crops

Key People:• William Penn• Lord Baltimore

New York:• Originally belonged to the Dutch (known as New Amsterdam)

• Acquired by the English in 1664 & renamed New York

• Aristocratic • If you do not know what this means, please look it up

• Cosmopolitan

• Excellent harbor (great for shipping & trade)

• Run like a corporation (no freedom)

Pennsylvania: • Founded by William Penn

• Religious sanctuary for Quakers but all faiths were welcome

• Gave land to whoever made it to PA

• Bought land from the Indians

• Quakers + Indians = Friends

• Quakers + Indians + Non-Quaker Europeans = Bad Times!• The other Europeans ruined a good thing by treating the Indians

poorly

Maryland:• Founded by Lord Baltimore

• Refuge for persecuted Catholics

• All faiths were welcome and could hold public office

• Lots of indentured servants at first, later slave labor became the focus

• Main industry was agriculture, like VA its cash crop was tobacco (wheat & corn also important)

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Social/Cultural Life:• Types of settlers:• Initially: business men, small farmers & a few slaves• Later, aristocratic landowners & slaves

• Social/Cultural:• Religious toleration (at first & only in some areas of the south)• Primarily protestant, but not Puritan• Concerned with making money

• Economic: • Agriculture primary economic activity

Virginia:• The Virginia Company (1607)• Joint-stock company …. This is important, better look it up!• Founded & funded Jamestown

• Tobacco and cash crops ( starts in 1612)• Cash crops were big in the South, Tobacco was the big one for VA

• House of Burgesses (first meeting, 1619)• 1st representative assembly in the United States• http://

www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-first-legislative-assembly.htm

• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)• Nathanial Bacon Challenged the authority of the Royal Governor• Largest & most significant rebellion in the colonies until the revolution

Virginia:

• Dominated by white, aristocratic, Church of England plantation owners

• Very rigid religious beliefs

• Jamestown: Cool sites!• http://www.virtualjamestown.org/page2.html • http://apva.org/rediscovery/page.php?page_id=25 • http://www.apva.org/history/

The Carolinas

• Practiced religious toleration (more so than other Southern colonies)

• RICE was the major cash crop

• Suffered from Spanish border raids (Spain controlled FL)

Georgia:• Founded by James Oglethorpe

• Formed to be a buffer from Spain & France …. England wanted to protect the Carolinas

• Originally …. Georgians did not want slavery (it made it there by 1750)

• Religious toleration for everyone … except Catholics

KEY EVENTS!

Dominion of New England:

• 1685 – 1688

• Sir Edmond Andros

• New England turned into a military dictatorship

• Dominion ended with Glorious Revolution of William & Mary

Navigation Acts:

Year Action

1660 Colonies closed to all trade except trade with Britain

1663All goods going to the colonies from Europe had to go through England

first

1673Imposed taxes on coastal trade & appointed British officials to make

sure Acts were followed

The Middle Passage & Triangular Trade:

• Check out these websites to learn about this:• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr4.html

• These videos are very informative:• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBV9fgJvsmo

• Triangular trade refers to the process of trade between Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Each side got something it wanted in exchange for something else that another trading partner wanted. Keep in mind that the Europeans controlled trade in the Americas.

• Cool site for Triangular Trade: • http://

www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u3/

Slave Codes:

• Site with good info:• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p268.html

• Excerpts from Virginia Slave Codes in the 1660’s• http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs

/24-sla.html

Salem Witch Trials:

• Check out this super cool site! Tons of good stuff!• http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/salem.htm

• Good overview of the event• http://

www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.html

The 1st Great Awakening:

•Great info on this event!

• http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken.htm

• http://www.revival-library.org/pensketches/revivals/1st_edwards.html

The Enlightenment:

• We will talk about this in class!

• I’m too excited to put it in a video lesson, I have to tell you about in person!!!

THAT’S IT FOR NOW!

SEE YOU IN THE NEXT VIDEO!!